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Brazilian Trade Policy in Historical Perspective: Constant Features

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Brazilian Trade Policy in Historical Perspective: Constant Features Brazilian trade policy in historical perspective: constant features, erratic behavior Política Externa Brasileira em uma perspectiva histórica: características constantes, comportamento errático Paulo Roberto de Almeida Sumário CRÔNICAS DE DIREITO INTERNACIONAL ..................................................................................1 Julia Motte-Baumvol e Alice Rocha da Silva BRAZILIAN TRADE POLICY IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: CONSTANT FEATURES, ERRATIC BEHAVIOR ..11 Paulo Roberto de Almeida ASPECTOS GEOPOLÍTICOS DO GATT E DA OMC ...................................................................28 José Fontoura Costa A REGULAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DOS SUBSÍDIOS AGRÍCOLAS: A CONTEMPORANEIDADE DO PARADIG- MA REALISTA PARA A COMPREENSÃO DO SISTEMA DE COMÉRCIO AGRÍCOLA INTERNACIONAL VIGEN- TE ......................................................................................................................................43 Natália Fernanda Gomes ACORDO TRIPS: ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL? ..................................................................................57 Tatianna Mello Pereira da Silva É INTERESSANTE PARA O BRASIL ADERIR AO ACORDO SOBRE COMPRAS GOVERNAMENTAIS DA OMC? ...............................................................................................................................72 Clarissa Chagas Sanches Monassa e Aubrey de Oliveira Leonelli A DEFESA COMERCIAL E A RESTRIÇÃO DA LIBERALIZAÇÃO E DA INTEGRAÇÃO COMERCIAL PELO AU- MENTO DA ALÍQUOTA DE IPI DE VEÍCULOS IMPORTADOS NO BRASIL ..........................................86 Ricardo Serrano Osorio e Clayton Couto A COOPERAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL NA DEFESA DA CONCORRÊNCIA .............................................97 Vinicius Marques de Carvalho e Paulo Burnier da Silveira OS ACORDOS DE COMÉRCIO PARA ALÉM DAS PREFERÊNCIAS: UMA ANÁLISE DA REGULAMENTAÇÃO SOBRE OS “NOVOS TEMAS” ................................................................................................. 105 Michelle Ratton Sanchez Badin e Lucas da Silva Tasquetto INTEGRAÇÃO ECONÔMICA NO MERCOSUL: OPINIÕES CONSULTIVAS E A DEMOCRATIZAÇÃO NO ACES- SO AO TRIBUNAL PERMANTE DE REVISÃO .............................................................................128 Eduardo Biachi Gomes “FUNDOS ABUTRES” VS. ESTADOS NACIONAIS: SOBERANIA E ATUAÇÃO DO TRIBUNAL INTERNACIO- NAL DO DIREITO DO MAR A PARTIR DO CASO DA FRAGATA LIBERTAD ...................................... 138 Alexandre Pereira da Silva e Mariana Yante Barrêto Pereira INVESTIMENTO ESTRANGEIRO: O PADRÃO DE TRATAMENTO JUSTO E EQUITATIVO E O PAPEL DA BOA-FÉ ............................................................................................................................. 154 Fernando Santos Arenhart A EMERGÊNCIA DO DIREITO ADMINISTRATIVO GLOBAL COMO FERRAMENTA DE REGULAÇÃO TRANS- NACIONAL DO INVESTIMENTO ESTRANGEIRO DIRETO ............................................................ 171 Andréa Rocha Postiga IS INVESTMENT ARBITRATION AN APPROPRIATE VENUE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES? A LATIN AME- RICAN PERSPECTIVE. ................................................................................................................. 195 Nitish Monebhurrun A JURISPRUDÊNCIA DO SUPERIOR TRIBUNAL DE JUSTIÇA E A CONSTRUÇÃO DE UM CONCEITO DE INTERNACIONALIDADE CONTRATUAL ...................................................................................208 Frederico E. Z. Glitz IMPACTO E INFLUÊNCIA DOS TRATADOS E CONVENÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS SOBRE A LEI BRASILEIRA DE ARBITRAGEM ................................................................................................................ 219 Jamile Bergamaschine Mata Diz e Clarissa Correa Neto Ribeiro A JURISPRUDÊNCIA NORTEAMERICANA E EUROPEIA SOBRE OS ACORDOS HORIZONTAIS E VERTICAIS: SUBSTRATO PARA ANÁLISE DA MATÉRIA NO BRASIL ................................................................232 Daniel Amin Ferraz doi:10.5102/rdi.v10i1.2393 Brazilian trade policy in historical perspective: constant features, erratic behavior Política Externa Brasileira em uma perspectiva histórica: características constantes, comportamento errático* Paulo Roberto de Almeida1 ABSTRACT The essay, which adopts a historical approach, presents and discusses the Brazilian trade policies implemented since the 19th century, as connected with industrial and development policies, not always in a coordinated man- ner. Brazil was, and probably continues to be, one of the most protectionist countries in the world, at the beginning for fiscal reasons (financing of the State), then, in the 20th century, on behalf of deliberate industrializing and import substitution goals. The essay surveys the many policies followed in different phases of Brazilian economic history, including the regional in- tegration process of Mercosur and the multilateral and hemispheric trade negotiations; it also discusses the recent re-commoditization of its foreign trade and the retrocession to a series of patently defensive policies, justified by a lack of competitiveness of its industries, by the way due to the excessive taxation and the bureaucratic entanglements set up by the very State that seeks to protect those industries from foreign competition. It concludes that a new economic opening or trade liberalization are not likely to occur in the immediate future. Albeit not original in scope or methodology, the essay integrates various sources and specialized literature, offering a synthesis of the state of the art in this field of study. Keywords: Brazilian protectionism. Trade policies. Industrialization. Mer- cosur. WTO. RESUMO O ensaio, que adota uma metodologia expositiva de caráter histórico, apresenta e discute as políticas comerciais brasileiras adotadas desde o sé- culo XIX, tal como correlacionadas com as políticas industriais e de de- 1 Ph.D. in Social Sciences, career diplomat, professor of Political Economy at the Post- senvolvimento econômico, embora implementadas de maneira nem sempre Graduate Studies in Law of the University coordenada. O Brasil foi, e provavelmente continua sendo, um dos países Center of Brasília (Uniceub); author of many mais protecionistas do mundo, anteriormente por razões fiscais (equilíbrio books and articles on international economic relations and diplomatic history of Brazil and das contas públicas) e, a partir do século XX, tendo em vista objetivos de- the regional integration process (pralmeida@ liberadamente industrializantes e de substituição de importações. O ensaio me.com; www.pralmeida.org). None of the ar- examina as várias políticas seguidas em diferentes fases da história econô- guments in this essay is representative of Bra- mica brasileira, inclusive no processo de integração regional do Mercosul e zilian official positions or policies of its Foreign ministry. no quadro das negociações comerciais multilaterais e hemisféricas; também * Artigo convidado discute a recente primarização do seu comércio exterior e o retrocesso re- gistrado em termos de políticas abertamente defensi- away from a strong protectionist industrial policy only vas, que são justificadas pela falta de competitividade for a few times during its successful drive toward in- das indústrias brasileiras, que é aliás devida à tributa- dustrialization; those moments, by the way, were almost ção excessiva e as dificuldades burocráticas criadas pelo a side effect of an economic policy seeking monetary mesmo Estado que busca proteger essas indústrias da stabilization or looking for a temporary correction of competição externa. Conclui pela escassa viabilidade de serious disequilibria in its external economic relations. uma abertura econômica ou de liberalização comercial Crises, internal and external, were the main factors that no futuro imediato. Embora não original na temática ou drove Brazil toward industrialization, at least in the first na metodologia, o trabalho integra diferentes fontes do- half of the 20th century. After the Second World War, cumentais e a literatura especializada, oferecendo uma this objective was pursued much more conscientiously, síntese dos estudos disponíveis nesse campo de estudo. thus the much more diligent and deliberate choice of industrial and trade policies along defensive and protec- Palavras-chave: Protecionismo brasileiro. Políticas tionist lines. National development was the consensual comerciais. Industrialização. Mercosul. OMC. ideology of Brazilians during most of the 20th century, and industry was seen as the main tool for the accom- plishment of this almost sacred mission. 1. INTRODUCTION: BASIC CHARACTERISTICS In recent times, Brazilian civil governments that succeeded the military regime (1964-85) adopted a less Trade policy has two constant features in Brazil strict protectionist policy, but this was only to accom- throughout the ages: one is the country’s modest and al- modate the requirements of the integration process most immutable share of the global trade flows for the in Mercosur; under its scheme, national tariffs of the last half century, and probably since the 19th century; member countries had to be replaced by a Common the other is the equally constant belief of its political External Tariff, with a lower average than the preceding leadership in the virtues of an industrial policy, which national lists (1994). But that was a temporary relief on is reflected in an undeniable adherence of its industrial a structural defensive behavior that arose again a few elites to various kinds of protectionist devices. years later: trade liberalization policies and tariff reduc- As regards
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