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After Mass Crime: Rebuilding States and Communities

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United Nations University Press is the publishing arm of the United Nations University. UNU Press publishes scholarly and policy-oriented books and periodicals on the issues facing the United Nations and its peoples and member states, with particular emphasis upon international, regional and trans-boundary policies. The United Nations University was established as a subsidiary organ of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution 2951 (XXVII) of 11 December 1972. It functions as an international community of scholars engaged in research, postgraduate training and the dissemination of knowledge to address the pressing global problems of human survival, development and welfare that are the concern of the United Nations and its agencies. Its activities are devoted to advancing knowledge for human security and development and are focused on issues of peace and governance and environment and sustainable development. The Univer- sity operates through a worldwide network of research and training centres and programmes, and its planning and coordinating centre in Tokyo. After mass crime A Project of the Center for International Studies and Research (CERI – Sciences Po/CNRS), the International Peace Academy, swisspeace and the United Nations University After mass crime: Rebuilding states and communities Edited by Be´atrice Pouligny, Simon Chesterman and Albrecht Schnabel United Nations a University Press TOKYO u NEW YORK u PARIS 6 United Nations University, 2007 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not nec- essarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: þ81-3-3499-2811 Fax: þ81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] General enquiries: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: þ1-212-963-6387 Fax: þ1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Sese-Paul Design Cover photograph of Gihembe Refugee Camp, Rwanda reproduced by kind permission of Kresta King Cutcher (Copyright 2006) Printed in Hong Kong ISBN 978-92-808-1138-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data After mass crime : rebuilding states and communities / edited by Be´atrice Pouligny, Simon Chesterman and Albrecht Schnabel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9280811384 (pbk.) 1. Nation-building. 2. Peace-building. 3. Political atrocities. 4. Postwar reconstruction. I. Pouligny, Be´atrice. II. Chesterman, Simon. III. Schnabel, Albrecht. JZ6300.A48 2007 341.5084—dc22 2006039809 Contents Listoftables........................................................... vii Listofcontributors.................................................... viii Acknowledgements . ............................. xiv Introduction: Picking up the pieces . ............................. 1 Be´atrice Pouligny, Simon Chesterman and Albrecht Schnabel I. Methodology and ethics 1 Methodological and ethical problems: A trans-disciplinary approach ........................................................... 19 Be´atrice Pouligny, Bernard Doray and Jean-Cle´ment Martin 2 Contested memories: Peace-building and community rehabilitation after violence and mass crimes – A medico-anthropological approach ............................. 41 Roberto Beneduce II. Individuals and communities 3 The uses and abuses of culture: Cultural competence in post-mass-crime peace-building in Cambodia . 71 Maurice Eisenbruch vi CONTENTS 4 Intimate enemies: Reconciling the present in post-war communitiesinAyacucho,Peru.................................. 97 Kimberly Theidon 5 Origins and aftermaths: The dynamics of genocide in Rwanda andtheirpost-genocideimplications............................. 122 Scott Straus 6 ‘‘You can’t run away’’: Former combat soldiers and the role of social perception in coping with war experience in the Balkans............................................................ 142 Natalija Basˇic´ III. Memories and representations 7 Mass murder, the politics of memory and post-genocide reconstruction: The cases of Rwanda and Burundi .............. 165 Rene´ Lemarchand and Maurice Niwese 8 Speaking from the shadows: Memory and mass violence in Bali ................................................................ 190 Leslie Dwyer and Degung Santikarma 9 Shaping political identity through historical discourse: ThememoryofSovietmasscrimes .............................. 215 Thomas Sherlock IV. Insiders and outsiders 10 Externalcontributionstopost-mass-crimerehabilitation ....... 243 Louis Kriesberg 11 Re-imagining peace after mass crime: A dialogical exchange between insider and outsider knowledge . ...................... 271 Roberta Culbertson and Be´atrice Pouligny SelectedBibliography ................................................ 288 Index .................................................................. 307 List of tables 10.1 Conflict components and conflict destructiveness . ........... 248 10.2 International governmental organizations’ activities fostering reconciliation and conflict transformation . 257 10.3 International non-governmental organizations’ activities fostering reconciliation and conflict transformation . 262 vii List of contributors Dr Natalija BASˇ IC´ has been a Eritrea (1994–1997), Ethiopia research fellow at the Institute for (1997), and Mozambique (2000– East European Studies at the Free 2001) he has worked as a consultant University of Berlin since 2002, and for UN Agencies (UNICEF, is Research Director South Eastern UNOPS) and the World Health Europe (Serbia/Croatia) for the Organization, analysing social and research group ‘‘Traditions of psychological consequences of war, Historical Consciousness’’, funded atrocities and violence. More by the Volkswagen Foundation. Her recently he conducted research in main interests include historical South Cameroon (among the Bulu, consciousness, identity processes 2001–2003) on symbolic structure and cultures of violence as well as and changes in so-called ‘‘traditional several specific aspects of Yugoslav medicine’’, as well as on the impact and post-socialistic historical, of HIV/AIDS and the role of political and military problems. independent African churches on healing behaviours. In 1996 he Dr Roberto BENEDUCE,an founded the Frantz Fanon Centre ethnopsychiatrist, is Associate (Centre of Psychotherapy for Professor of Cultural Anthropology Migrants, Refugees, and Victims of on the Faculty of Psychology and Torture) at Turin, and is Associate Professor of Psychological coordinator of training activities in Anthropology on the Faculty of the EU Project on Rehabilitation of Letters, University of Turin. Victims of Torture in Italy. Between 1988 and 1993 he conductedresearchonDogon Dr Simon CHESTERMAN is Global systems for the healing of mental Professor and Director of the New disorders in Mali. In Albania (1999), York University School of Law viii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ix Singapore Program. Educated in and Coordinator of the Peace and Melbourne, Beijing, Amsterdam and Conflict Studies program at Oxford, he has written widely on Haverford College in Pennsylvania. international institutions, After receiving her PhD from international criminal law, human Princeton University in 2001, she rights and the use of force and post- was awarded postdoctoral conflict reconstruction. Dr fellowships from the MacArthur Chesterman is the author of You, Foundation and the H. F. the People: The United Nations, Guggenheim Foundation and Transitional Administration, and UCLA’s Center for Southeast Asian State-Building and JustWarorJust Studies before joining Haverford. Peace? Humanitarian Intervention She has conducted research in and International Law.Heisthe Indonesia since 1993, most recently editor of Civilians in War. on the cultural and political implications of the violence of 1965/ Dr Roberta Anne CULBERTSON is 66. She is currently completing a Director of Research and Education book, ‘‘When the World Turned to at the Virginia Foundation for the Chaos’’: Violence and Its Aftermath Humanities. She earned her PhD in in Bali, in collaboration with Anthropology from the University Degung Santikarma. Her next of Virginia and her BA from Sweet project is an ethnography of the Briar College. She worked in public social and political life of discourses service on refugee mental health, of ‘‘trauma’’ and PTSD in mental health and health promotion, Indonesia, and their emergence and criminal justice for twelve years within contexts of clinical practice, before joining the VFH in 1989. As humanitarian intervention, Director of Research and democratization and the ‘‘war on Education, Dr Culbertson conceived terror’’. and created the Institute on Violence and Survival and raised Dr Maurice EISENBRUCH is Vice- the funds for its development. She Chancellor’s Advisor on Diversity; has received grants from the foundation Director, Institute for National Endowment for the Health and Diversity; and Professor Humanities, the Rockefeller of Culture and Health at Victoria Foundation, the Dart Foundation, University (Melbourne, Australia). and the Wardlaw Foundation for He is also Professor of Multicultural herworkonviolence. Health and Director of the Centre Dr Bernard DORAY, a psychiatrist, for Culture and Health at the works as a therapist and researcher University
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