Loma Linda University TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works
Adventist Heritage Loma Linda University Publications
Spring 1992 Adventist Heritage - Vol. 15, No. 1 Adventist Heritage, Inc.
Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/advent-heritage Part of the History Commons, and the Religion Commons
Recommended Citation Adventist Heritage, Inc., "Adventist Heritage - Vol. 15, No. 1" (1992). Adventist Heritage. http://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/advent-heritage/29
This Newsletter is brought to you for free and open access by the Loma Linda University Publications at TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Adventist Heritage by an authorized administrator of TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. -..- - t-i. t .J --=- -== " =-=-J -=-= ~ r 1
_·- j -- --=. 4: - j
wentagec:,Agyentist
Volume 15, Number 1 Spring, 1992
The Editor's Stump 3
Education 4 Solusi: From Secondary School to College Sylvia]. Clarke
Pioneer 15 The John Pocock Story As Remembered by Two Granddaughters I. A Pioneer Family in Avondale, Australia Mary Pocock~Stellmaker II. Pictures from Grandpa's House ] oan Minchin~ Neall
Science 26 Is the Bible from Heaven? Is the Earth a Globe? Loren Seibold
Back Issues 30
Adventist Heritage is published by La Sierra University. Bulk postage rates paid at Riverside, CA. Copyright 1992 by La Sierra University, Riverside, CA 92515-8247. SUBSCRIPTION RATES: $12 for three issues (additional postage outside U.S.). Available back issues are sold at $3 each. Subscription orders, change of address notices, editorial correspondence and manuscripts should be sent to: Adventist Heritage, La Sierra University, Riverside, CA 92515. Adventist Heritage invites manuscripts. Each will be considered, but no responsibility will be assumed for unsolicited materials. Adventist Heritage is indexed in the S .D .A Periodicals Index, and is available from University Microfilms International. Unless otherwise designated, all pictures and illustrations used in this issue are courtesy of the Lorna Linda University Heritage Room or the Adventist Heritage collection. ISSN 0360-389X. Contributors
and her husband, Dr. Wil Clarke, a mathematics professor at La Sierra University, spent nine years in mission service in Tanzania and South Africa. Sylvia enjoys writing and has taught English as a Second Language at Editor LSU. She does a great many other things, which, she says, "can't be easily Dorothy Minchin-Comm labelled." They include managing her aged uncle's business affairs and just La Sierra University "helping people"-a large number of them. The Clarkes have three children, Esther, Julia and Frederick. Associate Editors , chair of the Department of History at La Sierra University and Ronald D. Graybill associate editor of Adventist Heritage, has compiled the complete listing of back La Sierra University issues published in this, the first number of Volume 15 (Spring, 1992). Copies Gary Land (or photocopies) of the back issues are available upon request. Andrews University "-l e , a granddaughter of] ohn Pocock, is a graduate nurse and the Issue Editor wife of Ronald Neall (who has pas tored a number of churches in the southeastern Dorothy Minchin-Comm United States). Her mother, May Pocock-Minchin, currently resides with Joan in Dayton, TN. The Nealls have four children: Carol (in mission service with her husband in Thailand); Kerry (a physician at the Florida Adventist Hospital, Managing Editor Orlando), Shelley (a nurse and pastor's wife in Orlando, Florida); and Robert (a Norman D. Ault, Jr. theology student currently finishing a term as a student missionary in Thailand). La Sierra University e Shankel-Rittenhouse began her music studies at an early age in Layout and Design South Africa and has won numerous awards. As violinist, pianist and composer, Lori Gulley she has concertized throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, South James Gulley Africa, Japan and theWest Indies. Her doctorate in performance is from Peabody Conservatory of Music (1963). She is director of the New England Youth Ensemble and Professor of Music at the Thayer Conservatory of Music at Circulation Manager Atlantic Union College, Massachusetts. [See Encore! The Story of the New Ronald D. Graybill England Youth Ensemble (Pacific Press, 1988) for the account of twenty years of La Sierra University miracles.] A world-class musical organization, the Ensemble performs several times annually in Carnegie Hall and the Lincoln Center. Managing Board Dorothy Minchin-Comm grew up on a farm in North Dakota. Having completed his Steve Daily ministerial studies (M.Div, Andrews University, 1982), Loren now pastors the Ronald D. Graybill Seventh-day Adventist church in Palo Alto, California. He accidentally came across a copy of Alexander Gleason's book Is the Earth Flat? in a roadside junk Fritz Guy store in Crookston, MN. He and his wife Carmen enjoy travelling. Loren's favorite Frederick Hoyt hobby-doing fine woodwork with hand tools-is steeped in tradition. John R. Jones Stuart Tyner is a granddaughter of]ohn Pocock. She has lived for Kenneth L. Vine many years in the Avondale College community where her husband Vern worked at the Sanitarium Health Company. She has taught in several Adventist Editorial Board high schools and once served as Communication Director of the North New Ronald D. Graybill South Wales Conference. In their retirement, the Stellmakers' primary interests Gary Land are the families of their two daughters, Wendy and Rell. (They have four grandchildren.) Mary was assisted in her research by her cousin, Alice Patrick Dorothy Minchin-Comm Lewis, another granddaughter of John Pocock.
2 ADVENTIST HERITAGE I Spring, 1992 We hope that the memory of the large (double do take it personally. We hope to allay confusion, to size) issue of Adventist Heritage is still with you. For publicize our new address and to answer the inevi several reasons-not the least being financial-the table questions arising in our readers' minds at this present issue is a slimmer one. But it did seem time of transition. important to enclose all of Canada between two Slimness notwith covers. standing, our three main
No one, we believe, has really doubted the features in this issue take quality of this journal. But some questions have you into three distinc
[justifiably] been raised concerning its frequency. tive areas of Adventist
Some readers have, indeed, presumed its demise-and endeavor: they can hardly be blamed for such an assumption. 1. The growth of
We have just passed through a very difficult time Solusi College-a leg- during which the publication made the transition endary missionary adventure in Africa. from a two-campus production (between the two 2. The story of John Pocock-an Australian campuses of Lorna Linda University) to a one-cam coach-builder whom Ellen White befriended in a pus effort by La Sierra University alone. Our present special way. staff is working very hard now to bring Heritage into 3. The flat-earth debate- a review of an intel a state of regularity and predictability. At the same lectual point where 19th-century pseudo-science in time, we are trying to "go international" to a greater tersected the preaching of Adventism. degree than heretofore. Also, we shall be canvassing for In addition, we offer you a listing of all the back issue editors among our sister colleges and universities. issues of Adventist Heritage. A few are out-of-print
Neither Rome nor any other enterprise of any but many are still available. (Three dollars per back magnitude was built in a day, and survival has been issue, or $20.00 per package of ten issues.) our primary goal for some months. Now, however, the Board and staff feel able to sit up, look around, take nourishment, and make plans. We are, with this issue, sending a letter to each subscriber-and, please, Dorothy Minchin-Comm, Editor
THE EDITOR'S STUMP 3 E D u c A T 0 N
Solusi From Secondary School to College
By Sylvia]. Clarke
A utomobile traf needs and challenges facing an institu a double challenge. He was to build a fic eased along Lobengula A venue, a tion headed toward full four-year-col church seating l,OOOpeoplefor£ 8,000 thoroughfare wide enough for an ox lege status. Solusi's principal, Dr. C. and to continue running a school cart drawn by eighteen span of oxen to Fred Clarke, made an impassioned ap without extra appropriations! tum around in the street. That, of peal. "Brethren, we need funds to finish course, is what it had been designed the building projects already begun on The Call for back when Bulawayo, Rhodesia, campus. And appropriations must be was first built and ox carts constituted made for upkeep and repair." Gazing What events had led up to this the heaviest traffic. earnestly at each board member, he dramatic moment? As a result of the Residents strolled under the lav resumed his place as acting secretary. independence movements sweeping ender blossoms oflacy jacaranda trees "Why not take the £3,000 church Africa in the 1950's and '60's, lining the avenue that December day fund and use it for operating expenses?" Adventist church workers began to in 1957, completely unaware of the one committee member suggested. see the necessity of having a place to board meeting going on in the office "You could replace the building funds train African workers for their own of the Zambesi Union of Seventh-day later." The motion passed unani fields. Accordingly, in December of Adventists just across in the next mously, and the board went on to 1953, Elder Ralph Watts, Trans-Afri street. In fact, most of them had other agenda matters. can Division president, went to Dr. C. probably never heard of the subject of Stunned by what had just hap Fred Clarke who was teaching at that board meeting-Solusi. Never pened, Dr. Clarke soon interrupted Helderberg College, South Africa, at theless, the mission, located thirty the proceedings with a question. "If I the time. "The Division Committee miles east of town, was in its sixty could build a church for that £3,000 has asked you to go to Solusi. You're fourth year. It supported a full-fledged plus the £5,000 we expect from the to build it up to a senior college and secondary school and had a commis year-end offering, would you rescind build the new church there too," Watts sion to start a college course the fol the first motion?" Once again, the declared, studying the science and lowing year. motion passed like a lightning flash, mathematics teacher before him. The members at the 1957 board and the new principal-so new to his "Moreover, I expect you to take the meeting were carefully considering the responsibilities- found himself with appointment!" Fortunately, both
4 ADVENTIST HERITAGE / Spring, 1992 Clarke and his wife, Esther, saw this review the beginnings ofthe Seventh and a Bible Instructor (Miss Carrie directive as an assignment from God. day Adventist church there. Mace). At first they worked with the The Clarkes arrived at Solusi on Three different men in three white community, but soon the work Friday afternoon, May 21, 19 54. Their separate places in southern Africa expanded into the colored areas, and first weekend passed with disconcert Pieter Wessels, Fletcher Tarr and later to Christian African groups as ing speed. Elder Siebenlist, the out Pieter T rytsmann-began keeping the well.3 going principal, gave them a brief tour Bible Sabbath on Saturday, each In 1893, General Conference of the campus and introduced Clarke thinking he was the only non-Jew president Elder 0. A. Olsen visited into the essentials of the office. At the doing so. Through a chain of provi the young African church, for the Saturday night farewell the staff and dential events, they each came into need to expand the work among the students had prepared for the contact with William Hunt, an non-Christian indigenous African Siebenlists, the former principal offi American miner in the Kimberly dia people had already been recognized. cially turned over the keys to his suc mond fields. He also refrained from African missions captured the atten cessor. When the Clarkes awoke on work on Saturdays, and he directed tion of churches during this time be Sunday morning, they found them the three men to the group of Adven cause, after thirty years of work, selves on their own. The Siebenlists tist believers centered in Battle Creek, Moffatt's4 Nyati Mission finally pro had already departed. Michigan. duced the first native Matabele con Much later, in his Reminiscences, In response to a call from this vert in 1889. Other churches were Clarke recalled his feelings. "So I had little band of Sabbath-keepers, the establishing missions in Matabeleland a full-fledged mission station on my General Conference session of 1886 to the north, and Elder Olsen sug inexperienced hands with no one to appointed seven Seventh-day Ad gested that the Adventists should do tum to for guidance."1 ventist workers to South Africa. In the same. In light of the fact that the 1887 they sailed-two evangelists Seventh-day Adventist constituency Pre-Mission History (Dares A. Robinson and C. L. Boyd in southern Africa numbered less than and their wives), two colporteurs 500 members, the success of such an How did Solusi Mission begin? (George Burleigh and R. S. Anthony), undertaking seemed unlikely. None- What assets did the new principal have to work with? Founded in 1894, Solusi was the first Seventh-day Ad ventist outreach to non-Christian peoples in Africa. 2 Because of Solusi's close ties with the church in south em Africa, we need to
The Fred Clarke family in their home at Helderberg College, South Africa, about 1952. (L-R) Esther Bamhurst Clarke, Wilton Clarke, C . Fred Clarke,]. Elwood Clarke, and]. W . Bamhurst.
EDUCATION 5 theless, at the 1893 General Confer the ideas for the mtsswn that the handed the letter from Rhodes to Dr. ence session in Battle Creek two del Adventist church planned to establish, Jameson. The latter opened it, read egates from South Africa pledged Rhodes wrote continuously. He briefly, and inquired, "How much land $15,000 to start the project. Volunteers paused only three times, when do you want?" from both the United States and South Robinson stopped talking, tosay"And... r' Hesitantly, Wessels told of their Africa came forward to go north and Encouraged to go on, Robinson did. hope to get 6,000 morgen (about begin the work. At the end of the interview, Rhodes 12,000 acres). "But that," he added, folded the paper on which he had "would, of course, depend on the terms. A Visit to Rhodes been writing, put it into an envelope, "Terms?!" Dr. Jameson expostu sealed it, and handed it to his visitors. lated. "What kind of terms do you Having heard that the British He instructed them to give it to Dr. L. want?" He sounded gruff. "Rhodes is South Africa Charter Company was S. Jameson, his representative in the giving you all the land you can use!" offering land to missions for a reason territory which was then called Rho able price, the Foreign Mission Board desia. sent Elder Asa T. Robinson, confer It was this letter, of unknown ence president, to see Cecil John content, that the group of volunteers Rhodes, chairman of the Charter carried with them on the long trek Company and Governor of the Cape north. When they arrived in Colony. Pieter Wessels accompanied Bulawayo, they lost no time in making Elder Robinson to the interview and an appointment to see Dr. Jameson. was undoubtedly somewhat puzzled After preliminaries, Pieter Wessels by Rhodes' behavior. While Robinson presented
Above: Finding creative ways to get to town across the flooded Gwaai River was only one of the tasks the new principal had to take up . He also repaired the diesel engine that ran the electric plant, and oversaw the building of the new duplex for single teachers-in addition to his ad ministrative duties. Middle: Dr. Fred Clarke learned much of early Solusi history from these old squatters, many of whom taught in the first out-schools. Asaboy,Mr. Tshabangu(cen ter, in dark coat) led the oxen of ElderW.H. Anderson'swagon. He also could point out the cave where the mission furniture was hidden during the Matabele up rising in 1846. Below: The early pioneers arrived at Solusi in wagons like this one. This ox team and wagon took part in Solusi's 75th Anniversary cel ebration.
6 ADVENTIST HERITAGE I Spring, 1992 Soon, out west of Bulawayo, the time learning to survive on the 12,000- the tribal uprising, the mission cared band of intrepid pioneers were scout acre mission station. To begin with, for thirty destitute children (ten girls ing and pegging out 6,000 morgen for the area became wet enough to make and twenty boys) who "formed the the mission farm. Part of the reason malaria a big problem. In the dread nucleus of the first school at Solusi , for such a large tract was that these form of black water fever, the disease taught by John Ntaba."5 This initial missionaries and those ready to join took a large toll in lives among the educational work in 1896-1897 paved them would soon receive no salary mission staff. Dr. Carmichael, George the way, of course, for later growth. It not even a living allowance. There Tripp, and his son, Byron, were among also produced classic pioneer pic fore, they had to be self-sufficient. those who died. tures-like that of Elder W. H. Ander Also, the semi-arid land made it nec The missionaries also needed to son going out with his rhino whip to essary to have ten acres to support one clear land for crops. Until the mission corral the children on the mission and cow. (The Adventists started their compound was self-supporting, they bring them into school. He took very venture with 200 head of cattle, pur traded goods with the local people. literally the Biblical injunction to "go chased locally.) Learning the language, therefore, be out into the highways and hedges and came a pnonty. At one point, a compel them to come in" (Lk 14:23). The Beginnings of Solusi Matabele uprising interrupted their building and planting. The mission A second lot of missionaries joined personnel fled to Bulawayo for safety the first group a year late. At first the and stayed there for several months. In 1933, Solusi introduced teacher early missionaries spent most of their During the famine that followed training to provide more education for those who worked in village schools. Those who taught in the early 1900's had completed Standard Two (about Grade 4) and a year of teacher train ing. Fifteen years later, in 1948, Solusi began to offer secondary work. Soon after this, in 1952, all the teacher training courses were moved to Lower Gwelo, in another part of Rhodesia. 6 Thus Dr. Clarke, the math teacher-turned-principal, inherited a lapful of challenges including a mission with a farm, clinic, and a full secondary program with students preparing to take external exams on two levels.
Dr. Clarke faced at least seven staggering challenges. First his pre decessor, Principal Siebenlist, had been on an extended furlough, and the pro-
Above: The new college classroom block and administration building, built in 1961 , reflected the lines of the church building. Below: Nelson Bhebe, the head of the wood working shop, married in the old chapel in April, 1957. The new church was not yet ready.
EDUCATION 7 tern directors (who served for only a having many temporary heads of the walk around and learn together. A few months each) had exhausted the school over an eighteen-month period. few years later, when the school had reserves. The school was heavily in The interim administrators left a rash much trouble with latrines because of debt to the merchants in Bulawayo. of unfinished projects. A two-room heavy rains, one inspector wearily Second, the first high school class, addition to the home of the girls' dean wrote in her report: "Solusi is noted with their matriculation examination had walls only up to roof-level at the for its collapsing latrines."7 time nearing, found themselves with front. Two large rooms being added to The sixth challenge, water short out a science or English teacher. Be the girls' dorm had neither floors nor ages, was related to and sometimes cause of an accident in her family, the roofs. Adjacent eaves fell inside the overshadowed by the snaitation prob English teacher had returned home rooms and made them mud-holes lems. The water system proved very suddenly, unable to give the school during the rainy season. inadequate. For instance, there was time to find a replacement. This par The new water toilets which had only one tap for 250 boys to use for ticular circumstance affected the been installed shortly before Dr. bathing and drinking, as wells as for Clarkes directly. Esther Clarke had Clarke's arrival posed his fifth chal their kitchen and dining-room needs. planned to stay home and teach their lenge. The drain ran uphill, and the The dam simply contained too little two young sons herself, but now she toilets had caved in at the new water to serve the growing school. took on the challenge of heading the teachers' homes. Solusi's sanitary The final challenge Clarke had to English Department. That meant that facilties were, indeed, the biggest worry overcome involved people rather than the boys {aged ten and twelve) found to the government themselves at boarding school, several inspectors, one of hours drive from Solusi. whom showed up Third, the farm's entire herd of only a couple of Friesland cows had contracted a seri weeks after the ar ous disease called epididymitis rival of the new vaginitis. When the farm manager principal. The and the vet could not do anything to woman started help, Dr. Clarke had the added ex asking Clarke pense of trucking the sick animals into questions, but he town to be slaughtered. {Normally, had no answers, for Solusi herdsmen drove the cattle on he did not yet know foot, but this time they could not do the large campus. so. The other farms along the way He suggested to the feared contagion.) inspector that they The fourth challenge, like the first, was a result
Above: These six men, flanked by their teachers, were the first students of Solusi College in 1958: (L-R) Dr. Russell Staples, Enoch Kacelenga, Thomas Lissa, Philemon Kopala, Yosua Gwalamubisi, Joseph Ngila-Kyale, Francis Camwendo, Mrs. Ruth Gorle. Below: The local people were astonished when they saw the roof go up before the walls of the new Solusi church were built.
8 ADVENTIST HERITAGE I Spring, 1992 things. He had to settle a dispute give an account of the incident. Un bars, received visiting church breth between the mission's farm manager fortunately, the farm manager never ren, welcomed arriving teachers, bade and the other workers. About 10 p.m. fully regained the trust of his workers. the departing ones Bon Voyage, and on a Sunday night in June, a delega attended committees, committees, and tion from the African staff called Building Up more committees. Clarke to a meeting. They were very upset because the farm manager, in a Despite many difficulties, the hand Friends Abroad fit of jealousy, had knocked his farm of God was very evident in the growth boss flat with his fist. After listening of Solusi from the beginning. A suc Even on furlough, early in 1956, for hours to each person tell the story, cessful campmeeting in June of 1954 the Clarke family took time to make the new administrator-at 3 a. m. was the first positive step in Solusi's friends for Solusi. While travelling in asked his staff what they wanted him journey to college status. Then, dur the United States, they visited the to do. The affair ended when the one ing the holiday break in August, Clarke families of as many of their Solusi at fault came, on his knees, to apolo accompanied Elder Valentine Davis teachers as they could. Their seven gize to the offended ones. Although on a tour which took them to four months on furlough provided not just this healed the wound on campus, Dr. camp meetings within a hundred-mile rest and refreshment but also opportu Clarke was still called in to the district radius of the mission. This "friendship nities to promote mission work in inspector's office two weeks later to tour" began a series of activities which, general and the needs of Solusi in under God's particular. At that time, the furnish guidance, ing of Solusi's carpentry shop was high strengthened on Dr. Clarke's agenda. The Clarkes Solusi's ties were able to take several pieces of with its neigh equipment with them when they sailed bors and the from New York in September. The church at building done at Solusi over the next large. During few years benefited immeasurably from the next year the cargo they brought back from and a half, Dr. furlough. Clarke made En route to Africa, the Clarkes trips to visit stopped in England to lay the ground Solusi's neigh- work for accreditation. Esther and Miss Haskin, the new librarian, took courses at the University of London on "Teaching English as a Foreign
Above: The complete graduating class (con sisting of the six four-year graduates and seventeen two-year ministerial graduates) of Solusi in 1961 posed with their staff on this important occasion. It was a milestone in Solusi's development as a college. The par ticipating faculty: (Front row, L-R): Don vanOrnam, A. V. Edwards, C. F. Clarke, Russell Staples, Z. S. Masuku, Harold Drake . Below: The finished church build ing is the focal point on campus and has become the photographic symbol of the col lege in most mission programs featuring Af rican institutions.
EDUCATION 9 Language. Fred Clarke took courses tist plan of combined work and stud can Union, he was, at the time, no in Philosophy of Education and nego ies. Instructed to begin small, Solusi longer in its employ. Dr. Staples' tiated with University officials. He received two full budgets for the first seminary background made him an was prepared to have the proposed year and a promise from the Division ideal person to take up the theology Solusi College affiliated with a uni for an additional teacher's salary each appointment at Solusi. Watts and versity either in England or in the year, as needs warranted. With cus Clarke sent the call and worked out a United States.8 tomary expedition, the committee way for Staples to finish his work in Just before arriving back at Solusi, members told Clarke he could move time to open school at Solusi in 1958. the Clarkes rejoiced over the arrival into college course work immedi The problem of a teacher for the ofanother friend for the college. Lloyd ately-in 1958, in fact. arts (humanities) program, however, Johnson was a builder and a man of To fulfil this vision in less than six proved more difficult. Where could vision. He began at once to draw out months seemed a Herculean task for they find someone who met the Uni and describe what he saw as a viable the Clarkes. Solusi had no special versity ofSouth Africa's qualifications plot plan for the entire school. This buildings for college classes, nor were in a hurry? Fred Clarke discussed the included not only a campus layout, but there any spare dormitories. And from matter with his wife. "What about Ruth also plans for an adequate water supply where was the staff to open the new Gorle?" Esther asked. "Maybe she'd be and plumbing system. program to come? The government willing to give up her position at had given permission for the new Helderberg to come here and help us." The Commission Repeated college courses on one condition-the To their surprise and joy, Mrs. changes were in no way to deplete the Gorle accepted the call to Solusi. In Ralph Watts, the Division presi high school staff or reduce their com fact, she responded with such dispatch dent, called a special committee to mitment to the high school program. that some accused Fred of working meet in the middle of 1957. In behind the scenes to "rob" Helderberg. Bulawayo, the brethren addressed The Teacher Search Most people, however, again saw the themselves to determining the loca guiding hand of God. tion of a senior college for the African Now began an urgent quest for Mrs. Gorle came to the position people. They considered several two college-level teachers: one quali well qualified. Not only did she hold places: Inyazura and Solusi in Rhode fied for two years of theology subjects both her B.A. and M.A. from the sia (Zimbabwe), several sites in East and the other for English and general University of South Africa, but she Africa, and Malamulo in Nyasaland education courses. These people (Malawi). The final consensus was needed to meet some very special that Solusi would make the best place qualifications and had to be fully fa for such a center of higher education. miliar with the South African Educa Thus the administrators arrived tional system. Clarke immediately at that December day in 1957 when went to work on coordinating with the jacarandas were blooming on the University of South Africa Lobengula A venue and when Fred (UNISA) so that teachers graduating Clarke received the mandate to make from Solusi could receive a recognized Solusi into a full senior college. As a B.A. degree.9 Also Solusi students result of the board's decision, Solusi's graduating from the theology course status changed from Union school to needed to be able to attend the Sev Division institution. enth-day Adventist Seminary in But the fledgling college needed Washington D.C. without incurring more than friends. Solid financial penalties. 10 backing was necessary before college Fortunately, Elder Russell Staples Within four years after their marriage in level courses could be inaugurated. was completing his studies at the Chicago in 1932, C . FredClarkearuiEsther Plans called for a ministerial and lib Theological Seminary in W ashing Bamhurst Clarke left for Africa where they eral arts curricula, to be developed on ton. Although he had begun his work served together for forty years . Esther died at the traditional Seventh-day Adven- under the auspices of the South Afri- Solusi and is buried there .
10 ADVENTIST HERITAGE / Spring, 1992 had teaching experience there. Be The Church Building ing teacher, Nelson Bhebe, and his sides, she had been born in Rhodesia helpers spent untold hours shaping and had had, therefore, early exposure Nothing epitomizes this time of this lumber into new pews which to the native language of the area. change, challenge and providential matched the ones coming out of the Ruth Gorle was to spend the rest of guidance better than the story of the old school chapel. her days in the service of Solusi. She building of the church at Solusi. Upon The baptistry, offices and balcony was a beloved and respected teacher his arrival, Dr. Clarke had found a came later. Still, the main building to the end. £3,000 church building fund in the was ready for worship well before the Solusi bookkeeping system. He could, first college graduation convened. College Begins however, find little to show for the expenditure, except a few kilns ofhalf Water, Water! With these two teachers aboard, baked brick which the rains had dis Solusi was ready to offer college solved back into mud. By careful The church building project in courses. When the 1958 school year management, he was able to replace creased the pressing need for improve opened, seven college students from the cash assets in the bank. ments in the water system. The old several different countries enrolled With church building in mind hand-built dam had run full in 1955, four in theology and three in educa after the dramatic 1957 board meet but ever since it had failed for lack of tion. The theology roster listed: Yoswa ing, Clarke consulted with Lenora rain. Even a second, larger dam had Gwalamubisi from Zaire, and Joseph Granger, an architect friend living not remedied the difficulty. Lloyd N gila-Kyale, Thomas Lisso and Bariki near Solusi. Explaining that he had Johnson now suggested an arrange Elineema from East Africa. The £8,000 "in sight" and that he needed ment which required levelling off the education students were: Funzeni Zulu to construct a church to seat 1,000 top of a small kopj ie (hill) near where from Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), and people, he waited hopefully while she the original mission houses had stood. Philemon Kapolo and Enos Kacelenga, drew a few sketches. "I think you can Here a water tank was installed, with both teachers on the Solusi staff. do it," she finally said. "And I recom a four-inch pipeline to the campus. The beginning was small, but, mend the A-frame engineer at This was the first adequate water sup even with so few students, excitement Stewarts and Lloyds in town to help ply Solusi had ever had. But water and high expectations pervaded the you." supply problems were chronic and the campus. In a few days, this engineer gave college later hooked up to othernearby the Clarkes a quote for a roof-under dams. Eventually, in the late 1950's, £5,000. Thus encouraged, Fred went Solusi ran a line to the new govern to Ms. Granger who quickly drew up ment-built Mananda Dam, several ki plans for the walls, floors, windows, lometers from the campus. doors and so on. With a great deal of careful planning and help from their Lost Momentum friends, the Solusi team erected a dis tinctive church building on the cam Meanwhile, a complete change in pus. Miss Granger, the architect, took the Division administration slowed the no fees for her services and many other development of the college course dur friends gave volunteer help to the ing the last two years of the first gradu project. The Jacobson family, who ating class. The promised additional owned a stone business in Bulawayo, salary allotment for each year of the donated the comer stone which was course never materialized. In fact, Solusi laid with due ceremony. They also received no budget increases during the Dr. Clarke (in 1990), is now retired and provided slate (below cost) for a floor, first four years of its struggle toward makes his home in Camarillo, California. the quality of which surpassed senior college status. With this loss of He gave forty-two years of service in Africa, everyone's most ambitious dreams. A impetus, it took several years to build up the last two with his second wife, Helen number oflocal people bought lumber interest in college courses, even though Merriam Diehm Clarke. for the pews. The Solusi woodwork- new teachers became available.
EDUCATION 11 by Virginia~Gene Rittenhouse
In 1942, as a young musician, I travelled exten We returned to the mission with my precious sively in Africa with my missionary parents. Fasci manuscript. "Did you know that you have this kind nated by the complexity of the rhythms and the of talent right here in the village?" we asked the pathos of the harmonies in the original African missionaries. No one knew. music, I transcribed many of the melodies we heard. Upon our return to the United States, our Our missionary activity led my family and me to "Shankel Trio" (later to become the "Shankel a small village some distance from Solusi Mission Rittenhouse Quartet") sang these African songs where we were enthralled by the singing of a group throughout the country. This hauntingly beautiful of young Africans. We were captivated by "Ko music had a profound effect on audiences every Solusi," sung_ unaccompanied in beautiful eight where. "Ko Solusi" was a very great favorite, and it part harmony. The soloist was a bright young lad became our theme song. with a remarkable, rich bass voice. Having heard Later, in 1964, we had one more memorable that visitors had come to the mission, he apparently adventure with the song. Our family quartet made felt, as soloist, the necessity ofbeing properly dressed a nostalgic tour back to Africa. One of the highlights for the occasion. His resources for his wardrobe of that 15,000-mile journey was our visit to Solusi being virtually nil, he had fortunately found a College, a school which, by then, had become an thick, hand-knit woolen scarf-no doubt discarded important institution in the Seventh-day Adventist by one of the missionary wives. This he had wound system of higher education around his neck, almost covering his chin. The At the end of our concert I asked, "Does anyone light of the intense tropical heat and the fact that he here remember the song "Ko Solusi"? Just one had almost nothing else on, rendered the scene wizened little old man held up his hand. rather incongrous. Nonetheless, the voice from So we told the story of our finding "Ko Solusi" under the red scarf was wonderful, and we were all more than twenty years before. As we sang, the moved to tears. effect on the student body was magical. The strains "What do the words mean?'' we asked. of the music and its age-old rhythms touched such a "Ah," the people replied, "Solusi is like a mother responsive chord that the entire audience stood to to us. The words ye-le-mama mean a "mother's care." their feet to sing with us. "Let us," the president "But do you ever sing this song at the mission. Do suggested, "make this the official school song of the people there know it?" We couldn't imagine the Solusi College." school being deprived of such a lovely tribute to itself. We could not have felt more pleased. It was "Oh no! Our music is just our own. It is only an unforgettable moment in which all of us, together, when we see the lights of the mission go out at night paid tribute, not just to Solusi but to the very soul of then we build up the fire. And then we sing." the African.
12 ADVENTIST HERITAGE/ Spring, 1992 KO SOLUSI Arr. Virginia-Gene Rittenhouse
Voi~•) : Ko
p &no )•
Ko
Yell· le ma · ma Yell · le ma · ma si ·le · cha ko Yell · e ma-ma }J )) J J
).
ist Ending 2nd ending
Yelf __ ma · ma sl · le cha }J )) ..J. J
EDUCATION 13 The interim and short-sighted Thirty Years Later school at Stanborough Park, Watford, England. goals favored by the new Division 9Clarke, Solusi: A Brief History, 7. 10Solusi's planning committee submitted administration focused on immediate Today, bicycles compete with cars their proposed theological curriculum to the courses ("Leadership Seminars") for during rush hour on Lobengula Av S.D.A. Seminary for approval. workers already in the field rather enue in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, and than on equipping future workers with residents still stroll beneath the lav advanced degrees. Higher education ender blossoms and lacy leaves of the was becoming essential for the in jacaranda trees lining its sidewalks. creasingly educated populace of Afri There is, however, a major difference can countries, and the church needed between the Bulawayo of the 1950's graduates to fill administrative posi and early '60's and the Bulawayo of tions. For a time, however, Solusi offered today. Solusi College is now held in only a two-year ministerial training high esteem and is known by most Sources (continued from p.29). course-and that for students with only people in the city. two years of high school behind them. Still, recognition has not come by 4Ellen White, testimony from Middletown, CT, September 3, 1904 (Unpub. MS B-280- accident. The Music Department from 1904); Ellen G. White, Letter to Willie White, Results Solusi College performs a concert in August 29, 1904, from Melrose, MA (Unpub Bulawayo each school term; temperance MS W-390-1904). Nonetheless the first six gradu speech contests, parades and other ac SEllen White, Selected Messages, Bk. 3 (Washington, D.C.: Review & Herald, 1980), ates marched in the newly dedicated tivities have also made Solusi known. 317. church at the end of 1961. Seventeen Most significant, however, is the fact 6 Alexander Gleason, Is the Bible from others graduated from the two-year that Solusi's graduates have gone far Heaven! Is the Earth a Globe! 2nd. ed (Buffalo, "JC" (Junior College) course. This beyond Bulaway, beyond Zimbabwe, to NY: Buffalo Electrotype and Engraving historic event marked the completion become a Christian influence in many Comapny, 1893), 382. 7For advocating the Copernical system, of the commission given to Fred Clarke parts of the world. the astronomer Galileo was condemned as a when he first received his call to Solusi. heretic. Even Luther, Calvin, and Wesley The accomplishments of those Sources rejected the Copernican system on Biblical first graduates have become a symbol grounds. (See Andrew D. White, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in of the impact which the college would 1C. F. Clarke, Reminiscences. Unpublished Christendom. Vall (New York: George Braziller, have in Africa for years to come. Manuscript. Camarillo, CA, August, 1987, 30. 1855), 92. Kapolo and Kacelenga both gave 111any 2Don F. Neufeld, ed., "Solusi College," in Ssamuel Birley Rowbotham ("Parallax"), more years of service as teachers in Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia (Wash Zetetic Astronomy: A Description of Several Ex Solusi. Kyale became principal of ington, D.C.: Review and Herald Pub. Assoc., periments which Prove that the Surface of the Sea is 1966, 1204. a Perfect Plane and that the Earth is not a Globe!" Kamagambo Secondary School in 3Richard Moko, the first African convert, (Birmingham, England: W. Cornish, 1849) Kenya and later president of the East was baptized into the Seventh-day Adventist Whimsical pseudonyms and excessively de African Union. Gwalamubisi served church in 1895. Ibid., 1211. scriptive book titles were the fashion among first as an evangelist, then as principal 4Robert Moffatt (1795-1883) was a Scot flat-earthers-and others. Another zetetic phi tish Congregationalist missionary to Africa (with losopher, Thomas Winship (under the of Bugema Secondary School in theLondonMissionarySociety, 1816-1870). A pseduonym "Rectangle"), wrote Zetetic Cos Uganda-until he fled the Idi Amin builder and gardener, smith and carpenter, He mogony: or, Conclusive Evidence That the World regime and came to the United States. faced incredible opposition and danger in estab is Not a Rotating Globe, but a Stationary Plane Elineema taught at Ikizu Seminary in lishing the early missions. It was largely his Circle (Durban, South Africa: Y. L. influence which inspired his son-in-law, David Tanzania, pas tared the main church Cullingworth, 1899). Livingston, to take up his subsequent work. 9Gleason, 366. in Dares Salaam, and then went on to Moffatt died six years before the first Matabele lOWhite, Gospel Workers, 314. become an administrator at the Uni converted to Christianity. llGleason, 386. versity of Dar es Salaam while still 5Neufeld, "Solusi College," 1205. 12Gleason discusses the ten command pastoring in the city. Lissa pastored, 6Jbid. ments, the Sabbath, the 2300-days prophecy, 1c. F. Clarke, Solusi: A Brief History. Un creation and the age of the earth, and the flood. served as the principal of Ikizu Semi published Manuscript. Camarillo, CA, 1988, 5. 13Gleason, 61. nary and later held a seat in the Tan 8During this time, the Clarke sons, Wilton 14Ibid., 383-384. zanian parliament. and Elwood, enrolled in the Adventist high 15White, Gospel Workers, 315.
14 ADVENTIST HERITAGE / Spring, 1992 p 0 N E E R
The John Pocock Story As Remembered by Two Granddaughters
I. A Pioneer Family in Avondale, Australia by Mary Pocock-Stellmaker
atthew Pocock was the village John earned two shillings and sixpence a week blacksmith at Dudswell, Berkhampstead, during the first year of his apprenticeship, with the Hertfordshire, England. On April 12, 1863, he promise of an increase to seven shillings in his last and his wife, Mary, welcomed a new son, John, to year. Times were hard, and the Pocock boys their already sizable family. John thrived on all dreamed of new lands across the ocean-America, the love and care which Canada and Australia. came his way from his Then John added one parents and many sib more figure to his lings. DevoutChristians, dreams-the pretty, the Pococks regularly at petite figure of Char tended the Baptist North lotte Lowthorp. She Church where the chil had been christened in dren learned about faith St. Mary's church in in God. Old Kent Road and was By the time the fam a talented young lady ily had increased to four who had completed her teen children, most of the apprenticeship as a boys had been put out to tailoress. Her nimble work at apprenticeships Left: John and Charlotte Pocock with their infant son Arthur fingers constantly cre (1889). (Arthur Pocock became well known in the Eraring which would make them ated beautiful clothes. District for his skills as agardenerandorchardist.) Right: John skilled tradesmen. (As and Charlotte Pocock, Cooranbong, New South Wales, Aus Charlotte had the firstborn, George tralia (about 19 30) . grown up with some de Pocock went to work in gree of comfort. She the family blacksmith could remember her business, a trade at which he worked for more than grandfather Lowthorp coming home from a day's sixty years.) John was only eleven when he left work at the Tower of London where he ferried school and started earning a few pence at odd jobs. lords and ladies up and down the Thames River. At fourteen John followed the path blazed by his He liked to surprise his little granddaughter and see older brother Herbert and signed a five-year appren her eyes pop wide open when he dumped his horde of ticeship indenture to a coach-builder. gold sovereigns into her grandmother's lap.
PIONEER 15 Confident of his coach-building skill, John George and Anne Lowthorp had lost both of their didn't worry about his ability to support a family. sons in accidents. Charlotte was their only surviv In 1887, he and Charlotte were married in St. ing child, so they also emigrated to Australia. Peter's Church, Berkhampsted. A year later their George made a complete break with his home first son, Arthur John, was born. Although happy land, burning all the parchment deeds to the ] in his little family, John still had yearnings for the family's property. Neither the Lowthorps nor any New World. His older brother Ernest had already of the Pococks would see their homeland again. ] migrated to Canada, and on May 29, 1889, John The time would come, however, when Charlotte Pocock and his brother Herbert sailed for Austra would wish for a little of the income which the lia on the steamer Port Piere. Lowthorp lands might have brought to her strug John Pocock carried with him a letter of intro gling family. duction to certain Plymouth Brethren who con In 1892, while in a boarding-house in ducted meetings in Castlereagh Street, Sydney. Paramatta in order to be close to his work, John He soon became dissatisfied with the services, was invited to attend evangelistic meetings con however, and tried out several other churches in ducted by Pastors Robert Hare and David Steed. his quest for a closer walk with God. Meanwhile, Stirred by the sermon on the seventh-day Sab Herbert Pocock, having the requisite money, set bath, John asked for literature on the subject. He himselfup in the coach-building trade in Paramatta, was given From Eden to Eden and a tract, Elihu on a thriving commercial and agricultural center the Sabbath. After reading through one whole twelve miles west of Sydney. John found a night, he immediately decided to keep Sabbath. townhouse in the Redfern district and worked for This decision, of course, meant the loss of his his older brother. He wrote back to his young wife regular job. Providing for his family became ex with considerable enthusiasm: "Sell up and come tremely difficult, and they all suffered great pov quickly. We can have a house here just like in erty. London." Time would, however, prove that his Three years later, upon hearing of the plight of prediction rather wide of the mark- after he lost his job. Five months later, on October 24, 1889, John's wife Charlotte and one-year old Arthur left for Sydney on the Bungaree.
Lift: "Granny" Pocock (about 19 20) in the garden with her pet galah (parrot), Sam. The bird used to say "What's the matter with Sam?" Charlotte Pocock loved her pet, even though it was an accident with a parakeet which cost the life ofher son Albert, just seven days after the family moved to Avondale. Right: The Pocock family in 1907. (Back Row, L-R) : Daisy, Bert,}ohnPocock, Arthur. Front Row, L-R) : Annie (seated) , Bertha, May, Charlotte Pocock.)
16 ADVENTIST HERITAGE I Spring, 1992 this new Adventist family, Ellen White offered home, and working on "Sunnyside," as well as on John temporary work helping to build her home, the manager's residence on the college campus. "Sunnyside," at Cooranbong. In later years, de He always cherished the memory: "I like to look scribing this period in his life, John Pocock said: back on those times when Avondale was such a "I sat at the same table as the other workers sacred place, as we met with and talked to the with Sister White for breakfast and dinner. She Lord's Messenger." did not take the evening meal. She used to retire Ellen White had her own memories of John early and rose early, spending several hours before Pocock and his work: breakfast writing-and often rose at midnight to "We kept him as long as we had work that he write. On one occasion we were told that she had could do, and when he left, he modestly asked ifwe written forty pages offoolscap before breakfast. At could let him have a few books on present truth; morning worship Sr. White always led in prayer, for he had none. I gave him about six dollars worth and many times, as she was agonizing and pleading of books. He also asked if we had any cast-off with God for the work in America and Australia, clothing that we could give him that his wife we would be moved to tears as we saw the earnest might make over for the children. I provided him ness she manifested. Such prayers I have never a box of clothing, for which he was very grateful. "2 heard before or since. She was kind and charitable In fact, it seems that the Pococks were never always, helping the poor, the sick, the needy, and, very far from Ellen White's mind: in some cases, having the sick brought to her "Yesterday a box of clothing was sent to a poor home. She often visited the people in the sur but intelligent and industrious family. The father rounding districts."1 is a fine workman, a coach-maker, by trade. He JohnspentsevenmonthslivinginMrs. White's works when he can get work. This is now the third box of clothing we have sent him. Souls are coming into the truth through the influence of this family."3 John's dedication to whatever kind of work came to hand enabled him to move away from Galston to Cooranbong, the community around Avondale College. Concerning her invitation to the Pococks to move to Cooranbong (the commu nity around Avondale College), Ellen White wrote in April, 1899: "Brother Pocock has been the means of bring ing three families into the truth. Brother Starr was sent to baptize these people, and by this means we learned of Brother Pocock's necessity. We bor rowed ... three pounds ...and loaned it to him to enable him to bring his family up, and told him to let his shanty go. Come he must. He arrived yesterday [Sunday, April 2]."4 At first a house was found for the Pococks by the long bridge on the way to Dora Creek. Mrs. White, however, found it "not fit for habitation." Then Mr. Hughes offered a two-roomed cottage, rent-free: "Last evening Sara established Brother No other picture of "The Haven" remains, other than Pocock and his family in their cottage, furnishing this one with Charlotte Pocock at the back door in the late them with provision and bedding until their mea 1940's. She was mistress of the house for 46 years . gre stock shall come."
PIONEER 17 The staff at "Sunnyside" immediately set about symptoms were those of acute poisoning. He was finding "a spot of land" for the family: "This is not well when he left his home. After walking missionary soil," Ellen White wrote to the Stephen three miles .. .in the hot sun to reach the train... he Haskells. "Brother Pocock is one of the most drank a lot of water. The day before leaving, the conscientious, self-denying, self-sacrificing, father and mother sent the children to the grand- uncomplaining men I have ever seen. He is just such a man as will do credit to the truth.... Such ones ... are God's precious jewels. Now we have this family where we can do something for them. We packed a basket full of the clothing you left to be appropriated . . . and Brother Pocock will receive his portion, which will be highly appreci ated. I want you to know that they feel highly favored with these goods."5 Two days later, Mrs. White wrote: "Brother Pocock has five very pretty children.... All were glad to get here, but two of the children were sick, the youngest, a baby in its mother's arms, and a four-year-old boy ... a pretty child and very intel ligent.... We think this boy was sunstruck. We settled them in their house and until evening Sara gave the sick child treatment."6 Despite the many kindnesses shown to them, however, the Pocock's arrival in Cooranbong was to begin in sorrow. That first night a fearful storm raged. On April4, Ellen White wrote: "Sara McEnterfer has been called away, at one o'clock at night, in the greatest storm we have had since coming to Cooranbong. A sweet little child is very ill, and we fear dying."7 In a second letter, also dated April 4, Mrs. White elabo rated: "Sara immedi ately began giving the little boy treatments. We soon saw that his
Above: Annie Pocock served the com munity as district nurse for many years. She lived to be al7!10st 100 years old. Whether she posed formally in her nurses uniform, or, Below, took her turn feeding the calves on the farm, Annie spent a lifetime accomplishing good works. She delivered more than 1,000 babies in her private maternity hospital, "Pine Hill." She became a legend in her long lifetime.
18 ADVENTIST HERITAGE I Spring, 1992 parents, while they slept in their shanty for the last school buildings. A few acres are now being time. The grandparents are not believers, and secured for our much-esteemed Brother Pocock. they cooked a parakeet, of which the boy ate very He is the pattern of a Christian gentleman. I tell heartily. He was tired and hungry, and this used the school board that I will consent to trust him, him up. Afterwards nothing could be given him and let him pay as he can. In our family all who are which he could retain in his stomach, but the able will unite in helping him to put up a house, discharges continued nearly constantly.... Sara which will be built cheaply, costing about forty was with him night and day, and Sr. Rodd was sent pounds."9 for to share the burden with her. We knew that it By May, 1900, John was able to move his would be a battle for his life, and everything was family into the house on the northern end of done that it was possible to do. But the boy [Albert Avondale Road. They named it "The Haven." Pocock] died on Sabbath about ll a.m. (AprilS) .... Soon afterwards, June 2, May was born. Two years On Sunday Brother Pocock's dear little boy was later, Charlotte Pocock gave birth to their last laid to rest." 8 child, Bertha. Thus, just seven days after arriving in John always maintained an active place in the Cooranbong, the Pocock family stood around work of the church. The Pocock family attended Albert's open grave, one of the first to be opened the village church in Cooranbong where, over the in the Avondale Cemetery. They all mourned years, John served as deacon, elder and church deeply, but six-year-old Herbert, the closest in age treasurer. to Albert, was to carry the deep sense of loss with He was first employed at the college and later him all his life. He often talked of "my little at the Sanitarium Health Food Company. A brother," or "my little mate, Albert." (The hurt special joy for him was the occasion when one of increased when, years later, Herbert stood beside his first converts from Galston, [Pastor] S. W. a small grave next to Albert's and saw his first three Carr, became an ordained minister. babies buried there.) In 1907, a newborn baby needed a home in the Ellen White understood John and Charlotte's community. The church sisters held a meeting in desire to get a home of their own, and nine months which they decided that they should give the baby after Albert's funeral she wrote: to Sister Pocock, for she had so many children We are helping families to settle on the school already one more wouldn't make any difference. ground on the other side of the road from the She never complained. Thus it was that a one day-old little girl joined the Pocock family and became the much-loved youngest sister, Elsie. Always a keen gardener, John grew much of the family's food and instilled in all his children a great love ofgrowing things. "Sister White used to tell parents to train their chil-
The first wedding in the family was Arthur's, on July 29, 1919. (Standing L-R): Elsie, Bertha Daisy, Bert, May, Annie. Seated L-R): Charlotte Pocock, Arthur & Lizzie (Stratford), John Pocock. Twenty-three years later, on September 15, 1942, the Pococks stood again in Avondale Cemetery for the burial ofArthur's bride of twenty-three years . Afterwards, in his painstakingly careful handwriting, John wrote a beautiful letter to his daughter Bertha who had not been able to attend Lizzie's funeral.
PIONEER 19 dren to do missionary work and to grow things," he On Fridays, Granny baked a very large fruit once told the Avondale College students. "Besides, cake and divided it among her children. When my he who makes two blades of grass where there was brother Herb and I called for our family's share of only one before is a public benefactor". Then the "Granny's Bun," we would be instructed, "Now Robert Hares moved in next door. When John make haste." And, to be sure, we did, hoping to complained about the rabbits eating his garden, taste the wonderful treat all the sooner. the good pastor exclaimed, "Well now, John, you For Christmas dinner (in mid-summer) a long not only have the rabbits to contend with, but the table was spread under the shade of the grape trellis Hares as well." and the peppercorn tree. Unfailingly, each grand One by one the children left home. Arthur child received a present, even if it was only two became a noted market gardener while Herbert walnuts, prettily wrapped. Then there was Granny's bought land in Avondale Road and farmed all of homemade grape juice-and the English Christ his life. Daisy married Charles Gersbach and mas pudding with three-pences hidden in it (a Bertha married Will Patrick, and both girls settled tradition which has continued in the family to this in the district. Annie and May graduated from the day). Sydney Sanitarium and Hospital in Wahroonga. In July, 1946, however, our cosy world shat After gaining further nursing experience, Annie tered when Grandfather Pocock became ill with opened and operated a general and maternity pneumonia and died. Not only did Granny lose hospital in a small building next door to "The her companion of fifty-eight years, but a very short Haven." Her service to the community in her time later she had to bid farewell to her daughter private hospital can hardly be over-estimated, and May, husband Len, and their five children, as the she was also known for miles around as a "bush Minchins sailed west to an appointment in the nurse" travelling to remote homes-wherever the British Union. Charlotte comforted herself in the need lay. May ventured farther afield. thought that she was giving her daughter back to While serving as preceptress (dean of girls) at her beloved homeland. She died in July, 1950, Longburn College in New Zealand, she fell in without seeing them again. love with the preceptor (dean of men), Len Today the descendants of John and Charlotte Minchin.11 serve the Adventist Church in many places. An In their retirement years, John and Charlotte other John Pocock (a great-grandson) worked in were always busy-with their church work, help Papua New Guinea as a pilot and business man ing their children's families, making clothes for ager of Pacific Adventist College. Currently he is the grandchildren or some needy person in the an administrator in the North New South Wales community. When the aged became sick and had Conference. Granddaughter Yvonne Minchin nowhere to go there always seemed to be a place for Dysinger served many years with her doctor hus them at "The Haven."12 Also Annie could always band in Africa. They now serve in the General use some help with her hospital and treatment Conference offices. The list is a long one, but rooms next door. these two examples typify all the rest: ministers, To the growing number of grandchildren, teachers, doctors, college professors, ADRA "The Haven" became a very special place. To our workers, and more than a score of nurses have childish eyes, it seemed a veritable heaven. The joyfuUy shared the Adventist faith which John daffodils growing by the path to the front gate, and Charlotte Pocock took up with such willing Granny's trailing green plants at the front door, ness in 1892. her locked cupboard in the bedroom where she kept the boiled lollies (candies), the granola steaming on the wood stove, grandfather's work shop (where he mended broken toys and furniture free of charge), our playing and singing at the piano in the front parlor-all are vivid memories still.
20 ADVENTIST HERITAGE/ Spring, 1992 "Also on the Night of the Big Storm, April3 ... 4, 1899.. . " 13
On that stormy night while little Albert Pocock est) to enroll in Avondale College. He was bap fought for his life, another drama was acted out in a tized and graduated from the ministerial course in house nearby. Robert and Mary Conley were also 1919, and did indeed become one of the great pioneers in the Cooranbong district. A plasterer evangelists in the South Pacific Division. He working on the new Avondale College buildings, served in India and then taught evangelism at Robert settled his family in a slab cottage in the hills Avondale College. In the late 1940's and early between Cooranbong and Martinsville. 1950's, he was Ministerial Secretary of the Just before midnight (April3), while the storm Australasian Division. raged, bringing down trees and flooding the moun Ellen White lovingly ministered to both the tain streams, May Conley gave birth to her seventh Pococks and the Conleys, within that single, stormy and last child, John. On April 5, Ellen White, week in April, 1899, when they shared a birth and with her typical concern, set out with Sara a death. The two families became even more McEnterfer to visit the Conleys, taking "some closely entwined when Herbert Pocock married things that will be needed for the new baby." Margaret Conley ( 1921) and Robert Conley mar Sixteen-year-old Jane ushered the visitors to ried Nurse Annie Pocock (1926). her mother's bed. Six-year-old Margaret watched Left: John Conley in the 1940's. This wa.s a publicity picture from the open door while the two guests greeted during his conducting of a very successful mission in Sydney their mother and gave their gifts. Ellen White Town Hall. Right: John Conley a.s an Avondale graduate in 1919. asked if she could take the baby and commit him to the Lord. Pleased and grateful, Mary Conley agreed. So, with Mother in bed and Sarah andJ ane kneeling, Sister White took John in her arms and stood to give him to God in prayer. Returning him to his mother, she charged Mary: "Bring him up in the fear of the Lord, for one day he will do a great work for God." Considering that the Conleys were Irish Presbyterians, it hardly seemed likely that John's work could affect the infant Seventh-day Ad ventist church in Australia. Through a strange chain of events, however, John Conley became the first non Adventist student (and the young-
PIONEER 21 p 0 N E E R
The John Pocock Story As Remembered by Two Granddaughters
II. Pictures From Grandpa's House by Joan Minchin .. Neall
T he wind blew in gusts through gardens. Six years before, drawn by a dream of a "wide the walls of the makeshift shanty, a few hundred brown land," he'd exchanged the comforts of feet up the bank of Calabash Creek, New South Hertfordshire for the hardships of the Australian Wales. The first drops of rain thundered on the tin frontier. He and his brother, Herbert, had joined the roof as the "Southerly Buster" announced a pre-dawn immigrants arriving in the Sydney area. They worked break in the heat wave that had parched the vegetation together in a coach-building shop. Herbert relied and sapped everyone's energy for the past ten days. heavily on John's carpentry skills, especially on Sat John Pocock hurried to move the cooking pots urdays when coaches were brought in for repairs. from the open fire outside. "If this is a bad storm," When Charlotte and Baby Arthur arrived in John said to himself as he carried the pots in and the colony, John chose a building site at Arcadia, secured the door, "the shanty may not hold. The thirty miles north of Sydney toward the turbulence awakened the four children sleeping Hawkesbury district. Land was cheaper near on their pallets on the floor. Charlotte tried to soothe Galston, so he located his little family there. He each fearful little heart-Arthur, Annie, Bert and built a very humble shack for them on Calabash Baby Albert-while Grandpa and Grandma Creek (Berowa Waters), carrying all the materials Lowthorp peered out from their comer of the cabin. for the building up the hill on his back. In a letter The cloud-burst fortunately lasted only a short time in April, 1899, Ellen White described the Pocock and all the family went back to sleep. home: "This place is among the rocks, on the side Everyone except John. He took his well-worn of a mountain, in a place which cannot be reached Bible from the pantry shelf. Lighting the one small with a horse and carriage." candle, he placed it on the rough-hewed table that Over the next ten years, four more children he'd bartered for at the auction sale the last time he were born-Annie, Herbert, Albert and Daisy. was in Sydney. In the flickering light, he thanked Now, with the grandparents, John had a house God that his home was still holding together. He hold of nine. With Australia's depression of the opened the Bible to Psalms 91: "The angel of the 1890's, money ran very low in the Pocock house. Lord encampeth around about them that fear Him In 1892 John heard about a tent mission in and delivereth them." Sydney. "You're always reading your Bible, John. As it often did, his mind went back to his You ought to go down to the tent where they're comfortable home in England-built of sturdy brick, talking about odd beasts and prophecy." His with a tiled roof, and hidden in hedgerows and flower friends at his boarding house where he stayed
22 ADVENTIST HERITAGE / Spring, 1992 during the week seemed to think the meeting the signature, "Ellen G. White." She was inviting would suit him. From that night onward, John's him to come to Avondale to help in the building of honest mind and heart were stirred. her house, "Sunnyside." (In her four years in Austra On his first morning back home in Arcadia, he lia, Ellen White had heard ofJohn Pocock, the great told his wife Charlotte ofhis decision. "The seventh hardships he had experienced in keeping Sabbath, day is the Sabbath, and I've got to keep it," he and his zeal in sharing his faith with his neighbors.) declared. "Of course, we know what this means, and John hurried home to share the good news with I'll have to talk to Herbert about getting Saturdays off. Charlotte. Full of gratitude, he packed his bag and Back in Paramatta on Monday morning, he took the northbound train, fifty miles north, to Dora shared his convictions with his brother, hoping Creek station. Between 1895 and 1899 John made and praying that he too would be convicted. "Why, numerous trips to A vondale to work at "Sunnyside." John," Herbert exclaimed in surprise. Saturday is Ellen White spoke of John Pocock in several my busiest day! They all bring their coaches in for letters-always admiring him for the Christian repair on that day. You know that." gentleman he was and always concerned for the Herbert refused to let his younger brother off welfare of the family: and warned him that "if you persist in this notion, I'll have to replace you." Each of the Pocock brothers stood by his convictions, and John was soon out looking for odd jobs, just to keep food on his table. Compromise was not a word in his vocabulary, however, and he clung to the promises: "But as for me and my house, !/)CCUL J~ }(c;Uz- we will serve the Lord" (Jos 24:15), and "Be . . strong and of good courage. Be not afraid, neither ;:-~ ~;;:-~~-17 1 4 o-'l./>..(}7.d"" ..?k:J -AA/'{!...(V1d"Z. be thou dismayed, for the Lord thy God is with ~-<.:. :fC<..u- ~~~ _;._;.,_.,_, .-Co- :J""u.. . PIONEER 23 [i I "Brother Pocock ...was in great poverty two Sources years ago, and we gave him work ....When he embraced the Sabbath, he lost his situation [with 1John Pocock, A transcription of one of several chapel his brother], and he worked for small wages, and talks he used to deliver to the student at Avondale College, finally he could get no work. He is an intelligent, particularly at the opening of the school year. 2Ellen White, Letter to Sister Booth Slocum, June 9, refined man, an able teacher in the Sabbath School, 1897. (File: S-113-97) In writing to the John Wessels on and is a sincere Christian."14 April 4, 1899, she regretted not learning of the situation Finally, John received another letter from earlier. "We knew that Brother Pocock was out of work, and Ellen White inviting to move his family and live we sent for him to come and paint on the school building. He permanently in Avondale. For the first year they came a week ago last Sunday, but when we learned from Brother and Sister Starr the situation of the family, their deep lived in a tent she lent them at Sunnyside (John poverty and their lack of nourishing food, we advised him to improved the tent by putting an iron roof over it.) return and bring his family to Cooranbong." Meanwhile, he set about building two homes at the 3lbid. In connection with the help that she gave the northern end of Avondale Road, one for himself and Pocock family, Ellen White describes other welfare work done in Coo ran bong: "Last evening we had a Dorcas Society one for his wife's parents, the Lowthorpes. in our home ["Sunnyside"], and my workers who help in the Storms buffeted him through much of his life, preparation of my articles for the papers, and do the cooking but John's faith never once wavered. Near the end and sewing, five of them, sat up until mid-night, cutting out of his life he was able to say: "In reading of the clothing. They made three pairs of pants for the children of experiences of Abraham, as outlined in Patriarchs one family. Two sewing machines were running until mid night. I think there was never a happier set of workers than and Prophets ... I was impressed [with the fact] were these girls last evening.... The people of this locality that in all the tests and trials he met, he did not have very little of this world's goods." (June 9, 1897) question the leadings of Providence. [Those] 4White, Letter to Brother and Sister John Wessels, April beautiful thoughts ... have been an inspiration to 4, 1899. (File: H-61-99) 5White, Letter to Brother and SisterS. N. Haskell (P61, me ... and I can testify that all down through the years Manuscript release) 15 the glorious truth has shone brighter and brighter." 6White, Letter to Brother and SisterS. N. Haskell, April Above all, for John Pocock (who is still re 2, 1899. (File: H-61-99) membered as one of the dear old saints in the 7White. Letter to Wessels, April4, 1899. 8White. Letter to Brother and Sister Haskell, April 14, community16 Avondale remained a clean, quiet 1899. (File:H-70-99) During their first year in Cooranbong the place of retreat, a "Sacred place, as we met with Pococks suffered losses other than the death of little Albert. and talked to the Lord's Messenger."17 Grandfather and Grandmother Lowthorp both died, but a new baby, May, was born and brought new life to the home. 9White, Letter to J. H. Kellogg, April20, 1899. (File: K- THE POCOCK FAMU.Y TREE 75-99) 10White, Letter from Elmshaven, California, to "The MAITHEW POCOCK + MARY GEORGE LowrHORP + ANNE BUDDELL Managers of Our Work in Avondale," July 14, 1902. (File: B- (OfDudswell, (l83Q-l906) (1831-1900) (1859) (1872-1901) Berkhampstead, Herts., England) Ireland 105-12) llThe story of the ministry and service of the E. L. George Minchins in the South Pacific Division, in Europe and at the (1862-1888) General Conference in Washington, D.C. is told in the book, (Accident] [Accident at7wecks] A Desire Completed, by Dorothy Minchin-Comm (1991). JOHN POCOCK + CHARLOTI'E SUSAN ANN LOWlliORP 12John and Charlotte Pocock cared for several old people, (1863-1946) (1887) (1869-1950) Of Dudswell, Herts. (Of Peckham, London) seeing them lovingly through their last days. (foAustra.lia) (To Australia) 13W allace Conley, son of}. B. Conley, contributed to the writing of this story. While serving in India, Pastor John B. Arthur John AnDie Herbert Albert Daisy (1888-1974) Elsie (1891-1991) (1893-19!56) (1895-89) (1897- ) Conley baptized a promising young lad, Neal Wilson. En.ringNSW {1902-1986) (1907- ) CooranbongNSW CoonnbongNSW TemoraNSW r+(l919) NSW, UK, US Wauchope NSW Narrabeen,NSW 14White, Letter, June 9, 1897. Lizzie Robert Charles Len Will 15 Stratford Conley John Pocock, "He Satisfieth the Longing Soul," Conley (1889) Gersbacb Minchin Patrick rr~urrown ~·<>~ ~·,-l ~ Australasian Record (no date available). l. John c~. George . George(d) . Lyndon . Kelvin 1.... Joe 1. Ivy . Ruth 16 r~. Anna (d) . Joyce . Joan 2. Ivy A. G. Stewart, "A Link with the Early Years of Avondale . Daphne . Herbert (d) . Louis . Yvonne 3. Alice 4. Colin . Herbert John is Broken," Australasian Record, 1946. (Obituary) .Morris . Val:J 4. Arthu; 5. Mary 5. Dennis 5. Leona 17John Pocock, Transcription of a chapel talk at Avondale. 24 ADVENTIST HERITAGE / Spring, 1992 After leaving Australia and returning to America, Ellen White still maintained an interest in the Pocock family. The following letter7 has become a classic in her instruction on the practice of welfare ministry: "Elmshaven" • Sanitarium, California • July 14, 1902 To the Managers of Our Work in Avondale: I ask you, my brethren, if you have looked after If there is not work for Brother Pocock in Brother Pocock. Have you seen that he has had Cooranbong, help him to find something to do work to do, that he might earn money for the somewhere else. Can he not be given work on the support of his family? Or have you passed him by Sanitarium building? You would find that he on the other side? I have been instructed that would do faithful work. If Brother Pocock were there has been a neglect on the part of those whose here, he could find plenty to do; but it would cost duty it is to look into the circumstances of Brother much to bring him and his family over, and his Pocock's family, and to find out what means of children should have the advantages of the support they had. There is need for someone to act Avondale school. toward him the part of the good Samaritan. Brother Pocock should be given a place in He is a man that will not push himself into church work. Give him a part in the meetings. notice. God has given you the work of seeing that Give him some responsibility to bear in the church. he has opportunity to earn sufficient to support his He can render valuable help in the Sabbath-School, family. There is no need for them to want for any but because he is a man who will not push himself of the necessaries of life. He is an intelligent man forward without invitation, I fear that you may pass and an excellent worker, and is willing to labor him by on the other side. You are to have a care over early and late to sustain himself and his family. these precious souls, looking after their spiritual Why do you not search out the cases of such interests as well as their temporal interests.... men as Brother Pocock? He is a Christian gentle I commit Brother Pocock's case to your careful man, in every sense of the word. He is a man that consideration. I hope you will not sit at your God loves. Such men as he are precious in the tables, with food in abundance and to spare, with Lord's sight. I know him well. I interested myself out thinking of your neighbor, with no care as to in his case when I was in Cooranbong, just as you whether or not he has work. I entreat you, not for should have done after I left. I endeavored to my sake, but for your own sake and for Christ's anticipate his needs, and never to place him where sake, to look into Brother Pocock's case, and give he would have to beg for work. While in him work that he can do, so that he can earn Cooranbong, I tried to set an example of how the money for the support ofhis wife and children. Do needy should be helped. I tried to work in the way your duty in the fear and love of the Lord. Love set before me by the Lord. your neighbor as you love yourselves. This is the It has been presented to me that had you loved commandment God has given. your neighbor as you loved yourself, you would I leave this matter with you. I hope that what have given Brother Pocock work. Helping such I have written will awake your sympathy, that you ones has been laid out as the very work that is to be may see that God has given you something to do for done by the children of God. Brother Pocock, and for others in a similar position. PIONEER 25 s c E N c E Is the Bible from Heaven? Is the Earth a Globe? By Loren Seibold A nyone men ers in the flat-earth theory) Although ought not to be discussed and which, tioning the "flat-earth theory" today she gave ready answers, the potential in fact, may never have a definitive would probably be making a joke. of this issue to create trouble in the answer.4 Before dismissing this idea as an ex church seemed to disturb her. In This is not to say, however, that clusively medieval notion, however, none of her replies, however, did she Mrs. White had no opinion on the one should remember that the flat give an inspired hint about whether issue. Writing in a different context earth doctrine enjoyed some popular the earth is actually round or flat. She and discussing a different issue (the ity as late as the 19th-century.1 It even simply dismissed it as a question that Sabbath), she declared that: "God touched the unfolding message of the made his Sabbath for a round world; Seventh-day Adventist church. Ellen and when the seventh day comes to us White alludes to it in an enigmatic in that round world, controlled by the passage in Gospel Workers: sun that rules the day, it is the time in "When at one time a brother came to all countries and lands to observe the me with the message that the world is Sabbath."S flat, I was instructed to present the commission that Christ gave his dis Alexander Gleason ciples, 'Go ye therefore, and teach all nations. . .and lo, I am with you An 1890 book by Alexander always, even unto the end.' In regard Gleason, an Adventist believer, may to such subjects as the flat-world provide a clue about Ellen White's theory, God says to every soul, 'What encounter with the flat-earthers. In Is is that to thee? follow thou Me.' I have the Bible from Heaven? Is the Earth a given you your commission. Dwell Globe? Gleason defends both the upon the great testing truths for this Seventh-day Adventist message and time, not upon matters that have no the "doctrine" of the flat earth-and, bearing upon our work."2 often, both together. Although we do This is but one of several times Alexander Gleason, of Buffalo, New York. not know whether the person men that Mrs. White responded to believ- Little is known of his life. tioned in Gospel Workers was 26 ADVENTIST HERITAGE I Spring, 1992 Alexander Gleason, his account of an of a little book with a big name: zetetic claims about unusual tricks of encounter with Adventist leaders Zetetic Astronomy: A Description of perspective in the upper atmosphere seems to be similar to Mrs. White's: Several Experiements which Prove that and the unusual height and length of "There is a people scattered abroad the Surface of the Sea is a Perfect Plane the Antarctic ice walls. Gleason of throughout the earth, with whom I and That the Earth is Not a Globe!8 ten appeals to the reader's common have had an acquaintance for over Writing under the pen name of "Par sense: "Another striking absurdity of thirty-years ....Further, this people allax," Samuel Birley Rowbotham the globular theory is the course of the claim to be giving that everlasting devoted the rest ofhis life to attacking River Nile, whose mouth is 2,000 miles Gospel, styled the 'Third Angel's the spherical earth. Most subsequent higher than its starting point.... By Message' of Rev 14:6-12. Some flat-earthers, including Alexander lookingatanymapofAfricayouwillsee prominent ones among this people Gleason, based their arguements on that this river is over 2,000 miles high, have taught that this subject of the Rowbotham's book, and-like him vertical, and standing on its small end at shape of the earth was no part of the called themselves "zetetic philosophers." that! ...How is this for gravitation?"9 'Third Angel's Message' and, there According to zetetic theory, the fore, no part of the truth for them to earth is a circular plane, with the 1 he hat f,arth and the Bible receive; consequently, they are to have North Pole at the center. Everlasting nothing to do with it."6 and insurmountable walls of ice stretch In the context ofherremarks about Gleason tells us little about him around the outside of the plane. The the flat-earth, Ellen White counsels self. He does not say whether or not equator is a circle halfway between her brethren: "When questions arise he is a member of the Seventh-day the ice walls and the pole. The land upon which we are uncertain, let us Adventist church. His books show masses actually float on the oceans, ask, 'What saith the Scripture?' And him, however, to be a dedicated stu which are as infinitely deep as the if the Scripture is silent upon the dent of church doctrine. He con heavens are infinitely high. The entire question at issue, let it not be made ducted several of his experiments on earth is covered with a sort of ceiling, or the subject of discussion."lO the apparently flat waters of Lake Erie vault, within which the heavenly bod If Alexander Gleason had agreed and the Niagara River. ies hang. that the Scripture was silent on cos- The sun, moon, and planets circle The Flat Earth in irregular paths above the earth at a height of about 1750 miles, according For many centuries, Christian to the zetetics. The apparent rising scholars struggled to reconcile scien and setting of these bodies are an tific evidence of a moving, spherical optical illusion having to do with the earth with Biblical references which behavior of light in the atmosphere seemed to describe a flat, immovable and with a previously misunderstood earth-at the center of the universe, law of perspective-the same law of with sun, moon and stars circling perspective which explains why ships around and above it. Many of the seem to disappear as they sail over the early Church fathers believed the horizon. The moon's light is self earth to be flat; the Ptolemaic system generated and is occasionally eclipsed of a spherical earth suspended in space by an unseen dark body, possibly a gained ecclesiastical acceptance only dark comet, passing in front of it. after much time and extensive debate. Gleason explain these ideas in his Geo-centrism (the idea that the earth book with the aid of complex circular was the center of the universe) was maps, calendars of past events, long astronomical charts and diagrams even harder for them to give up in An Adventist believer, Alexander Gleason favor of the Copernican model of about visual perspective. (They serve published a book in l890, Is the Bible from planets encircling the sun. 7 to confuse more than to convince.) Heaven? Is theEarthaGlobe? Ithadsome Modem flat-earthism began in He includes reports by explorers of the curious connections to the preaching of the England in 1849 with the publication heavens and the seas which buttressed faith. SCIENCE 27 mology, his book would have had a earth arguments called on Ps. 93:1: 1 he Hat Earth and Adventism different title! His "scientific" expla "Yea, the world is established, never nations of the flat-earth, geo-centric to be moved." Also the familiar story Given his appreciation for the universe seem ridiculous to modem of Joshua in the battle with the straightforward, fundamental approach readers. Hence, we may overlook his Amorites declares that the sun-not to Scripture which he found in Adventist very sincere desire for Biblical har the earth-stood teachings, Gleason was understandably mony. Of the shape of the earth, he still (Joshua disappointed that Adventists were un writes: "Has inspiration used a me 10:13 ). willing to include his flat-earth doc dium through which to communicate trine in their end-time message. He to mortals, that would use other words was convinced that his teaching on than His, and words calculated to de the earth's shape belonged with the ceive? I cannot believe it!"ll other testing truths of Adventism. To As a matter offact, the greatest the argument that it was not an essen portion ofIs the Bible from Heaven? tial truth he replies: "True, it may not Is the Earth a Globe? is devoted make any difference to us in regard to not to the shape of the earth but to a Bible study which in cludes major Adventist doc trines.12 Like a modem Ad ventist evangelist, Gleason shows how the accuracy of the Nebuchadnezzar prophecies of Daniel 2 demonstrates that the Bible is really Above: Gleason used "the most rigid geo from heaven. But he takes the argu metrical process" to measure distances out to ment one step further, contending the "Unknown Regions of Ice ." With his that if the Bible is inspired, honest typical self-assurance he assessed his methods to be "as immovable as the RockofGibralter" people must also acknowledge that (318-319). Above Right: The Glaisher the Bible does not support the "pagan and Coxwell balloon ascension at the Royal idolatry" of a globular earth theory. Observatory, Greenwich. Gleason adapted What does the Bible say about this drawing from one by "Parallax" in Zetetic I S THE the shape and construction of the Astronomy. (See 284-285). Glaisher earth? Zetetics like Gleason found a reported that , from the balloon "the horizon BIBLE FROM HEAVEN? always appeared on a level with the car." clue in John's statement about "the I S THE four comers of the earth" (Rev 7:1) (Leisure Hour, October 11, 1862) . Right: Comers are not generally associated The title page of Gleason's treatise on the EARTH A GLOBE? with spheres. Other passages refer to fiat-earth theory. the "vault" of heaven, which would IN TVVO P ARTS. Opposite Page: Above: Since gaining or DOES MODERN SCIENCE AND TI1E BIBLE ~GR.EE? appear to be a vaulted ceiling cover losing time in circumnavigating the earth has ing a flat world (Is40:20, 2l;Job 22:14 ). - ALSO- longbeen "evidenceoftheearth's rotundity," A:-1 ACCURATE CHRONOLOGY OF Gleason also argues that the earth is Gleason provides a diagram to show the ALL PAST TIME, "founded upon the seas" (Ps 24:2) and movement of the sun over the fiat earth. CO~T AINI:-IG A CLASSIFICATION OF ALL THE ECLIPSES FROM is stretched out "above the waters" Below: Gleason had to account for "The CREAT I ON . AUTHENTICATEO HY THE BRITISH ASTRONOMICAL ASSOCIATION which are "under the earth" (Ps 136:6; Curvature of the Earth" (347) . With this OF LOSDON, ENGLAND. Ex 20:4 ). And those waters must be drawing he explains the "Distance and Dip of Horizon" as the ocean's surface is seen from SE CO N D E DI T I O N. infinitely deep (Jer 31:37), making REVISED AND ENLARGED BY different heights: The lighthouse at 100' .ALEX. G J:...EA.SON. the earth "a floating structure, stand above the sea, the ship's mastandfiagat50', ing in and out of the waters, just as we PUBLISHED BY and a steamer at 16' above sea-level. THE 8 ut-'FALO ELECTROTYPE AND ENGRAVING C o . , seeashiporaniceberg."13 Other flat- HUfFALO, N. Y., U. S. A.. 28 ADVENTIST HERITAGE I Spring, 1992 its shape, but it will make a difference to prove the Bible true. Ellen whether we speak, think, act and teach White made it clear that "petty the truth or a lie." And he reminds strife and contention over ques Adventists of their oft-repeated max in tions of no importance has no "that an unpopular truth was more part in God's great plan." Not acceptable than a popular error... every statement in the Bible, .We do find some, sorry to say, that then, is worth the expenditure cling to the popular error, at the sacri of time necessary to reconcile it fice of the unpopular truth. While with scientific claims. In the end, some are declaring that they hve only one thing proves the Bible nothing to do with the matter, yet we true, and that is the experience of still hear them preaching the Earth a salvation and life in Christ. Globe, and [they] are teaching it from "Let those who wish for some their high schools and colleges."14 thing new, seek for that newness of science's To those reading these accounts life resulting from the new birth. Let false view of the 100 years later, in an age when the them purify their souls by obeying the world. Johnson regularly labels scientists "li ars" and "demented dope fiends." Because of spherical, moving earth is an unques truth, and act in harmony with the Ptolemy, he refers to the spherical earth as "the tioned fact, Gleason's flat-earth-geo instruction that Christ has given." Greece-ball theory." He finds the entire space centric ideas seem silly and Ellen Those who went beyond the themes program to be of communist origins and con White's refutation ~f them just a of salvation led their hearers into a demns all organized religion for "bearing false witness" in this matter. Johnson places great minor-if odd-event in Adventist field of thistles, as it were, and leave importance on the tencommandments, ispassingly history. But is there something to be them there."15 familiar with Adventist teachings and admits to learned from this episode? Perhaps having worshipped with Adventists at one time. most instructive is Ellen White's in 2Ellen G. White, Gospel Workers (Wash sightful refusal to participate in proving ington, D. C .: Review and Herald Publishing Assn, 1915), 314. the Bible by science-or science by the Sources 3See Ellen White in Basel, Switzerland, Bible. Instead, she directed her Letter to M. H. Brown (President of the New brethren's attention to the unambigu York Conference), April15, 1887. [File B-43- 1The small but defiant Flat Research Earth 87] Brown replied from Adams Center, NY, ous Biblical command to take themes Society International (claiming3500 members) is April 26, 1887. He not only revealed some based today in Lancaster, California. FERSI's sage of salvation to the world. private interest in the flat-earth theory but also president, the iconoclastic Charles K. Johnson, Interestingly, Ellen White does had some private conversations on the subject. describes the society's outlook as "zetetic" (Gr. not argue with the flat-earth believer One was with Milton Charles Wilcox, then the zetetikos, "to seek or inquire") and accepting of first editor of Present Truth (published in on the subject of the shape of the "provable" knowledge only. It denies such "imagi earth. Rather, she shows that in the Grimsby, England). Some thought Wilcox to nary'' theories as the global earth. Johnson holds have tendencies to agnosticism, and Ellen light of the clear truths of the gospel that Australians do not hang by their feet with White thought him too easily distracted from and the Adventist mission to teach their heads downward and regards modem testi basic, important doctrines. (See Seventh-day monies of a spherical earth (satellite pictures and that gospel, many other questions fade Adventist Encyclopedia [Washington, D.C.: Re space travel) as Satanically-inspired, government into insignificance. To Gleason there view & Herald Pub. Assn., 1966], 1428.) See perpetrated hoaxes meant to undermine the also Arthur White, The Early Elmshaven Years were no unimportant question. He had credibility ofScripture. FERSI publishes the quar (Washington, D.C.: Review & Herald Pub. to resolve every contradiction in order terly Flat Eartlt News, which decries modem Assn, 1981), 351; Ellen White diary, Sunday, August 28, 1904 (Melrose, MA), Unpub. MS MS-145-1904. She encountered it at least two more times in 1904: "Non-essential Subjects to Be Avoided" (Sep tember 12, 1904,0mahaNE,MS release 1289) and a testimony from Middletown, Cf. Continued on Page 14. SCIENCE 29 l K I s s u E s Adtentist He: itage: 1 ht- Ht~t ...lry of Adventism Neff, "Lora E. Clement"; Ron Graybill, "The Lucinda Abbey Hall Collection"; Richard Schwarz, BookMarks, "Righteousness by Faith"; Gary Land, BookMarks, "Sources of Adventism" $3.00 per copy $2.00 per copy with order of 10 or more Vol: 3 Number: 1 Date: Summer, 1976 (out of print) $5.00 per photocopy of out of print copies Gary Land, Editor's Stump; Jonathan Butler, "The Seventh-day-Adven tist American Dream"; James Nix, "The American Centennial: An Adventist Perspective"; Paul Stauffer, "Uriah Smith:Wood Engraver"; Donald McAdams, "Publisher of the Gospel: C.H. Jones and the Pacific Vol: 1 Number: 1 Date: Spring, 1974 (out of print) Press"; Everett Dick, "Military Chaplaincy and Seventh-day Adventists: David T. Arthur, "After the Great Disappointment: To Albany and The Evolution of an Attitude" Beyond"; Ronald L. Numbers, "Dr. Jackson's Water Cure and its Influence on Adventist Health Reform"; Gerald G. Herdman, "Glimpses Vol: 3 Number: 2 Date: Winter, 1976 of Early Battle Creek"; Peter Brock, "When Seventh-day Adventists Jonathan Butler, Editor's Stump; Gordon Thomas, "The Second First Faced War: The Problem of the Civil War"; Gary Land, "The Coming: A Major Impulse of American Protestantism"; David Rowe, Perils of Prophesying: Seventh-day Adventists Interpret... "; Tom "Comets and Eclipses: The Millerites, Nature, and the Apocalypse"; Dybdahl and Joe Mesar, "The Utopia Park Affair and the Rise of Deena Bartel, "Union College: From Com Fields to Golden Cords"; Northern Black Adventists"; Vern Carner, Heirloom, "A Miller Let Leigh Johnsen, "Brownsberger and Battle Creek: The Beginning of ter"; Wilbur R. Jacobs, BookMarks, "A Tribute to Everett Dick"; Seventh-day Adventist Higher Education"; Kit Watts, "Seventh-day Jonathan Butler, BookMarks, "The Morning Newspaper and the Book Adventist Headquarters: From Battle Creek to Takoma Park"; Maud of Daniel"; Percy W. Christian, BookMarks, "Adventism Moves O'Neil, Heirloom, "Letters from a Healdsburg College Student"; West"; W. F. Norwood, BookMarks, "Affectionately Known as P.T." Everett Dick, BookMarks, "The Urgent Voice: William Miller"; Mervyn Maxwell, BookMarks, "Adventist Windows" Vol: 1 Number: 2 Date: July, 1974 Jonathan Butler, Editor's Stump; John Waller, "John Byington of Vol: 4 Number: 1 Date: Summer, 1977 Bucks Bridge: The Pre-Adventist Years"; John Whittier, "The World's Gary Land, Editor's Stump; Brian Strayer, "The Triumph and Tragedy End"; Everett Dick, "The Adventist Medical Cadet Corps As Seen by ofN a than Fuller"; Rajmund Dabrowski, "M.B. Czechowski: Pioneer to Its Founder"; Godfrey Anderson, '"Make Us a Name"'; Ron and Gerte Europe"; Gary Land, "From Meetinghouse to Modem: Adventist Graybill, "Ellen White in Copenhagen"; George May, Tribute, "Trib Church Architecture in Michigan"; Alberto Sbacchi, "Solusi: First ute to Robert E. Cleveland"; Donald McAdams, Heirloom, "Reflec Seventh-day Adventist Mission in Africa"; Marley Soper, "Unser tions ofa Pioneer: An Autobiographical Letter ofStephen N .Haskell"; Seminar: The Story of Clinton German Seminary"; W.B. Hill, Heir Gary Land, BookMarks, "A People of Prophecy"; Eric Anderson, loom, "In weariness and painfulness, was the cause built up"; John BookMarks, "Ellen White and Jim Crow" Keames, BookMarks, "Pragmatic Religious Liberty"; Kent Seltman, BookMarks, "History, Homiletics, and A.G. Daniells" Vol: 2 Number: 1 Date: Summer, 1975 (out of print) Madeline Warner, "Changing Image of the Millerites in the Western Vol: 4 Number: 2 Date: Winter,. 1977 Mass. Press"; Gary Land, Editor's Stump; James Ehrlich, "Ascension Jonathan Butler, Editor's Stump; Everett Dick, "Advent Camp Meet Robes and Other Millerite Fables:"; Ron Graybill, "The Life and Love ing of the 1840s"; Carlos Schawantes, "Labor Unions and Seventh-day of Annie Smith"; Michael McGuckin, "The Lincoln City Mission: A. Adventists: The Formative Years, 1877-1903"; Floyd Rittenhouse, J. Cudney and SDA Beginnings in Lincoln, Nebraska"; Carner Vern, "Edward A. Sutherland: Independent Reformer"; T.E. Unruh, "The "Horace Greeley and the Millerites"; Grovenor Fattic, "A Few Sterling Seventh-day Adventist Evangelical Conferences of 1955-1956";J ames Pieces, Nineteenth Century Adventist Temperance Songs";Reynolds Robison, Heirloom, "The Founding of the Southern California Junior J. Keld, "Early Days of Lorna Linda . .. and Even Before."; Donald College"; Jerry Daly, BookMarks, "James White: Preacher, Printer, McAdams, "Edwin R. Palmer: Publishing Secretary Extraordinary"; Builder, Father"; Alice Gregg, BookMarks, "Adventist History: Tell It Wayne Judd, BookMarks, "Father Bates' Story"; Gary Land, "The to the World; Adventist History & Theology" Fundamentals and Fundamentalism"; Margaret Keames, "The Sev enth Day Baptist Connection" Vol: 5 Number: 1 Date: Summer, 1978 Gary Land, Editor's Stump; John Keames, "Ethical Politics: Advent Vol: 2 Number: 2 Date: Winter, 1975 (out of print) ism and the Case of William Gage"; Nigel Barham, "Walter E. Read Jonathan Butler, Editor's Stump; David Young, "When Adventists and the British Union Conference"; William White, "Lieutenant Became Sabbath-keepers"; Alonzo Baker, "The San Francisco Evolu Governor George A. Williams: An Adventist in Politics"; Raymond tion Debates: June 13-14,1925"; Walter Utt, "An Angwin Portfolio"; Cottrell, "The Bible Research Fellowship: A Pioneering SDA Organi Wayne and T .A. McFarland, "Memories ofE.A. Sutherland"; LaVonne zation in Retrospect"; John Waller, "Uriah Smith's Small Epic: The 30 ADVENTIST HERITAGE I Spring, 1992 Warning Voice of Time and Prophecy"; John Kearnes, BookMarks, "Oberlin college and Adventist Educational Reforms"; John Christian, "Adventism and Politics" Heirloom, "Where Apollo Tunes His Harp: Walla Walla in the 1890s"; Gilbert Valentine, "William W. Prescott (1855-1944): Architect of a Vol: 5 Number: 2 Date: Winter, 1978 Bible-Centered Curriculum"; MyronWight and Walter Utt, "Celebrat Jonathan Butler, Editor's Stump; Michael Ooley, "Logbook of Captain ing the Centennials of Atlantic Union College and Pacific Union Joseph Bates of the Ship EMPRESS, 1827 -1828"; Gerard Damsteegt, College"; Carlos Schwantes, "When Oregon Outlawed Church Schools: "Health Reform and the Bible in Early Sabbatarian Adventism"; Adventists Interpret a National Event"; William White, "Flirting with Glenn Phillips, "Barbados' Battle Creek Doctor: Charles J.B. Cave, the World: How Adventist Colleges inNorthAmerica Got Accredited"; 1870-1828"; Larry White, "Return of the Thief: The Repeal of Prohi Anna Lee, "To the Dragon Gate: Adventist Schools in South China and bition and the Adventist Response"; Daniel Berk, Heirloom, "Ad Hong Kong (1903-1941 )";Reuben Hilde, BookMarks, "School Bells and ventism on the Picture Postcard"; Mervyn Maxwell, BookMarks, Gospel Trumpets" "Men and Women who Matched Mountains"; Richard Lewis, "Legacy: A Medical Heritage" Vol: 8 Number: 2 Date:. Fall, 1983 Maxine Atteberry, "Seventh-day Adventist Nurses: A Century of Ser Vol: 6 Number: 1 Date: Summer, 1979 vice, 1883-1983"; Lenita Skoterz, "Train up a Child... Seventh-day Gary Land, Editor's Stump; Fred Harder, "Pitcairn: Ship and Symbol"; Adventist Home Commission Publications: 1922-193 2"; Ezechias Jean, Mercedes Dyer, "Establishing River Plate Sanitarium"; Larry White, Heirloom, "Uncle Arthur": Master Story Teller"; Cave! Melborne, "The "Margaret W. Rowen: Prophetess ofReform and Doom"; Keith Ruybalid, Pathfinder Club in North America: 1911-1966"; James K. Davis, "Bitter "Mission School in the Homeland"; Robert Roach, Heirloom, "Post Taste of Prosperity: Sectarian Jeremiads and Adventist Medical Work age Stamps, Envelopes, and Adventist History"; Robert Yost, in the 1920s"; Gary Land, BookMarks, "Uriah Smith: Pioneer Editor" BookMarks, "A.G. Daniells: The Making of a General Conference Pres"; Emmett Vande Vere, BookMarks, "Trial and Triumph on a Vol: 9 Number: 1 Date: Spring, 1984 Western Frontier" Jean Zurcher, Editor's Stump, "Guest Editorial"; Joseph Smoot, "John N. Andrews: Faithful to His Service"; Ronald Graybill, "John N. Andrews: Vol: 6 Number: 2 Date: Winter,. 1979 The Family Man"; Joseph Smoot, "John N. Andrews: Humblest Man in Norskov Olsen, Editor's Stump, "Guest Editorial"; Harold Shryock, All Our Ranks"; Jean Zurcher, "John N. Andrews: The Christopher "Portraits from the Lorna Linda Album"; Fredrick Norwood, "The Columbus of Adventism", p. 34; Pietro Copiz and Nevins Harlan, "The C.M.E. School of Medicine: Its Struggle for Recognition and Status, John N. Andrews Centennial Symposium, August 30- September 3, 1905-1915"; Keld Reynolds, "La Sierra College in Adolescence"; 1983"; Harry Leonard, "John N. Andrews and England's Seventh Day Maxine Atteberry, "It All Began in Battle Creek"; Jess, Jr. Hayden, Baptists: 'We Are Brethren'"; Pietro Copiz, "John N. Andrews: The "Niels Bjorn Jorgensen-Painless Dentist"; Daly Lydia, Heirloom, Prince of Scholars" The Wit of Lorna Linda's Irishman"; Ellen White, Heirloom, "Its Name is 'Beautiful Hill"' Vol: 9 Number: 2 Date: Fall, 1984 Gary Land, Editor's Stump; Norman Woods, "Guest Editorial"; Nancy Vol: 7 Number: 1 Date: Spring, 1982 Lecourt, "Clinique 'La Lingiere': The First Seventy Years of Seventh-day Paul Landa, Editor's Stump, "Guest Editorial"; Ellen White, "Diary of Adventist Medical Work in Switzerland, 1896-1966"; Nigel Barham, a Soul: The Early Years of Ellen G. Harmon"; Ron Graybill, Heirloom, "Opening the British Mission"; Richard Kuykendall, "Adventist Art: "Leaves From Ellen White's Family Album"; Delmer Davis, '"Hotbed Designed for a Purpose / Adventist Art: An Expression of Spiritual oflmmorality': Seventh-day Adventists and the Battle Creek Theater Creativity"; Norman Young, "Christology and Atonement in Early in the 1880s"; Milton Hook, "The Avondale School: A Holy Experi Adventism"; Harry Ballis, "Religion on Pitcairn Island: The First Hundred ment"; Miriam Wood, "Vignettes From the Golden Days of Adventist Years, 1790-1890"; G Giuseppe di Sale De Meo, BookMarks, "From a Evangelism"; Bert Beach, BookMarks, "Michael Belina Czechowski" Grain ofSalt"; Alberto Sbacchi, "From the Balmy Shores ofTrinidad and Tobago ... Eric}. Murray, A History of the S.D.A. Church in Trinidad Vol: 7 Number: 2 Date: Fall, 1982 and Tabago, 1891-1981"; Emmett Vande Vere, Bookmarks, "To the Jonathan Butler, Editor's Stump; Roy Brandstater, "From the pen of Dusty Trails of the Western Frontier: Adriel D. Chilson, Trial and Alma Wiles: Malekula Saga: The Story of Norman Wiles Death and Triumph on a Western Frontier" of Her Sacrifice"; Everett Dick, "For Health and Wealth: The Birth of Seventh-day Adventism in Colorado"; John T reolo, "Seeing Fingers: Vol: 10 Number: 1 Date: Spring, 1985 The Ministry of the Christian Record Braille Foundation"; Yvonne Norval Pease, '"The Truth as it is in Jesus': The 1888 General Confer Anderson, "The Bible, The Bottle, and The Ballot: Seventh-day ence Session, Minneapolis, Minnesota"; Richard Schwarz, "Reorganiza Adventist Political Activism, 1850-1900"; Llewellyn Foil, Heirloom, tion and Reform: The 1901 General Conference Session, Battle Creek, "Emma Weber's Diary: Window into Early Battle Creek, 1865-74"; Michigan"; Eugene Durand, "Reporting the Big Event: Adventist and Jonathan Butler, BookMarks, "The First Book of the Chronicles, Non-Adventist Perspectives on Selected General Conference Sessions"; Arthur L. White. Ellen G. White. Vol5: The Early Elmshaven Years, Paul Landa and Gerald Wheeler, "The General BACK ISSUES 31 B A c K s s u E s Vol: 10 Number: 2 Date:. Fall, 1985 Vol: 13 Number: 1 Date: Winter, 1988 Elaine J. Fletcher, "Thieves Among the Merinos? Tales from the Ronald D. Graybill, "Faces of Minneapolis: The City Welcomes Trail"; Ross Goldstone, "Fulfilling the Golden Dream: The Growth of Adventists in 1888"; Beverly H. Koester, "Faces at Minneapolis: Adventism in New Zealand"; Donald Hansen, "Way of the Word: The Delegates at the 1888 Conference"; Clinton Whalen, "What Did E. J. Story of the Publishing Work In Australia"; Robert Parr, "Kwic-Bru, Wagoner Say at Minneapolis?"; Steve Daily, BookMarks, "Re-exam Granose, Granola and the Gospel"; Dorothy Minchin-Comm, Heir ining the Myths of Millerism"; James R. Nix, "Photos from the loom, "The Family in the Shop"; Dorothy Minchin-Command Robert Waggoner Family Album" Dixon, "Songs of the Islands: Adventist Missions in the South Pacific"; Arthur Patrick, "Fourth Book of Chronicles: A Review of Arthur L. Vol: 13 Number: 2 Date: Summer, 1990 White, Ellen G. White: The Australian Years, 1891-1900" Ron Graybill, Editor's Stump; George Knight, "Adventist Faith Healing in the 1890s"; Roger Coon, "Counsel to a Nervous Bridegroom"; Ellen Vol: 11 Number: 1 Date: Spring, 1986 G. White, Ron Graybill, ed., "Letter to Elizabeth"; Miriam Wood, Paul Landa, Editor's Stump; Wayne Judd, "From Ecumenists to Come "Room for the Teacher, A" Outers: The Millerites, 1831-1845"; Charles Teel, "Bridegroom or Babylon? Dragon or Lamb? Nineteenth Century Adventists and the Vol: 14 Number: 1 Date: Spring, 1991 American Mainstream"; Everett Dick, "The Cost of Discipleship: Dorothy Minchin Comm, Editor's Stump; C. Warren Becker, "Such as Seventh-day Adventists and Tennessee Sunday Laws in the 1890s"; Handle the Harp and Organ: Some Organs and Their Masters in the Lawrence Onsager, "Pilgrims in a Strange Land: The First Norwegian Seventh-day Adventist Church"; Wayne Hooper, "The Making of the American S.D.A. Church in the United States"; Gilbert Valentine, Seventh-day Adventist Hymnal"; Patricia Silver, "Strike Up the "An Alumnus ofDistinction: Sir Maui Pomare, K.B.E., C.M.G., M.D., Band", p. 18; Dorothy Minchin Comm, "Sing Along with Uncle M.P."; Paul Landa, "Personal Recollections of'Pom': Reminiscences of Henry: The Story of Henry de Fluiter (1872-1970), Pioneer Gospel Florence 'Nettie' Keller, M.D."; Schoepflin, Rennie, Heirloom, "Catholics, Song Leader"; Dorothy Minchin-Comm, "A Trio of Portraits: Perry Lentils, and Strange Byways of Reform: An 'Outsider's' View of the Beach"; Edward E. White, "A Trio of Portraits: Joseph Harker"; Helen Battle Creek Scene in the 1830s"; Martyn McFarland, "When Five Little, "A Trio of Portraits: Oliver Seth Beltz"; Olivine Bohner, Becomes Twenty-Five: A Silver Anniversary of the Five-Day Plan to Rendezvous, "The Music ofShawbrook"; Robert E. Edwards, "Singing Stop Smoking" as I Go... " Vol: 11 Number: 2 Date: Fall, 1986 Vol: 14 Number: 2 Date: Fall, 1991 Arthur Patrick, "Founding Mothers: Women and the Adventist Work in Dorothy Minchin-Comm, Editor's Stump; Dennis Pettibone, "An the South Pacific Division"; Brian Strayer, "Sarah A. H. Lindsey: Adventist Apostle to Dixie"; Wilton Clarke, "Ozark Mountain School"; Advent Preacher on the Southern Tier"; Gary Jenkins, "Mrs. Almira S. James R. Nix, "A Three-Dimensional Look at Adventism,"; Ronald D. Steele and the Steele Home for Needy Children"; Madeline Steele Graybill, "A Hymn of Joy: Enthusiasm and Celebration in Early Johnston, "Matilda Erickson Andross: The Original Missionary Vol Adventist Hymnody"; Winston J. Craig, "In the Pink of Health: unteer"; Patrick Allen, "The Depression and the Role of Women in the William Alcott, Sylvester Graham and Dietary Reforms in New Seventh-day Adventist Church"; James Nix, Heirloom, "A Portrait England, 1830-1870"; "Three Moods in Adventist Hymnody"; Dor Gallery: A Few Notable Women"; Gary Land, BookMarks, "The Millerites: othy Minchin-Comm, Rendezvous, "The Doughnuts" An Advent Christian View" Vol: 12 Number: 1 Date: Winter, 1987. Ronald Graybill, Editor's Stump; Adriel Chilson, "Don't Be Wrong About Wright: (It Wasn't Our First Campmeeting)"; Marvin Walters, To Order Back Issues "Green Valley Seventh-day Adventist Church: The Second Seventh day Adventist Church Erected in California with its Brief History"; Daniel Heinz, "Ludwig Richard Conradi: Patriarch of European Ad To order back issues, you may use the enclosed order form, ventism"; Ron Graybill, "Under the Triple Eagle: Early Adventist Use write to us, or call: of the Apocrypha"; Norman H. Young, "The Alpha Heresy: Kellogg and the Cross"; Miriam Wood, "They Kill Preachers Out Here: Adventist Heritage Pioneering the Advent Message in the Cumberland Mountains ofKy" La Sierra University Vol: 12 Number: 2 Date: Summer, 1988 4 700 Pierce Street Ron Graybill, Editor's Stump; Charles T eel, Jr., "Missionaries, Visionar Riverside, CA 92515 ies, and Revolutionaries Logging a Passage in Search of Fernando and (714) 785-2181. Ana Stahl"; Robert Wearner, "Ferdinand Stahl, Missionary to Peru"; Shirley Chipman, "Andes to Amazon: The Indians as the Stahls Knew Them"; Ronald Wearner, "Luzeiro I" And Thank You for supporting Adventist Heritage. 3 2 ADVENTIST HERITAGE/ Spring, 1992 f I /~~/------~~~~ / ~ /,______J; rL___..------..---'\...... 7 "\ , \ I \ 1.-r----l------~ --- - \ !c.______------ !,______------. 1 l j l I --~ I \ I \