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THE POTENTIAL NICHE of Guaiacum Coulteri in PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS of SONORA to OAXACA, MEXICO

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THE POTENTIAL NICHE of Guaiacum Coulteri in PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS of SONORA to OAXACA, MEXICO THE POTENTIAL NICHE OF Guaiacum coulteri IN PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS OF SONORA TO OAXACA, MEXICO Bruno Rodríguez-López, Jaime Sanchez, Gamaliel Castañeda G., Miguel Borja, Omag Cano Villegas, Raúl López García and Gisela Muro-Pérez SUMMARY The genus Guaiacum belongs to the family Zigophyllaceae, en- Sinaloa, data which matches that of the present study. The re- compassing six species of evergreen trees and shrubs. The geo- sult of ecological niche modeling for G. coulteri has a coverage graphical distribution model allows designing and creating prob- of 24,908.238 km2 and the surface of the ANPs is 13,545.76 km2; abilistic maps of sites where species are distributed. The Maxent when overlaying them, the niche area within these is 1,104.42 program projects patterns of geographic distributions by using km2, which corresponds to a coverage of 9.21%. The results sug- ecological niche models. In Mexico, several studies indicate that gest that modeling of the potential G. coulteri niche matches the the distribution of G. coulteri covers 11 Protected Natural Ar- current distribution of the species; although there are areas of eas (ANP, for their name in Spanish) covering 2,777km2; of this modeling that are not found within the ANP, the resulting model- area, 75% corresponds to the states of Oaxaca, Sonora and ing can be used as a basis for proposing specific fieldwork sites. Introduction (Maryland-Report, 2000). The of Kricogonia lyside, which blue ‘matlali’ dye named after bud of flowers is blue-violet prefer to lay their eggs on the the Aztecs (Haude, 1998). At The countries with the great- and grow in clusters or isolated; leaves of G. coulteri, considered present, Sonoran inhabitants est biodiversity are tropical blooming occurring during the as a food source plant for but- use a mixture of green organic countries, and such is the case months of April and September terflies in Sonora (Honcoop, resin of G. coulteri, clay and of Mexico, where many species (Mielke, 1993). It can be con- 1997). water to produce the coloring are endemic (Grow and sidered as an endemic species Some medicinal uses are at- agent ‘Antezj kóil’ Schwartzman, 2001) or listed as to Mexico, since it is distributed tributed to this plant, as expec- (Haude,1998). rare (Contreras-Medina et al., naturally from Sonora to torant and blood purifying ele- The population size of G. 2010). The genus Guaiacum Oaxaca (Porter, 1972; Mielke, ment (Grow and Schwartzman, coulteri for the Mexican terri- belongs to the Zigophyllaceae 1993; CITES, 2000; Grow and 2001), as well as laxative, di- tory is unknown, although in family, which consists of six Schwartzman, 2001; Martínez uretic and in the treatment of the Maryland-Report (2000) it species of evergreen trees and and Galindo-Leal 2002, Dertien joint rheumatism (Maryland- is mentioned that this is a lo- shrubs distributed throughout and Duval 2009). The species is Report, 2000). G. coulteri and cally abundant species with Latin America (Maryland- exploited locally, and its natural G. sanctum share other medici- isolated specimens and grows Report, 2000; Grow and populations are under pressure nal properties such as anti-can- at low densities. Because Schwartzman, 2001). Some of due to land use changes that cer, diuretic and anti-inflamma- there are no recent studies, the species of the genus become a threat to their surviv- tory (CITE, 2000). In the case natural populations are likely Guaiacum are in a risk catego- al (Grow and Schwartzman, of G. coulteri, resin extraction to have decreased, as the dis- ry due to loss of their habitat 2001). It is considered a food is used in the manufacture of tributions of G. sanctum and (ARW, 1998; CITES, 2002; source for insects and larvae in special devices for the detection G. officinale have been re- Gordon et al., 2005). various plant associations, such of gastrointestinal bleeding duced due to land use changes Guaiacum coulteri is a small as in deciduous chaparral for- (Barsch et al., 2002). The flow- for agricultural purposes, ur- evergreen tree of slow growth, ests (Maryland-Report, 2000); er of G. coulteri is used in the banization, and for the tour- with a maximum height of 4m an example being the females production of an intense organic ism sector. KEYWORDS / Distribution / Ecological Niche / Modeling / Protected Natural Areas / Received: 13/03/2020. Modified: 20/02/2021. Accepted: 08/02/2021. Bruno Rodríguez-López. Master of Gamaliel Castañeda G. Biologist, and Environment of Arid Gisela Muro-Pérez. (Correspondig Science in Biodiversity and UJED, Mexico. Doctor of Scien- Zones, Universidad Autónoma author). Biologist, UJED, Mexico. Ecology, and doctoral student, ces in Ecology and Wildlife de Chapingo, Mexico. Doctoral Doctor of Sciences in Natural Universidad Juárez del Estado de Management, Universidad student, UJED, Mexico. Resources Management, UANL, Durango (UJED), Mexico. Autónoma de Nuevo León Raúl López García. Master of Mexico. Profeesor, UJED, Professor, UJED, Mexico. (UANL), Mexico. Science in Natural Resources Mexico. Address: Facultad de Jaime Sanchez. Biologist, UJED, Miguel Borja. Biologist and Doctor and Environment of Arid Ciencias Biológicas, UJED. Av. Mexico. Doctor of Sciences in in Biomedical Sciences, UJED, Zones, Universidad Autónoma Universidad s/n, Fracc. Natural Resources Management, Mexico. Professor, UJED, Mexico. de Chapingo, Mexico. Filadelfia, CP. 35010, Gómez UANL, Mexico. Professor, Omag Cano Villegas. Master of Doctoral student, UJED, Palacio, Durango, México. e- UJED, Mexico. Science in Natural Resources Mexico. mail: [email protected]. JANUARY 2021 • VOL. 46 Nº 1 0378-1844/14/07/468-08 $ 3.00/0 43 EL NICHO POTENCIAL DE Guaiacum coulteri EN ÁREAS NATURALES PROTEGIDAS DE SONORA A OAXACA, MÉXICO Bruno Rodríguez-López, Jaime Sanchez, Gamaliel Castañeda G., Miguel Borja, Omag Cano Villegas, Raúl López García y Gisela Muro-Pérez RESUMEN El género Guaiacum pertenece a la familia Zigophyllaceae y presente estudio. El resultado del modelaje del nicho ecológico abarca seis especies de árboles y arbustos siempre verdes. El de G.coulteri tiene una cobertura de 24.908,238km2 y la super- modelo de distribución geográfica permite diseñar y crear ma- ficie de las ANP es de 13.545,76km2, que al ser sobrepuestas pas probabilísticos de sitios donde se distribuyen las especies. revelan un área de nicho dentro de 1.104,42km2, la cual corres- El programa Maxent proyecta patrones de distribuciones geo- ponde a una cobertura de 9,21%. Los resultados sugieren que gráficos mediante el empleo de modelos de nicho ecológico. En el modelaje de nicho potencial de G. coulteri coincide con la México, diversos estudios registran 11 Áreas Nacionales Prote- distribución actual de la especie; aunque hay áreas del modela- gidas (ANP) donde se distribuye la especie en estudio, con una je que no se encuentran dentro de las ANP, el modelaje resul- cobertura de 2.777km2; un 75% del área corresponde a los es- tante puede usarse como base para proponer trabajo de campo tados de Oaxaca, Sonora y Sinaloa, datos que coinciden con el en sitios específicos. O NICHO POTENCIAL DE Guaiacum coulteri EM ÁREAS NATURAIS PROTEGIDAS DE SONORA A OAXACA, NO MÉXICO Bruno Rodríguez-López, Jaime Sanchez, Gamaliel Castañeda G., Miguel Borja, Omag Cano Villegas, Raúl López García e Gisela Muro-Pérez RESUMO O gênero Guaiacum pertence à família Zigophyllaceae e te estudo. O resultado da modelagem do nicho ecológico de G. abrange seis espécies de árvores e arbustos sempre-verdes. O coulteri tem uma cobertura de 24.908,238km2 e a superfície das modelo de distribuição geográfica permite desenhar e criar ANP é de 13.545,76km2, que quando sobrepostas revelam uma mapas probabilísticos de locais onde estão distribuídas as es- área de nicho dentro de 1.104,42km2, que corresponde a uma pécies. O programa Maxent projeta padrões de distribuição cobertura de 9,21%. Os resultados sugerem que a modelagem geográfica mediante a modelagem de nicho ecológico. No Mé- de nicho potencial de G. coulteri coincide com a distribuição xico, diversos estudos registram 11 Áreas Nacionais Protegidas atual da espécie; embora existam áreas da modelagem que não (ANP) onde está distribuída a espécie em estudo, com uma co- se encontram dentro das ANP, a modelagem resultante pode ser bertura de 2.777km2; 75% da área corresponde aos estados de usada como base para propor trabalho de campo em locais es- Oaxaca, Sonora e Sinaloa, dados que coincidem com o presen- pecíficos. The geographic distribution Natural Protected Areas these serve as a first contact Herbarium (US). Four hundred modelling of plant species is (ANP, for their name in with the species and provide and two records were obtained considered a vitally important Spanish) are sites that contrib- information such as taxonomic from the GBIF portal. tool, since it allows to design ute to the conservation of spe- characteristics and geographical Afterwards, a database with and create probabilistic maps cies, although they are often features that are in turn rooted taxonomic and geographical at- of sites where species are dis- established for political purpos- in websites such as the portal tributes was developed and a tributed (Martínez-Meyer, es, and the species do not have of the Global Fund for duplicate data elimination was 2005). In turn, it is comple- real protection (Paredes-García Biodiversity Information carried out, leaving a total of mented by the provision of et al., 2011). The present study (GBIF). The latter includes col- 139 locations. The requirement computer programs to obtain focused on modeling the poten- lections of the National of having a minimum of 50 lo- biogeographic information and tial ecological niche of Herbarium of Mexico, Instituto cations was met, so that the is also an advantage that can Guaiacum coulteri in ANPs in de Biología, UNAM (MEXU); modeling of the potential distri- be analyzed with a number of the Mexican states of Sonora, the Herbarium of the National bution is not overestimated or, existing records.
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