Append Ndectomy TERI JUNGE, CST/CFA CASE STUDY
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Append ndectomy TERI JUNGE, CST/CFA CASE STUDY r Mitchell has a 46-year- of urinary tract infection. Dr old female patient in the Mitchell’s preliminary diagnosis emergency department is appendicitis. He would like to who presented with perform an appendectomy, using D right lower quadrant the traditional approach, as soon pain, diarrhea, fever, nausea and as possible. The patient has no vomiting. Upon physical exam, she known allergies. exhibits rebound tenderness over U se the information provided McBurney’s point. Her CBC shows in the sample preference card and an elevated white blood cell instrument list (Tables 1 and 2) as count. Her pregnancy test is nega- resources for completing the case tive and her UA shows no sign study. FEBRUARY 2003 The Surgical Technologist 9 226 FEBRUARY 2003 CATEGORY 1 Editor’s Note SUPPLY LIST: An example of a completed case study for an appendec- PACK Customized basic pack tomy follows. Suggested variations for the appendecto- BASIN SET Double my case study report include:Pediatric patient, pregnant GLOVES Surgical Technologist—Scrub patient, endoscopic approach, change of diagnosis dur- Role (STSR); surgeon; surgical ing the procedure (eg ovarian cyst). assistant (sizes of choice—recom- mend double gloving) BLADES #10 x 2 Preoperative Phase DRAPES 4 towels; laparotomy sheet with vertical fenestration PLANNED PROCEDURE: Appendectomy DRAINS Usually not needed; Penrose or drain of surgeon’s choice available SURGEON’S NAME: Dr Mitchell DRESSINGS Bacitracin ointment; Telfa; 4x4 gauze; 2" paper tape DEFINITION, PURPOSE, AND EXPECTED OUTCOME OF PROCE SUTURE Ties: 2-0 Vicryl Reel DURE: Appendectomy—removal of the appen Pursestring: 3-0 Vicryl SH dix. Usually performed when appendix is Peritoneum: 2-0 Vicryl CT-1 inflamed to prevent rupture. Fascia: 2-0 Vicryl CT-1 x 2 Sub-Q: None PATIENT’S AGE AND GENDER: 46-year-old female Skin: Staples pADDITIONAL PATIENT INFORMATION: No known allergies MEDICATIONS AND RELATED SUPPLIES: Bupivacaine 0.5% available for postoperative pain control, control PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Appendicitis syringe, and 25 gauge 1ž" needle DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS AND PERTINENT RESULTS: History— OTHER: N/A right lower quadrant pain, diarrhea, fever, nau sea and vomiting; CBC—elevated white blood PLANNED ANESTHETIC: General cell count; pregnancy test—negative; UA—no sign of urinary tract infection; physical exam— PLANNED INCISION AND DESCRIPTION: McBurney’s inci- rebound tenderness over McBurney’s point sion—The McBurney’s incision is a right lower quadrant (RLQ) incision. McBurney’s point is RELEVANT ANATOMY: Layers of the abdominal wall; two-thirds the distance between the umbilicus peritoneal cavity; colon (specifically the appen and the anterior superior spine of the ilium. dix and cecum); female reproductive system; The incision is perpendicular to, one-third urinary system above, and two-thirds below the imaginary line between the umbilicus and the ilium. The inci RELATED PATHOLOGY: Appendicitis; peritonitis; sion may be adjusted slightly to coincide with Meckel’s Diverticulum; consider the possibility the most tender point. The incision may also that the condition could have a gynecologic ori be placed slightly more laterally to coincide gin (eg ovarian cyst) with the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis allowing maximal exposure. The Rocky-Davis EQUIPMENT LIST: Electrosurgical unit; suction appa transverse incision is occasionally used as an ratus; headlamp (available) alternative. INSTRUMENT LIST: Minor instrumentation set; medi PATIENT POSITION AND NECESSARY POSITIONING SUPPLIES: um Richardson retractor Supine with both arms extended and secured on The Surgical Technologist FEBRUARY 2003 10 armboards; foam headrest and elbow pads; safe- ative activities, respond to hand signals and ty strap applied two inches proximal to the knees anticipate, or predict, the needs of the patient and other surgical team members. SKIN PREP—TYPE AND PARAMETERS: Shave probably • Pass the scalpel (“skin knife”—#10 blade on a not necessary for female patient; Betadine 5- #3 knife handle) to the surgeon’s dominant minute prep that extends from the mid-chest to hand in accordance with school or facility the thighs and laterally as far as possible policy (use of a safe transfer technique may be necessary). DRAPE APPLICATION: Four towels (cloth or adhesive) • Prepare electrosurgical pencil and/or hemo exposing the RLQ; laparotomy sheet; apply light stats for use. handles and secure electrosurgical pencil cord • Expect the surgeon to place the scalpel on the and suction tubing Mayo stand. Keep hands out of the way. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS: If a surgical assistant is 2. Hemostasis is achieved by the surgeon while the surgical not available, the STSR will be expected to fill the assistant maintains tension on the wound edges and FIGURE 1 Making the incision. scrub and assistant roles simultaneously. A removes excess blood and electrosurgical plume, as major instrumentation set should be available. needed. • Pass the electrosurgical pencil to the sur- Intraoperative Phase geon’s dominant hand. This section shows each procedural step, fol • Alternatively or additionally, hemostats lowed by the role of the surgical technologist- (curved Criles are appropriate for the adult scrub role (STSR). patient) may be needed. - Pass the Crile(s) to the surgeon’s domi 1. The surgeon incises the skin over McBurney’s point. The nant hand. surgical assistant maintains tension on either side of the - Pass the electrosurgical pencil or suture wound. material (2-0 Vicryl reel) to the surgeon. • Ensure readiness of all equipment and sup - If suture is used by the surgeon, pass the plies. suture scissors (straight Mayo) to the sur • Expect the use of nonverbal communication gical assistant. during the procedure. Observe the intraoper - Repeat the previous steps as needed. FEBRUARY 2003 The Surgical Technologist 11 - Retrieve all items, clean as needed, and • Retrieve the electrosurgical pencil, clean the place in their designated storage locations tip as needed, and place in the holster when on the Mayo stand. Reuse is anticipated. not in use. Reuse is anticipated. • Pass the suction tubing with the Yankauer tip • Prepare the scalpel (“deep knife”—#10 blade attached to the surgical assistant, if necessary. on a #3 knife handle) for use. (The suction apparatus is typically posi tioned on the sterile field near the surgical 4. The surgeon makes a small incision (nick) with the assistant’s dominant hand. Typically, it is not scalpel in the aponeurosis of the external oblique. necessary for the STSR to pass or retrieve the • Pass the scalpel to the surgeon’s dominant suction apparatus during the procedure.) hand. Reuse is anticipated. • Provide the electrosurgical pencil to the sur • Retrieve the scalpel and place it in its desig geon, as needed. Retrieve the electrosurgical nated storage location (usually on the back pencil, clean the tip as needed, and place in table). Reuse of the “skin knife” is not antici the holster when not in use. Reuse is antici pated. pated. FIGURE 2 Exposing the appendix. • Provide additional surgical sponges, as need- • Prepare the Metzenbaum scissors and the tis- ed. First, place the fresh sponge(s) near the sue forceps with teeth for use. wound edge(s); then remove the soiled • Expect the surgeon to place the scalpel on the sponge(s) from the surgical site and place in Mayo stand. Keep hands out of the way. the kick bucket. • Prepare two small retractors (such as US 5. The aponeurosis of the external oblique is opened (in the Army) for use. direction of its fibers) to the length of the skin incision with a Metzenbaum scissors by the surgeon. 3. The wound edges are retracted by the surgical assistant. • Pass the Metzenbaum scissors to the sur- The incision is deepened through the subcutaneous tis geon’s dominant hand and a tissue forceps sue layer to the aponeurosis of the external oblique with with teeth to the opposite hand. the electrosurgical pencil by the surgeon. • Retrieve the scalpel and place it in its desig • Pass the US Army retractors to the surgical nated storage location (usually on the Mayo assistant with the shallow ends toward the stand). Reuse is anticipated. wound. The Surgical Technologist FEBRUARY 2003 12 6. The edges of the external oblique are retracted by the 10. The surgeon uses blunt dissection to split the transversus surgical assistant exposing the internal oblique. muscle in the direction of its fibers to expose the preperi • Larger retractors will likely be needed; the toneal fat. surgical assistant will probably switch to the • Retrieve the US Army retractors, clean as deep end of the US Army without the assis needed, and place in their designated storage tance of the STSR. locations on the Mayo stand. Reuse is antici • Retrieve the scissors and tissue forceps, clean pated. as needed, and place in their designated stor • Provide the electrosurgical pencil to the sur- age locations on the Mayo stand. Reuse is geon, as needed. Retrieve the electrosurgical anticipated. pencil, clean the tip as needed, and place in • Prepare the scalpel for use. the holster when not in use. Reuse is antici pated. 7. The fascia of the internal oblique is incised in the direc tion of the muscle fibers by the surgeon. 11. The preperitoneal fat is retracted laterally by the surgi • Pass the scalpel to the surgeon’s dominant cal assistant to expose the peritoneum. hand. • A moistened sponge on a stick may be useful • Expect the surgeon to place the scalpel on the to sweep the preperitoneal fat to the side. Mayo stand. Keep hands out of the way. • Anticipate opening of the peritoneum. - Moistened laparotomy sponges replace all 8. The surgeon separates (splits) the internal oblique in the 4x4 sponges. First, place two laparotomy direction of its fibers using caution to protect the iliohy sponges near the wound edges; then pogastric nerve. remove the 4x4s from the surgical site and • The surgeon will likely use his or her fingers place in the kick bucket.