Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19092-4 — the Emergence of Public Opinion Murat R

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19092-4 — The Emergence of Public Opinion Murat R. Şiviloğlu Index More Information

Index

1856 Reform Decree, 152 Âkif Paşa, 179, 258 Alemdâr Mustafa Pasha, 39–40, 45, â’yân,38–40, 53, 82, 141, 191 137 Abdi Efendi, 100, 257 Aleppo, 43, 180, 277 Abdülaziz, 1–2, 12, 22, 83–84, 89, 122, Alexander II, 57, 154, 311 146, 169, 171, 173, 193, 198, 201, Alexandria, 92, 167, 196, 298, 303 216, 222–226, 230, 232–233, 237, Alexis de Tocqueville, 35, 280 240–242, 247, 251, 253, 256, 277, Ali Efendi, 99, 186, 228 291, 310 Ali Haydar Bey, 11, 168–169, 244 Abdülhamid I, 29, 31, 35 Âli Pasha, 41, 85, 90, 105, 135, 138, Abdülhamid II, 1–2, 71, 84, 87–88, 90– 149, 158, 162, 182, 201, 292 91, 93, 106, 137, 194, 220, 223, Ali Pasha of Janina, 38 225, 230, 237, 241–242, 244–248, Ali Şefkati Bey, 93 251, 254, 258–259, 270, 277, 290, Ali Suâvi, 108, 214, 217, 227, 248, 300 293, 310 Antoine-François Andréossy, 39 Abdullah Cevdet, 151, 294 Antonio Gallenga, 237 Abdüllâtîf Pasha, 196 Antonio Gramsci, 85, 293 Abdülmecid, 10, 21, 79, 90, 102, 122, Araba Sevdası, 202, 205, 207, 277 134, 140, 142, 144, 158, 200, 226, Arabic, IV, 2, 6–8, 23, 38, 66, 72, 98, 233 101, 113, 118, 120, 123, 130, 137, Abdurrahman Adil, 84, 257 141, 146, 158, 162, 169, 181, 196, Abidin Pasha, 91 203, 210, 240, 242, 272, 281, 295 Académie française, 157 Arif Hikmet Bey, 83, 106, 138 Académie Royale des Sciences, 149 Aristotle, 98 Ağa Hüseyin Pasha, 44 Armand-Pierre Caussin de Perceval, 10 Ahlâk-ı Alâ’î, 23, 271 Armenian, 19, 107, 113, 123, 164, 183, Ahmed Emin Yalman, 188 208 Ahmed III, 216 askeri, 15, 112–113 Ahmed Lûtfî Efendi, 13, 55, 58, 76, 78, avâm,23–24, 29, 35, 42, 50, 120, 86, 104, 106, 204, 227, 257 152–153, 158, 243, 272 Ahmed Mithat Efendi, 151, 185, 224, Ayetullah Efendi, 101, 183 229 Aziz Ali Bey, 2–3 Ahmed Rasim, 104, 107, 135, 187, 191, 210, 258 Baghdad, 7–51 Ahmed Saib Efendi, 226 Balta Limanı Treaty, 61 Ahmed Vasıf Efendi, 66 Basîret, 186, 190, 195, 199, 248, 259, Ahmed Veﬁk Pasha, 149, 210, 224, 229 263, 265, 281 Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, 5, 116, 129, Basîretçi Ali, 194–195, 228–229 165, 173, 202, 220, 223, 246, 302, Bektaşi, 47 309 Benderli Mehmed Selim Sırrı Pasha, 49

313

314 Index

Benedict Anderson, 113, 153, 180, 219 Constitution, 53, 78, 199, 230, 244, Beşir Fuâd, 151, 303 246, 250, 267, 269, 281 Bosnia, 25, 245 Constitutional Government, 242 bourgeois, 14–15, 73, 253 Council of the State, 174, 217 Britain, 29, 35, 62, 77, 111, 148, 160, Crimea, 29, 75, 166, 247 202, 227, 292, 296, 301, 304 Crimean War, 10, 61, 77, 81, 109, 144, British, 25–26, 29, 54, 74–75, 81, 110, 154, 156, 182, 184, 196, 203, 210, 114, 144, 157, 160, 167, 178, 181, 301 185, 232, 260, 278, 285–286, Cuba, 70 288–289, 298, 302–303, 306 Dâire-i Adâlet,17 C. A. Bayly, 3, 18, 26, 167, 209, 243, Dâmâd Mahmud Pasha, 90, 96 298 Dâmâd Said Pasha, 132 Cairo, 2, 54, 65, 127, 163, 294, 306 Dârülfünun, 21, 109, 135, 146–147, Caliph, 220, 247 149, 152–154, 156, 171, 250, 265, Çalık Ahmed, 228 275 Campbell Mustafa Ağa, 136 Darüşafaka, 170 Catherine the Great, 28, 42 Deed of Agreement, 40, 42 Cemal Pasha, 2 Delâil, 113, 115, 122, 127 Cemiyet, 19, 87, 90, 98, 109, 154, 160, ders-i âmm, 146, 153 164, 167–168, 170, 172, 190, 260, Derviş Pasha, 54, 148–149, 154, 156 271, 275, 291 devlet sohbeti,33 Cemiyet-i Edebiye, 170 Diyojen, 183, 190, 192, 195, 207, Cemiyet-i İlmiye, 19, 109, 154, 160, 259–261, 263–265, 271 164, 167, 190, 260, 275, 291 Dolmabahçe Palace, 144, 232 Cerîde-i Havâdis, 5, 18, 21, 46, 48, 92, 178–179, 181, 195, 263, 271, 275, E. J. W. Gibbs, 116 279, 299 Ebuzziyâ Tevﬁk, 84, 95, 98, 101, 106, Cevdet Pasha, V, 19, 39–40, 44, 49, 51, 164, 187, 193, 196 54, 81, 83, 85–86, 98, 100, 105, Edhem Pasha, 147 107, 132–133, 135, 158–159, 182, efkâr-ı âmme,5–6, 8–9 203, 230, 246, 249–250 efkâr-ı umûmîye,2–3, 6, 9–11, 58, 249, Charles MacFarlane, 53, 66, 137, 251 180 Egypt, 3, 27, 38, 41, 75, 155, 163, 168, China, 58, 139, 162, 175, 181, 199, 203, 247, 293, 295, 302 302, 306, 311 Elias Gibb, 131 Chitalishte,19 Emin Nihad, 135, 205, 268 Çırağan Palace, 239 Encümen-i Dâniş, 109, 157–158 coffeehouses, 24, 33, 70, 188, 190, 209 England, 10, 14, 77, 97, 138, 147–148, Committee of Union and Progress, 2, 179, 184, 187, 192, 199, 203, 223, 93, 282 243, 285, 289, 292, 305, 312 common people, 7, 23–24, 50, 152, Enlightenment, 4, 14, 29, 37, 50, 72, 158, 162, 243 78, 87, 97, 116, 125, 151, 169, Comte Auguste de Forbin, 25 197, 203, 218, 286, 288, 292–293, Constantinople, 2, 25, 39, 47, 49, 296, 299, 302, 306, 308, 311 53–54, 59, 66–67, 70, 81, 110, Enver Pasha, 2 113, 125, 136, 140, 157, 177–178, Eric Hobsbawm, 250 180, 184, 190, 207, 210, 217, 226, Esad Efendi, 10, 50–51, 57, 65–66, 68, 229, 235, 237, 244, 259–261, 263, 80, 100, 102, 242, 256, 266, 268, 266, 268, 272, 277–278, 280 273

Index 315

Esad Pasha, 103 Halil Bey, 154, 156, 159, 163, 269 eshâm, 31, 33, 37, 50 Halim Giray, 122 Eşkinci Ocağı,48 Hans Speier, 4, 185 Hariri of Basra, 120 Faruk Naﬁz, 220 Hawaii, 59 Fatherland or Silistra, 196, 219 Hejaz, 245 Fehim Süleyman Efendi, 83 Henry Elliot, 232 Felatun Bey ve Râkım Efendi, 202 Hersekli Arif Hikmet Bey, 95 Feyzullah Efendi, 215 Hezârfen Hüseyin Efendi, 130 France, 9, 14, 30, 37, 61, 72, 74–75, Homi Bhabha, 58, 126 80, 92, 101, 136, 146, 148, 151, Hüseyin Avni Pasha, 224, 232, 240 179, 185, 202, 225, 244–245, 248, Hüseyin Vâiz Kâşifî, 120 273, 293, 295, 300–301, 303 Hyde Clarke, 26, 74, 148–149 François de Tott, 136 Freemason, 92, 261, 266 İbni Teymiye, 122 Freemasonry, 73, 77, 81, 92–93, 169, İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal İnal, 78, 84, 261, 290, 296, 308 102, 116, 172, 208, 210, 256 French, 4, 6, 8–10, 14, 29–30, 37, 39, İbrahim Alâettin Gövsa, 4 45, 48, 51, 61–62, 72, 74, 79–80, İbrahim Pasha, 215 82, 93, 99, 101, 109, 124, 131, İbrahim Şinâsi, 6, 8, 85, 97, 106, 161, 133, 136, 138, 140, 144, 146, 160, 170, 193, 195, 197, 202, 217, 252, 164–165, 185, 190, 196, 199–200, 267, 270, 280 203, 207, 210, 215, 226–227, 233, İkdam, 11, 71, 99, 135, 188, 196, 228, 241, 248, 265, 285, 287, 289–290, 258–259, 273, 279–280 293, 297, 304 İmam Birgivi, 122 Fuâd Pasha, 97, 107, 116, 146, 149, 202 Immanuel Kant, 105, 212, 271 Imperial Medical School, 137 Galib Pasha, 44 Imperial Music School, 137 Georg Rosen, 49 Iran, 41, 50, 58, 77, 143, 147, 283, George Jones, 53, 269 285, 290, 293, 306 George Washburn, 229 İrfan Pasha, 97 German, 2, 4, 14, 28, 74, 87, 187, 210, İsmail Ferruh Efendi, 63, 73, 75–77, 80, 215, 230, 294, 296, 306 82–83, 87, 92, 102, 119–120, Germany, 2, 4, 14, 75, 160, 187, 122–126, 131, 271 287–288, 295 Istanbul, 2, 4, 9, 11, 18–19, 24, 26, Gilles Jean Marie Barazer de 28–30, 33, 39–40, 42–43, 47, 49, Kermorvan, 136 51, 53, 57, 59–60, 62–63, 65, 67, Giuseppe Fossati, 143–144, 171 76–77, 79, 82, 91, 96, 99, 105, Gore Ouseley, 77 107, 112–113, 116, 119, 122, Greece, 26, 38, 41, 169, 197, 204, 266, 135, 138, 143–144, 146, 278, 292, 305, 308 148–149, 151, 156–157, 159, 165, Greek, 17, 19, 26, 41, 46, 93, 98, 125, 167, 169–171, 175, 177–179, 141, 164, 185, 190, 195–196, 208, 181–182, 184, 188, 191–192, 196, 210, 237, 281, 285, 308 198, 202–203, 207, 214, 216, 227–228, 232, 235, 243, 251, Habsburg Empire, 27 256–258, 265–268, 270–272, Hâfız Osman, 115 276, 278–280, 283–285, 287, Hagia Sophia, 51 289–290, 294, 297–299, 303, 308, Haiti, 70 310–311 Hakayık, 215, 264 Izmir, 92

316 Index

Jacques Necker, 37 Le Courrier d’Orient, 182, 205 James Ellsworth De Kay, 110 Le Temps, 229–232, 235, 260, James Porter, 110, 277 262 James Redhouse, 6, 10, 76, 120, 141, Leskofçalı Gâlib, 197 158, 196, 278 Levant Herald, 78, 157, 217, 219, 237, janissaries, 20, 25, 40, 43–51, 53–56, 240, 260, 263 60, 64, 71–72, 79–80, 82, 87, Liberty, 35, 244, 250, 274 102, 128, 133, 137, 141, 149, Lionel René François, marquis de 155, 171, 179, 188, 200, 217, Moustier, 101 229–230, 243, 251 Liverpool, 70 Jean Antoine Nollet, 149 London, 2, 5–6, 11, 14, 18, 23, 26, Jean-François Marmontel, 8, 273 28–29, 34, 47, 50, 53, 55–56, 59, Jean Pietri, 182 61–62, 66, 70, 75–77, 105, Jean Victor Duruy, 146 110–111, 113–114, 116, 119–120, jihad, 45, 212 125–129, 132, 136–137, 139, John P. Brown, 81, 92 147–148, 156, 166, 180, 182, 185, John Ponsonby, 178 188, 190, 192, 198, 201, 203–204, John Stuart Mill, 35 208–209, 214, 216, 222–223, 226, Joseph Hume, 185, 296 232, 237, 241, 259, 266–267, Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, 158 269–272, 276, 278, 281, 284–287, Julia Pardoe, 111 289–292, 295–296, 298, 300–302, Jürgen Habermas, 4, 14, 19, 25, 72–73, 305, 307–308, 312 75, 77, 79, 82, 86, 105, 191, 209, Lord Acton, 37 251, 253, 291–292, 294 Lord Chesterﬁeld, 193 Jürgen Osterhammel, 253 Lord Derby, 227, 264 Louis XV, 149 Kabakçı Mustafa, 39 Louis XVI, 37, 45 Kâbûsnâme, 115 Lucy Garnett, 207 Kallimaki Bey, 9 Lyceum Movement, 160 Karatheodori Pasha, 19, 161 Karl Marx, 48, 111, 147, 218, 301 Mahmud Celâleddin Pasha, 223, Kâtip Çelebi, 17, 23, 125, 130, 190, 242 259, 271, 293 Mahmud Cevad, 139, 159 Keçecizâde Mehmet İzzet Molla, Mahmud II, 1, 10, 20, 40, 42–46, 48, 115–116, 256, 271 50–51, 53–55, 57, 59, 64–65, Keith Baker, 6, 215 71–72, 79–80, 82, 91, 102, Kemal Paşa-zâde, 114 116, 130–131, 137, 139, 147, Kenneth Pomeranz, 25 155–156, 170, 243, 251, 295, kerâmet,69–70 301, 304 Kethüdâzâde Mehmet Arif Efendi, Mahmud Nedim Pasha, 12, 194, 76–77, 131, 310 216, 225–226, 228–231, Kınalızâde Ali, 17, 23, 119, 271 233 konak, 47, 83–84, 88–90, 96, 106, 108, mâlikâne,31 182 Manchester, 70, 151, 171, 226, 287, Kostaki Musurus Pasha, 10 301 Küçük Said Pasha, 106 maslahah,23 Masonic, 77–78, 81, 90, 92–93, 119, La Societe Impériale de Médecine, 156 259–260, 262, 267 La Turquie, 26, 68, 192, 219, 237, 260, Masons, 77, 79, 92–93 262, 281 mass education, 21, 135, 252

Index 317

Mecdi Mehmed Efendi, 146, 280 Musa Kâzım Pasha, 208 meclis, 21, 72–73, 85, 97, 109, 219, Mustafa Fâzıl Pasha, 88, 97, 208 242, 251 Mustafa II, 60 Meclis-i Ahkam-i Adliye, 103 Mustafa III, 27, 29, 35 Meclis-i Meşveret,39–40, 45, 102, 181 Mustafa Naili Pasha, 10, 227 Meclis-i Vâlâ, 142, 167, 171, 255 Mustafa Naîmâ, 5, 17, 24, 43, 66, 114, Mecmuâ-i Fünun, 147, 160, 162, 165, 228, 274–275 167–168, 170, 185 Mecmuâ-i İber-i İntibah, 11, Nâmık Kemal, 6, 21, 79, 84–85, 89, 93, 167–169 96–97, 101, 108, 114, 135, Mecmuâ-i İbretnümâ, 168 169–170, 178, 183, 185–186, 188, Mecmuâ-i İstatistik, 177 193, 195, 197–198, 201–202, 207, Mecmuâ-i Maârif, 172, 190 210, 213–214, 216–218, 221, Medical School, 137 226–227, 241–242, 253, Mehmed Arif Efendi, 115 266–267, 272, 275, 279, 284, Mehmed Behiç Bey, 175, 257 291, 303 Mehmed Emin Bey, 201, 225 Napoléon III, 235, 248 Mehmed II, 125, 237 New York Times, 228, 235 Mehmed Rüşdü Pasha, 89 Nigar Hanım, 95–96, 279, 286 Mehmed Tahir Efendi, 44 Niyazi Berkes, 79, 129, 139, 146, Mehmet Derviş Pasha, 147 296 Mehmet Kaplan, 8 Nizâm-ı Cedîd, 48, 132, 299 Melekpaşazâde Abdülkadir Bey, 73, 76 Memduh Pasha, 229 obshchestvo, 107 Mexico, 160 Ohannes Vahanyan, 161 Michael Faraday, 151, 309 Ömer Fevzi Pasha, 131 Michel de Certeau, 119 orientalism, 253 Michel Foucault, 50, 63, 125, 132, 218 Osman Ergin, 89, 144, 148 Middle Ages, 7, 73, 120, 284, 300 Osman II, 27, 43 Midhat Cemal Kuntay, 84, 226 Osman Nuri, 240, 277 Midhat Pasha, 1, 73, 90, 93, 222, 224, 227, 237, 240–241, 244–245, 259 Paleologi, 131 Mikhail Katkov, 166, 306 Paris, 1, 4, 7, 9–10, 26, 30, 39, 42, Mir’ât, 11, 135, 138, 172, 222, 225, 45–46, 48, 54, 56, 62, 65, 68, 78, 229–230, 237, 241–244, 248, 273, 85, 88, 92, 98, 108, 110, 123, 125, 275–276, 278 135–136, 138, 147–148, 154, 171, Mirza Abu-l-Hasan Khan Shirazi, 77 177, 179, 198, 201, 215, 240, 244, Mîzâncı Murad, 193, 274 246–247, 258, 266, 268–269, Moldavia, 34, 62, 281 271–272, 274, 278–280, 282, Mozart, 171 285–286, 290, 293–295, 300, 303, Muhammed Ali Pasha, 38–39, 65 309, 311 Muhammediye, 23, 281 Parliament, 214, 243, 245 Muhbir, 183, 201 Pazvantoğlu, 38, 41, 293 münâzara, 21, 73, 97–104, 106, 109, Persian, 6, 17, 28, 58, 71, 89, 98, 212, 266 113–115, 120, 123, 129, 158, 181, Münif Efendi, 138, 147, 149, 152–153, 196, 210, 218, 229, 278, 287, 160–161, 164–165, 190, 275 307 Murad IV, 24, 46 Pertev Pasha, 1, 3 Murad V, 12, 90, 93, 225, 233, 235, Peter the Great, 155–156, 284, 288 241, 248 Proodos,93

318 Index

public opinion, VI, 1–4, 7–11, 13–15, Selim III, 24, 33, 37, 39, 42–43, 45, 48, 21–22, 25, 35, 37, 39, 44–45, 54, 57, 60, 63, 76, 102, 130, 132, 49–51, 53, 55, 57, 61, 71–72, 74, 137, 241, 251, 295, 298, 303–304, 82, 84, 86, 88, 91, 108–109, 124, 308 134, 138, 151, 165, 170, 173, 178, Sened-i İttifâk. See Deed of Agreement 180, 185, 193–194, 198–199, Şerif Mardin, 9, 13, 41, 59–60, 74, 84, 202, 204, 209, 213–214, 216, 219, 168, 170, 197 222–225, 227, 229, 232–233, 237, Servet İskit, 5 240, 242, 244–246, 248–249, Seven Years’ War, 29 251–254 Severnaia pchela,57 public reading, 19–20, 188 Şevket Rado, 107 Pyotr Rumyantsev, 29 Şeyh Cezuli, 114 Şeyhülislam Mekkizâde, 44 Qajars, 143 Seyyid Hasan Hoca, 137 sharia, 12, 15, 233 Râgıb Pasha, 27 Shenbao, 181 Recâîzâde Ahmed Cevdet, 122 Shmuel Eisenstadt, 58 Recâîzâde Ekrem, 220 sibyan mektebleri, 139 Reinhard Schulze, 59 Sigmund Freud, 225 Reinhart Koselleck, 78, 87, 251 Simon Deutsch, 197, 302 Reşad Bey, 101, 214 Şirket-i Hayriye, 203–204, 207, 273, Reşid Pasha, 9, 83, 85, 103, 132, 158, 280 200 Society for the Diffusion of Useful Robert Walsh, 47, 67, 184, 188 Knowledge, 160, 166 Roger Chartier, 78, 111, 114, 122, 127, Society of Poets, 95–97, 138, 197 284, 288 Softas, 229, 232, 244, 253, 262–263 Russia, 27–29, 31, 42, 54, 57, 77, 107, Sublime Porte, 61–62, 83, 103, 110, 118, 151, 154, 156, 160, 166, 175, 130, 142–143, 184, 200, 229, 279, 179, 187, 216, 282, 284, 287, 290, 291 301, 303, 308 Süleyman İzzî, 66 Russian Empire, 28, 57, 61, 184, 197, Süleyman Nazif, 96, 196, 220, 227, 279 215, 298, 311 Şûrâ-ı Devlet, 104, 174 Sururi Çelebi, 119 Saadeddin Paşazâde Nasuh Paşa, 141 Syllogos,19 Sabah, 86, 183, 258 Sadık Rifat Pasha, 8, 11, 57, 79, Ta’if, 1 138 Tahsîn Pasha, 91 Sakızlı Ohannes Efendi, 161, 278 Takvîm-i Vekâyi, 3, 25, 57, 59, 64–66, Sâlih Efendi, 116, 149 68, 70–71, 103–105, 140, 142, Sâmî Pasha, 145 145, 149, 152–153, 158, 180–181, Samuel Johnson, 191, 193, 298 184, 204, 237, 245, 260–264, 268, Şânîzâde Mehmed ‘Atâ’ulla Efendi, 5, 275 10, 18, 40, 46–47, 76, 102, 122, Tanzimat, 9, 13–14, 21, 40–41, 64–65, 124, 126, 133, 279, 290 68, 73, 77, 83–84, 86, 88–89, 99, Scaliari Bey, 93 102–103, 105–106, 109, 112–113, School of Military Sciences, 137 126, 130, 133–134, 138, 143, 145, schooling of the public, 21, 134–135, 155–156, 158, 170, 173, 178, 180, 142–143, 145, 147, 154, 157, 159, 188, 194, 202, 205, 212, 214, 217, 161–162, 164, 171–172, 175, 221, 246, 251–253, 276, 282–283, 220 288, 290–291, 295–298, 301, 305

Index 319

Târîh-i Cevdet, 27, 40, 44–46, 48–49, ulemâ, 18, 44, 46, 54, 106, 115, 130, 51, 54, 56, 76, 81, 102, 139, 186, 217, 243, 248, 251 159, 257 Üss-i Zafer, 10, 51, 65, 268 Târîh-i Vassaf, 114–116, 119, 127 Taşköprülü Ahmed Efendi, 99 Vakâyi-i Mısriye, 65, 67 Taşlıcalı Yahyâ, 96 Vakit, 12, 169, 233, 237, 242, 244–245, Tasvîr-i Efkâr, 11, 17, 99, 106, 146, 260, 262, 264, 272–273, 282 149, 152–153, 161, 164, 167–168, Versailles, 40, 149 183, 186, 193, 195, 197, 217, Victor Fontanier, 54 261–262, 264, 267–268, 270–271, Vienna, 9, 26, 263 275, 280 Teodor Kasap, 195 Wallachia, 33, 62, 204, 281 terbiye-i âmme, 21, 134, 157–158, Walter Benjamin, 213 160 William Churchill, 178, 181 Tercüman-ı Ahvâl, 109, 159, 195, 262, William St Clair, 165 280 Władysław Plater, 197 The Times,1–2, 188, 226, 229–231, 235, 247, 259–260, 263 Xavier de Bianchi, 158 Thomas Kuhn, 131 Topkapı Palace, 51, 102 Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed Efendi, 23, 114, 281 Turkey, 2, 12, 26, 29, 40, 49–51, 59, Yazıcızâde Mehmed, 114 61, 74, 78, 92–93, 99, 110, 127, Yıldız Palace, 239, 248 131, 137, 139, 143–144, 146, Young Ottomans, 79, 87–89, 93, 101, 148–149, 168, 179, 184, 188, 201, 106, 109, 118, 172, 182, 197, 214, 204, 220, 222, 228–231, 233, 217–218, 239, 241 235, 245, 253, 260–261, 263, Yusuf Kâmil Pasha, 73, 84, 97 266, 269, 271–272, 277–278, 282, 286, 290, 298, 300, 306, 308, Zafernâme, 192 312 Ziyâ Pasha, 95–96, 101, 183, 192, 242