DOCSLIB.ORG

Catastrophic Subglacial Drainage and Rapid Landscape Formation in Canada, with Special Emphasis on the Niagara Escarpment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Catastrophic Subglacial Drainage and Rapid Landscape Formation in Canada, with Special Emphasis on the Niagara Escarpment The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism Volume 6 Print Reference: Pages 357-370 Article 31 2008 Catastrophic Subglacial Drainage and Rapid Landscape Formation in Canada, with Special Emphasis on the Niagara Escarpment Emil Silvestru Creation Ministries International Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/icc_proceedings DigitalCommons@Cedarville provides a publication platform for fully open access journals, which means that all articles are available on the Internet to all users immediately upon publication. However, the opinions and sentiments expressed by the authors of articles published in our journals do not necessarily indicate the endorsement or reflect the views of DigitalCommons@Cedarville, the Centennial Library, or Cedarville University and its employees. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their work. Please address questions to [email protected]. Browse the contents of this volume of The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism. Recommended Citation Silvestru, Emil (2008) "Catastrophic Subglacial Drainage and Rapid Landscape Formation in Canada, with Special Emphasis on the Niagara Escarpment," The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism: Vol. 6 , Article 31. Available at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/icc_proceedings/vol6/iss1/31 In A. A. Snelling (Ed.) (2008). Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Creationism (pp. 357–370). Pittsburgh, PA: Creation Science Fellowship and Dallas, TX: Institute for Creation Research. Catastrophic Subglacial Drainage and Rapid Landscape Formation in Canada, with Special Emphasis on the Niagara Escarpment Emil Silvestru, Ph.D., Creation Ministries International, 5–420 Erb St. W, Suite 213, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 6K6, Canada Abstract The concept of subglacial sheetfloods has gained momentum in recent years and some authors have explained certain features of the Niagara Escarpment as caused by such events. However, this author found enough evidence in the field that the entire Niagara Escarpment was created by such floods. The geographic distribution and the individual characteristics of potholes as well as similarities between subglacial flow conditions and karst drainages strongly argue for a set of events linked in a close sequence that are responsible for the catastrophic genesis of the Niagara Escarpment. Meltwater accumulation under the Laurentide Ice Sheet coupled with englacial pseudokarst has resulted in at least two episodes of subglacial sheetfloods and the rapid disintegration of the ice sheet. As large chunks of the ice sheet were ripped away from the main body and resettled as separate “islands,” flow and erosional patterns consistent with present-day glacial sediments formed. For the young earth creationist geoscientist such a scenario does not only provide valid arguments for rapidly forming geomorphology in the Late Quaternary but also provides valuable insights to the mechanics of flood erosion. Keywords Niagara escarpment, Subglacial sheetfloods, Subglacial erosion, Catastrophic, Englacial karst, Canada. Introduction of the Ordovician-Silurian sedimentary suite that The Michigan Basin and the Niagara Escarpment constitutes the bedrock in this area. The Silurian represent major components of North American dolostone overlies softer terrigenous sediments. geology and geomorphology. Charles Lyell’s visit in The width of the cuesta proper, that is, the segment the area in 1841 and his re-writing of the geologic behind the cliffs in which the escarpment lithology time frame by use of the Niagara Falls and gorge as is exposed, reaches its maximum width (a couple of a time marker gave Niagara Escarpment a major role kilometers) in the Bruce Peninsula. Nevertheless, in the history of modern geology. In his book Guide to the Geology of the Niagara Escarpment, the late Dr. Walter M. Tovell (1992, p. 3573) wrote: “Time was to Charles Lyell what gravity was to Isaac Newton, or MINNEAPOLIS DNA was to Watson and Crick.” Niagara Escarpment is essentially a rather ONTARIO NESC strange, half-circular cuesta (a sinuous ridge with a MICHIGAN gentle slope on one side and a cliff—escarpment—on the other), extending from northern New York State, WISCONSIN NESC Michigan through most of Southern Ontario, Bruce Peninsula, Basin Manitoulin Island, back south through Michigan (on NESC MICHIGAN the western shores of Lake Michigan) into Wisconsin. NEW YORK The total length of the Niagara Escarpment is well INDIANA PENNSYLVANIA in excess of 700 km. The escarpment proper is far ILLINOIS INDIANA OHIO from being continuous, often times the cliffs totally Figure 1. General map of The Niagara Escarpment disappear under thick glacial deposits or are eroded and Michigan Basin. Retrieved from http://commons. away along perpendicular valleys (Figure 1). The wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:November_gale.png with cliffs are formed by the carbonate (dolostone) sequence additions. 358 E. Silvestru most of the time the Niagara Escarpment stands otherwise available on a large (subcontinental) scale, as a well defined irregularity inside a rather dull, and these subglacial floods can therefore be seen as rolling-hill type of landscape that characterizes most excellent laboratories for diluvial geomorphology. of southern Ontario and northern Michigan, with its On the other hand, such a scenario tackles head- most spectacular segment along the eastern side of on the uniformitarian assumptions of the old-age the Bruce Peninsula, creating the scenic cliffs that interpretation of the Niagara Escarpment, and by overlook the Georgian Bay. extension, the whole two million year Quaternary It is difficult to select from the vast literature timeframe evolutionary geology has built based on published on the Niagara Escarpment as this those assumptions. landmark is one of the most studied North American geological sites and almost mandatory field trip for Previous Studies many geologists. For the Canadian ones, Tovell’s book Ever since the emergence of glaciology, subglacial is probably the ultimate reference, including some of erosion has been perceived as mostly the result of the first research on the Niagara Escarpment like the mechanical interaction between ice and the rock Dow (1921); Hennepin (1698); Kindle and Taylor substrate (plucking and abrasion). This was most (1913); Levrett and Taylor (1915); Lyell (1845) . likely due to alpine glaciers (generally cold-based) Subglacial floods on larger scale have entered the being for a long time the only “live object of study”. scientific literature relatively recently (probably early Moving subglacial water, although quite a visible 1980s), but not until the work of Shaw (1983, 1988, element in some alpine settings, has been assigned 1989, 1994, 1996, 2002; Shaw & Kvill, 1984; Shaw & little importance. Even recent major textbooks Sharpe, 1987; Shaw & Gilbert, 1990; Shaw, Faragini, consider the bulk subglacial erosion as the result of Kvill, & Rains, 2000) have they been considered as plucking and ablation (Miller, 2002). major erosional agents. Shaw’s research itself began In 1979, Cox tried to link drumlin and other glacial mostly as an alternative explanation to subglacial features to a diluvial origin, rather than ice transport bedforms, especially drumlins. As his studies (Cox, 1979). He had also suggested that potholes on extended, so did the areas that showed signs of the Niagara Escarpment had a diluvial origin. Shaw subglacial erosion in North America until a regional, and others (Shaw, 1983, 1988, 1989, 1996; Shaw & even sub-continental scale became noticeable. Kvill, 1984; Shaw & Sharpe, 1987) have gradually Gigantic amounts of meltwater have been postulated built up evidence that drumlins (Shaw, Kvill, & as accumulating beneath the Laurentide Ice Rains, 1989) are the result of sediments accumulating Sheet, being periodically released through massive by water transport inside negative (melt-generated) flooding events. Much of the areal—as opposed to forms on the bottom of the glacier/ice sheet. Shaw also channelized—erosional effects are believed to have explained many of the linear and crescentic scourings occurred underneath the ice. Thus, mysterious large- of the bedrock as meltwater erosional features. It is scale meandering features in the middle of flat areas worth mentioning that, in a most unusual gesture, became explainable. Shaw has fully acknowledged Cox’s priority in The Niagara Escarpment has been used as a proposing an erosional origin of drumlins, and that counter argument for a young-earth, biblical time he discovered Cox’s model in the Creation Research frame, ever since Lyell (1873) “calculated” a 35,000- Society Quarterly through an internet search. It year age of the Niagara Gorge and falls. Though is very rare to find creationist research positively catastrophic erosion by sudden drainage of proglacial referenced in secular journals (Shaw, 2002)! Lake Agassiz is a valid scientific explanation, no sign Except for Shaw, all the above refer to meltwater of it is found in any of the tourist signs that so much accumulated in lakes at the edge of the melting ice shape the mind of visitors, and very few textbooks sheets. Shaw has proposed subglacial meltwater even mention Lake Agassiz. It seems like most of the floods which would basically imply under-pressure emphasis regarding this Late Pleistocene episode is flow (similar in a way to conduit flow) discharging on its northerly subglacial release into Hudson Bay massive under-ice reservoirs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • When the Mountain Became the Escarpment.FH11
    Looking back... with Alun Hughes WHEN THE MOUNTAIN BECAME THE ESCARPMENT The Niagara Escarpment hasnt always been But Coronelli was not the first to put Niagara known by that name. Early in the 19th century it on the map. That distinction belongs to Father Louis was often referred to as the Mountain, and of course Hennepin, the Recollect priest who was the first it is still called that in Hamilton and Grimsby today. European to describe Niagara Falls from personal We in eastern Niagara have largely forgotten the observation. In his Description de la Louisiane, name, though it survives in the City of Thorolds published in 1683, five years after his visit, he speaks motto Where the Ships Climb the Mountain. of le grand Sault de Niagara, and labels it thus on the accompanying map. This is the form that So when did the name Niagara Escarpment first prevails thereafter, and it is the spelling used for Fort come into use? And what about the areas other de Niagara, established by the French at the mouth Niagara names, like Niagara Falls, Niagara River of the river in 1726. The English followed suit, and Niagara Peninsula? When did these first appear? though on many early maps (e.g. Moll 1715, I dont pretend to have definitive answers there Mitchell 1782) they use the name Great Fall of are too many sources I have not seen but I can Niagara rather than Niagara Falls. suggest some preliminary conclusions. In his Description Hennepin also refers to la The name Niagara is definitely of native origin, belle Riviere de Niagara, so the name Niagara though there is no agreement about its meaning.
    [Show full text]
  • It's Happeninghere
    HAMILTON IT’S HAPPENING HERE Hamilton’s own Arkells perform at the 2014 James Street Supercrawl – photo credit: Colette Schotsman www.tourismhamilton.com HAMILTON: A SNAPSHOT Rich in culture and history and surrounded by spectacular nature, Hamilton is a city like no other. Unique for its ideal blend of urban and natural offerings, this post-industrial, ambitious city is in the midst of a fascinating transformation and brimming with story ideas. Ideally located in the heart of southern Ontario, midway between Toronto and Niagara Falls, Hamilton provides an ideal destination or detour. From its vibrant arts scene, to its rich heritage and history, to its incredible natural beauty, it’s happening here. Where Where Where THE ARTS NATURE HISTORY thrive surrounds is revealed Hamilton continues to make Bounded by the picturesque shores One of the oldest and most headlines for its explosive arts scene of Lake Ontario and the lush historically fascinating cities in the – including a unique grassroots landscape of the Niagara region outside of Toronto, Hamilton movement evolving alongside the Escarpment, Hamilton offers a is home to heritage-rich architecture, city’s long-established arts natural playground for outdoor lovers world-class museums and 15 institutions. Inspiring, fun and – all within minutes of the city’s core. National Historic Sites. accessible, the arts in Hamilton are yours to explore. • More than 100 waterfalls can be • Dundurn Castle brings Hamilton’s found just off the Bruce Trail along Victorian era to life in a beautifully • Monthly James Street North the Niagara Escarpment, a restored property overlooking the Art Crawls and the annual James UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve harbour while Hamilton Museum of Street Supercrawl draw hundreds of that cuts across the city.
    [Show full text]
  • Arguments in Favor of the Ottawa and Georgian Bay Ship Canal
    ldo6 Oeoigian i3ay canal. Arguments in ravor ox the Ottawa and G-eorgian i3ay siiip canal. Ctbranj KINGSTON, ONTARIO > K*>) }?.Uk ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF THE OTTAWA AND GEORGIAN BAY 1 » WAP SKIP O -<A- 3SJ" A X# 5 THE SHORTEST, SAFEST, AND CHEAPEST ROUTE TO THE OCEAN FROM THE GREAT WEST, THROUGH CANADIAN TEPtRITORY AND THE ONLY CI.KT.UN M*ANS OK REVIVING AND RESTORING THE TRADE OF UNITED CANADA. ^%jm* y >.. .. — OTTAWA CITY, CANADA WEST. - 1856. n PRINTED AT OFFICE OF THE OTTAWA CITIZEN *. » » a II r=- , « « * * ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OP THE OTTAWA AND GEORGIAN BAY SHIP CANAIj; THE SHORTEST, SAFEST, AND CHEAPEST ROUTE TO THE OCEAN FROM THE GREAT WEST, THEOUGH CANADIAN TERRITORY; AND THE ONLY CERTAIN MEANS OF REVIVING AND RESTORING THE TRADE OF UNITED CANADA. OTTAWA CITY, CANADA WEST. ----- 1856. PRINTED AT OFFICE OF THE OTTAWA CITIZEN, YSo\^ At the first meeting of the Municipal Council of the United Counties of Prescott and Russell, held for the present year, at the Court House in L'Orignal, a petition was presented and unanimously adopted : u That a memorial be immediately drawn up and signed by the Warden, to the three branches of the Government, in favour of the Ottawa and Georgian Bay Ship Canal, and that a sum be appropriated to bring the subject, in a pamphlet form, before the public, and that Chas. P. Treadwell, Esq., Sheriff of these United Countiea, be requested to compile the same." In compliance with the foregoing request, and while offering nothing new of my own, I have selected from various papers letters and leading articles bearing on this most important subject.
    [Show full text]
  • TOWNSHIP of GILLIES RR#I,1092 Hwy. 595, Kakabeka Falls, Ontario POT Lwo Tel: (807) 475-3185
    TOWNSHIP OF GILLIES RR#I,1092 Hwy. 595, Kakabeka Falls, Ontario POT lWO Tel: (807) 475-3185. Fax: (807) 473-0767 E~Mail: [email protected] • www.gilliestownship.ca Reeve: Rick Kleri Administration: Councillors: Rosalie A. Evans, Rudy Buitenhuis COPIEDTO: COUNCH... 0 DEPT HEAOSCJ Solicitor·Clerk, Deputy Treasurer Willlam Groenheide Nadia La Russa, Treasurer Karen O'Gorman Shara Lavallee, Deputy Clerk Wendy Wright February 10, 201 5 AC110tt ~l£Dcc ~ Rc:: oEPTH~SD Transmitted by email: REFERRED TO: '\. l .. I ,...c:; All Municipal Clerks For Municipalities in Northern Ontario (North of the French River) Re: Resolution of the Council of The Corporation ofthe TOWlShip of Gilties th Passed on February 9 , 2015, relating to the Chicken Farmers of Ontario Exempt Flock Limit Dear Mr. or Madam Cleric Please be ad vised that the Council of The Corporation of the Township of Gillies passed the fol lowing resolution (moved by Councillor O'Gorman and seconded by Councillor Groenheide) at its regular meeting held February 4th, 2015: WHEREAS the current exempt flock limit of 300 broiler birds from the quota system of the Chicken Farmers of Ontario is too low to allow a viable business model for small scale producers; AND WHEREAS other Provinces have higher exemption levels, which allow for local small agri-business economic development; AND WHEREAS Premier Wynne promotes increased agricultural production in Ontario to enhance the local food movement; AND WHEREAS Northern Ontario's economy is an excellent setting for agricultural production as diversification
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2019-07-01 Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA Natalie Shepherd Barkdull Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Barkdull, Natalie Shepherd, "Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 8590. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8590 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA Natalie Shepherd Barkdull A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Gregory T. Carling, Chair Barry R. Bickmore Stephen T. Nelson Department of Geological Sciences Brigham Young University Copyright © 2019 Natalie Shepherd Barkdull All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA Natalie Shepherd Barkdull Department of Geological Sciences, BYU Master of Science Shrinking alpine glaciers alter the geochemistry of sensitive mountain streams by exposing reactive freshly-weathered bedrock and releasing decades of atmospherically-deposited trace elements from glacier ice. Changes in the timing and quantity of glacial melt also affect discharge and temperature of alpine streams.
    [Show full text]
  • 3.1 Physical Environment 3.2 Natural Environment
    CLASS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT City of Hamilton HAMILTON TRANSPORTATION MASTER PLAN 3. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT This section provides a broad description of City’s existing physical, natural, socio-economic, cultural and recreational resources based on information derived from the City of Hamilton, the Ministry of Natural Resources, various Conservation Authorities, the Niagara Escarpment Commission and the Hamilton Naturalists Club. Exhibit 3.1 provides an overall geographic context for the discussion. 3.1 Physical Environment The City of Hamilton spans an area that covers 1171 km2 and is located at the apex of Ontario’s Golden Horseshoe. The landscape includes parts of six distinct physiographic regions (Niagara Escarpment, Iroquois Plain, Flamborough Plain, Horseshoe Moraines, Norfolk Sand Plain and Haldimand Clay Plain), and can primarily be described in terms of three prominent landform features: • The Niagara Escarpment, which runs parallel to the shoreline and is set back approximately 2 km inland; • The western Lake Ontario shoreline, including the Hamilton Harbour embankment; and • The Dundas Valley, partially buried bedrock gorge that shapes a major indentation in both the shoreline and Escarpment. The Niagara Escarpment, formed by differential erosion, is a 725 km long ridge that runs from the tip of the Bruce Peninsula, through Hamilton to Niagara Falls along the southern edge of Lake Ontario. Physiographic regions located above the Escarpment, in the communities of Flamborough, Ancaster and Glanbrook are comprised primarily of bedrock, sand and clay plains. The Galt moraine, a major glacial ridge, is also located above the Escarpment skirting the northwestern boundary of the City. This northern area of Hamilton also contains a number of scattered drumlin fields, moraines and other landforms directly descendant from glacial processes.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Ontario Fishing Regulations Summary
    FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ZONE 10 ZONE 10 50 Recreational Fishing Regulations 2018 ZONE 10 SEASONS AND LIMITS • Dates are inclusive; all dates including the first and last dates stated in the summary are open or closed SPECIES OPEN SEASONS LIMITS SPECIES OPEN SEASONS LIMITS Walleye & Jan. 1 to Mar. 31 S - 4; not more than 1 greater than 46 Brook Trout* Jan. 1 to Sept. 30 S - 5 Sauger or any & 3rd Sat. in May cm (18.1 in.) C - 2 combination to Dec. 31 C - 2; not more than 1 greater than 46 Brown Trout* 4th Sat. in Apr. to S - 5 cm (18.1 in.) Sept. 30 C - 2 Largemouth & 3rd Saturday in S - 6 Rainbow Trout* Open all year S - 2 Smallmouth June - November C - 2 C - 1 Bass or any 30 combination Lake Trout* Jan. 1 to S - 2, not more than 1 greater than Labour Day 40 cm (15.7 in.) Northern Pike Open all year S - 6; not more than 2 greater than 61 C - 1 cm (24 in.), of which not more than 1 is greater than 86 cm (33.9 in.) Splake* Open all year S - 5 C - 2; not more than 1 greater than 61 cm C - 2 (24 in.), none greater than Pacific Salmon* Open all year S - 5 86 cm (33.9 in.) C - 2 Muskellunge 3rd Sat. in June to S - 1; must be greater than 91 cm (36 in.) Atlantic Salmon* Jan. 1 to Sept. 30 S - 1 Dec. 15 C - 0 C - 0 Yellow Perch Open all year S - 50 Lake Whitefish Open all year S - 12 C - 25 C - 6 Crappie Open all year S - 30 Lake Sturgeon Closed all year C - 10 Channel Catfish Open all year S - 12 Sunfish Open all year S - 50 C - 6 C - 25 * Aggregate limits apply to these species.
    [Show full text]
  • Rattler Time the Rattler Team Had to Work Re- If You Are Member Or Land Owner for the BTC and Your Club
    The ISSUE #1 2017 President’s Message This an exciting and busyRattler time The Rattler team had to work re- If you are member or land owner for the BTC and your club. The !nal ally hard on this edition so that we near the trail please join us at Sum- BTC 50th Anniversary event will be could cram in all the notices and merhouse Park, Miller Lake for the held in Tobermory on June 10th stories. Great work folks! AGM and say hello. and you are invited! The prepara- Our AGM is May 13th after we tion within the club has been going Please enjoy the various stories enjoy a day of trail preparation on and hikes available this year and on since last year starting with the Spruce up the Bruce Day, a tradition renewal of the website so we could particularly enjoy getting out to see started by the southern clubs that the Peninsula from the Bruce Trail, get more collaborative input. That supported the north back in the has been a great success and we it is a gift from pioneers and trail ‘80s when there were not enough builders. have normal information sections volunteers to maintain our section Walter Brewer on hiking and getting around the (see what you can learn from the club services as well as a blog and a archives!). If you are a Captain or a President PBTC special section for the 50th Anni- Land Steward, please try to get on Wild Apple Trees at Jan & Jim’s Land versary where stories about the trail the land to enjoy it and clean it up by Cornelia Peckart and the people who built it will be or the visitors that are coming.
    [Show full text]
  • Core 1..120 Hansard (PRISM::Advent3b2 7.50)
    CANADA House of Commons Debates VOLUME 140 Ï NUMBER 111 Ï 1st SESSION Ï 38th PARLIAMENT OFFICIAL REPORT (HANSARD) Wednesday, June 8, 2005 Speaker: The Honourable Peter Milliken CONTENTS (Table of Contents appears at back of this issue.) All parliamentary publications are available on the ``Parliamentary Internet Parlementaire´´ at the following address: http://www.parl.gc.ca 6807 HOUSE OF COMMONS Wednesday, June 8, 2005 The House met at 1 p.m. Regulations very seriously. The committee feels that greater clarity and certainty are needed on matters of legislative authority with respect to certain Ontario Fishery Regulations. Specifically, its concern lies with the requirement for compliance with fishing Prayers licence terms and conditions. The government is of the opinion that the provision in question is legally sound and within the authority of Ï (1300) the Fisheries Act. [English] [Translation] The Speaker: As is our practice on Wednesday we will now sing O Canada and we will be led by the pages. Fishing licences are, in many regards, the key fisheries manage- ment tools in Canada. They regulate fishing activities by setting the [Members sang the national anthem] following terms and conditions: total allowable catch, authorized fishing gear, timeframe and areas where fishing can occur. [English] ORDERS OF THE DAY Ï (1305) These conditions are crucial for conservation and orderly management of not only Ontario's fisheries but of fisheries [English] throughout the country. DELEGATED LEGISLATION The fishery is a highly regulated industry. This high level of ONTARIO FISHERY REGULATIONS, 1989 regulation is necessary. A valuable natural resource like fish needs to Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Information Ontario Data Description OTN Trailhead
    Unclassified Land Information Ontario Data Description OTN Trailhead Disclaimer This technical documentation has been prepared by the Ministry of Natural Resources (the “Ministry”), representing Her Majesty the Queen in right of Ontario. Although every effort has been made to verify the information, this document is presented as is, and the Ministry makes no guarantees, representations or warranties with respect to the information contained within this document, either express or implied, arising by law or otherwise, including but not limited to, effectiveness, completeness, accuracy, or fitness for purpose. The Ministry is not liable or responsible for any loss or harm of any kind arising from use of this information. For an accessible version of this document, please contact Land Information Ontario at (705) 755 1878 or [email protected] ©Queens Printer for Ontario, 2012 LIO Class Catalogue OTN Trailhead Class Short Name: OTNTHD Version Number: 1 Class Description: The point at which the trail starts. A trailhead exists for each trail. A trail may consist of one or more trail segments. Abstract Class Name: SPSPNT Abstract Class Description: Spatial Single-Point: An object is represented by ONE and ONLY ONE point. Examples: A cabin, bird nest, tower. Tables in LIO Class: OTN Trailhead OTN_TRAILHEAD_FT The point at which the trail starts. A trailhead exists for each trail. A trail may consist of one or more trail segments. Column Name Column Mandatory Short Name Valid Values Type OGF_ID NUMBER Yes OGF_ID (13,0) A unique numeric provincial identifier assigned to each object. TRAIL_NAME VARCHAR2 Yes TRAIL_NAME (200) The name that the trail is most commonly known as.
    [Show full text]
  • The Generation of Mega Glacial Meltwater Floods and Their Geologic
    urren : C t R gy e o s l e o r a r LaViolette, Hydrol Current Res 2017, 8:1 d c y h H Hydrology DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000269 Current Research ISSN: 2157-7587 Research Article Open Access The Generation of Mega Glacial Meltwater Floods and Their Geologic Impact Paul A LaViolette* The Starburst Foundation, 1176 Hedgewood Lane, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States Abstract A mechanism is presented explaining how mega meltwater avalanches could be generated on the surface of a continental ice sheet. It is shown that during periods of excessive climatic warmth when the continental ice sheet surface was melting at an accelerated rate, self-amplifying, translating waves of glacial meltwater emerge as a distinct mechanism of meltwater transport. It is shown that such glacier waves would have been capable of attaining kinetic energies per kilometer of wave front equivalent to 12 million tons of TNT, to have achieved heights of 100 to 300 meters, and forward velocities as great as 900 km/hr. Glacier waves would not have been restricted to a particular locale, but could have been produced wherever continental ice sheets were present. Catastrophic floods produced by waves of such size and kinetic energy would be able to account for the character of the permafrost deposits found in Alaska and Siberia, flood features and numerous drumlin field formations seen in North America, and many of the lignite deposits found in Europe, Siberia, and North America. They also could account for how continental debris was transported thousands of kilometers into the mid North Atlantic to form Heinrich layers.
    [Show full text]
  • Hiking in Ontario Ulysses Travel Guides in of All Ontario’S Regions, with an Overview of Their Many Natural and Cultural Digital PDF Format Treasures
    Anytime, Anywhere in Hiking The most complete guide the World! with descriptions of some 400 trails in in Ontario 70 parks and conservation areas. In-depth coverage Hiking in Ontario in Hiking Ulysses Travel Guides in of all Ontario’s regions, with an overview of their many natural and cultural Digital PDF Format treasures. Practical information www.ulyssesguides.com from trail diffi culty ratings to trailheads and services, to enable you to carefully plan your hiking adventure. Handy trail lists including our favourite hikes, wheelchair accessible paths, trails with scenic views, historical journeys and animal lover walks. Clear maps and directions to keep you on the right track and help you get the most out of your walks. Take a hike... in Ontario! $ 24.95 CAD ISBN: 978-289464-827-8 This guide is also available in digital format (PDF). Travel better, enjoy more Extrait de la publication See the trail lists on p.287-288 A. Southern Ontario D. Eastern Ontario B. Greater Toronto and the Niagara Peninsula E. Northeastern Ontario Hiking in Ontario C. Central Ontario F. Northwestern Ontario Sudbury Sturgeon 0 150 300 km ntario Warren Falls North Bay Mattawa Rolphton NorthernSee Inset O 17 Whitefish 17 Deux l Lake Nipissing Callander Rivières rai Ottawa a T Deep River Trans Canad Espanola Killarney 69 Massey Waltham 6 Prov. Park 11 Petawawa QUÉBEC National Whitefish French River River 18 Falls Algonquin Campbell's Bay Gatineau North Channel Trail Port Loring Pembroke Plantagenet Little Current Provincial Park 17 Park Gore Bay Sundridge Shawville
    [Show full text]