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KARPATY Ukryté Bohatstvo CARPATHIANS Hidden Treasures KARPATY Ukrytebohatstvo CARPATHIANS Hidden Treasures KARPATY Ukryté Bohatstvo CARPATHIANS Hidden Treasures

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KARPATY Ukryté Bohatstvo CARPATHIANS Hidden Treasures KARPATY Ukrytebohatstvo CARPATHIANS Hidden Treasures KARPATY Ukryté Bohatstvo CARPATHIANS Hidden Treasures KARPATY ukryté bohatstvo CARPATHIANS hidden treasures KARPATY ukrytebohatstvo CARPATHIANS hidden treasures KARPATY ukryté bohatstvo CARPATHIANS hidden treasures Editor: Ján Kadlečík Autori textov / Authors: Dobromil Galvánek, Ján Kadlečík, Jaroslav Košťál, Hildegard Meyer, Ivor Rizman, Tereza Thompson, Libor Ulrych, Mircea Verghelet Autori fotografií / Authors of photographs: Peter Áč, Ivan Baláž, Miloš Balla, Miloslav Brandt, Ivan Klučiar, Jaroslav Košťál, Jozef Májsky, Vladimír Michalec, Radimír Siklienka, Pavol Staník, Juraj Vysoký Autori máp / Maps authors: Zenith, Zuzana Šántová Preklady / Translation: Barbora Jamnická Jazykové korektúry / Proofreading: Ivona Konfálová, Ján Kadlečík Grafická úprava / Layout and design: KREA SK, s. r. o., Nitra Tlač / Printing: ForPress NITRIANSKE TLAČIARNE, s. r. o. Vydala / Published by: © Štátna ochrana prírody Slovenskej republiky, Banská Bystrica, 2016 Publikácia bola vydaná v rámci projektu „Rozvoj ochrany prírody a chránených území v slovenských Karpatoch“, podporeného z Programu švajčiarsko-slovenskej spolupráce Published within the project “Development of nature conservation and of protected areas in the Slovak Carpathians”, supported from the Swiss-Slovak Cooperation Programme Slovenská republika Supported by a grant from Switzerland through the Swiss Contribution to the Enlarged European Union. Tento projekt bol podporený prostredníctvom Programu švajčiarsko-slovenskej spolupráce v rámci rozšírenej Európskej únie. ISBN 978-80-8184-042-5 Obsah Contents Poďakovanie 7 Acknowledgements 7 Predslovy (H. Egerer, M. Boroš) 8 Forewords (H. Egerer, M. Boroš) 8 Príhovor zostavovateľa (J. Kadlečík) 11 Preface by editor (J. Kadlečík) 11 Čo sú Karpaty What are the Carpathians (J. Kadlečík) (J. Kadlečík) Karpaty 15 The Carpathians 15 Geológia a geomorfológia 15 Geology and geomorphology 15 Výšková zonácia 16 Altitudinal zonation 16 Rieky a jazerá 19 Rivers and lakes 19 Podnebie 19 Climate 19 Biologická rozmanitosť 20 Biodiversity 20 Poľnohospodárstvo 23 Agriculture 23 Lesné hospodárstvo 23 Forestry 23 Krajinná rozmanitosť, kultúrna krajina 23 Landscape variety, cultural landscape 23 Karpatské lesy Carpathians Forests (I. Rizman) (I. Rizman) Karpatské lesy 26 Carpathian Forests 26 Lužné lesy 32 Floodplain forests 32 Slatinné a rašeliniskové lesy 35 Fen and bog forests 35 Bukové lesy a zmiešané bukové lesy Beech forests and mixed beech forests s jedľou a smrekom 36 with fir and spruce 36 Teplomilné a dubovo-hrabové lesy 39 Thermophilic and oak-hornbeam forests 39 Smrekové a jedľovo-smrekové lesy 41 Spruce and fir-spruce forests 41 Sutinové lesy 42 Scree forests 42 Borovicové lesy 44 Pine forests 44 Porasty tisa 44 Stands of yew 44 Nelesné bohatstvo Non-forest wealth of the Karpát Carpathians (L. Ulrych) (L. Ulrych) Nelesné biotopy Karpát 47 Non-forest habitats of the Carpathians 47 Prírodné nelesné biotopy 49 Natural non-forest habitats 49 Ohrozenie a ochrana prírodných Threats and conservation nelesných biotopov 55 of natural non-forest habitats 55 Nelesné biotopy vzniknuté následkom ľudskej Non-forest habitats formed due to human činnosti a na ľudskej činnosti závislé 56 activity and dependent on human activity 56 Mokrade Karpát Carpathian wetlands (D. Galvánek, J. Kadlečík) (D. Galvánek, J. Kadlečík) Mokrade Karpát 63 Carpathian wetlands 63 Typy mokradí 63 Types of wetlands 63 Význam mokradí 67 Importance of wetlands 67 4 | Obsah | Contents Mokrade v ohrození 68 Wetlands in danger 68 Ochrana mokradí 72 Wetlands conservation 72 Vzácnosti Treasures flóry Karpát of the Carpathian flora (J. Košťál) (J. Košťál) Vzácnosti flóry Karpát (vyššie rastliny) 75 Treasures of the Carpathian flora (Vascular plants) 75 Vzácnosti Treasures fauny Karpát of the Carpathian Fauna (J. Kadlečík) (J. Kadlečík) Vzácnosti fauny Karpát 97 Treasures of the Carpathian Fauna 97 Chránené územia Protected Areas v Karpatoch a na in the Carpathians Slovensku and in Slovakia Chránené územia v Karpatoch (M. Verghelet) 123 Protected Areas in the Carpathians (M. Verghelet) 123 Chránené územia Protected Areas na Slovensku (T. Thompson, J. Kadlečík) 130 in Slovakia (T. Thompson, J. Kadlečík) 130 Človek Humans v Karpatoch in the Carpathians (H. Meyer) (H. Meyer) Historický a politický kontext 139 Historical and political context 139 Život a živobytie – ekonomika vidieka, Making a living - rural economy, výzvy a príležitosti 145 challenges & opportunities 145 Poľnohospodárstvo 145 Agriculture 145 Lesné hospodárstvo a nedrevné lesné produkty 149 Forestry and non-timber forest products 149 Cestovný ruch 150 Tourism 150 Energia 154 Energy 154 Čo je dobré What is beneficial to the pre Karpaty Carpathians (J. Kadlečík) (J. Kadlečík) Čo je dobré pre Karpaty 157 What is beneficial to the Carpathians 157 Literatúra References Literatúra 163 References 163 Obsah | Contents | 5 © M. Brandt Poďakovanie Zostavovateľ a autori publikácie by chceli vysloviť veľké poďakovanie všetkým, ktorí sa akýmkoľvek spôsobom podieľali na tvorbe tohto diela, najmä kolegom zo Štátnej ochrany prírody Slovenskej republiky Viktórii Ihringovej, Ivanovi Koubekovi, Andrei Mikulovej, Zuzane Šántovej a Zuzane Švantnerovej, za odporúčania na úpravu niektorých textov ďakujeme Marcelovi Uhrinovi. Acknowledgements The editor and authors of the publication would like to express their deep gratitude to all, who in any way contributed to the creation of this book, especially to the colleagues Viktória Ihringová, Ivan Koubek, Andrea Mikulová, Zuzana Šántová and Zuzana Švantnerová from the State Nature Conservancy of Slovak Republic, and to Marcel Uhrin for his editorial recommendations. Predslovy / Forewords Karpaty. Horský región jedinečný z celosvetového hľadiska The Carpathians. A mountain region, unique on a worldwide svojím prírodným bohatstvom, ukrývajúci veľkú krásu scale, harbouring natural treasure of a great beauty and i nemenej významnú ekologickú hodnotu. Táto zelená ecological value. The green backbone of Europe is giving chrbtica Európy je domovom pre jednu z najvýznamnejších a shelter for one of the most important large carnivore populácií veľkých šeliem v tejto časti sveta a je nositeľom population in this part of the globe, and it is providing vzácnej biodiverzity ako podstaty ekosystémových služieb precious biodiversity as the basis for the ecosystem services a základu pre skutočne udržateľný rozvoj. Z tohto dôvodu sa and the foundation for truly sustainable development. Hence, ochrana mimoriadnej biologickej rozmanitosti Karpát stáva securing an outstanding biodiversity of the Carpathians spoločným cieľom medzinárodnej spolupráce a podpory. has become the ultimate goal of many resulting in the international cooperation and support. Karpaty sú jedným z najrozsiahlejších horských masívov v Európe a delí si ich medzi sebou sedem krajín (Česká Seven countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, republika, Maďarsko, Poľsko, Rumunsko, Srbsko, Slovensko Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine) sharing the Carpathians, one a Ukrajina), ktoré sa v uplynulých desaťročiach veľkou of the largest mountain range in Europe, made significant mierou podieľali na ochrane rozmanitej flóry a fauny, ako aj efforts in the last decades to protect this diverse native flora na podpore rozvoja periférnych oblastí trvalo udržateľným and fauna and to help develop the peripheral region in a spôsobom. sustainable manner. Jedným z najviditeľnejších krokov, realizovaných karpatskými One of the most tangible steps made by the Carpathian krajinami v záujme podpory životnej úrovne obyvateľov countries towards enhancing human well-being of the Karpát, ktorá je zabezpečovaná aj zachovávaním biodiverzity Carpathian population, which is guaranteed by maintaining a funkcií ekosystémov, bolo prijatie Rámcového dohovoru biodiversity and ecological services, was an adoption of o ochrane a trvalo udržateľnom rozvoji Karpát v roku 2003. a Framework Convention on Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians in 2003. Odvtedy týchto sedem krajín zavádza rôzne predpisy na ochranu prírody, trvalo udržateľné lesné hospodárstvo, Since then, the seven countries have implemented various poľnohospodárstvo, rozvoj trvalo udržateľného cestovného regulations on nature conservation, sustainable forestry, ruchu a v mnohých ďalších oblastiach v záujme zlepšenia agriculture, sustainable tourism development and many kvality života obyvateľov a posilnenia miestnej ekonomiky others in order to improve the quality of life and to strengthen pri súčasnom zabezpečení ochrany prírodných hodnôt local economies, while ensuring the protection of natural a kultúrneho dedičstva karpatského regiónu. values and cultural heritage of the Carpathian area. Tento zámer sa však môže uskutočniť len s pomocou However, this can only happen with help of dedicated zasvätených inštitúcií a partnerov. Preto bol po prijatí institutions and partners. Therefore, following the adoption dohovoru zriadený v roku 2004 Sekretariát Karpatského of the Convention, the Secretariat of the Carpathian dohovoru, ktorý poskytuje nepretržitú podporu karpatským Convention was established in 2004, and since then it has krajinám a početným partnerom venujúcim sa ochrane given continuous support to the countries and numerous a rozvoju v tejto horskej oblasti. partners caring about the well-being in the Carpathians. Dohovor tiež vytvára rámec pre spoluprácu a koordináciu The Convention also provides a framework for cooperation medzi politikami rôznych odvetví, predstavuje platformu and multi-sectoral policy coordination, a platform for joint pre spoločné
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