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Acacia Mearnsii De Wild. (Fabaceae) Reproductive Biology II: Flowering and Fructification Phenology

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Acacia Mearnsii De Wild. (Fabaceae) Reproductive Biology II: Flowering and Fructification Phenology EM Stiehl-Alves and MP Martins-Corder Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 6:144-150, 2006 Brazilian Society of Plant Breeding. Printed in Brazil Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Fabaceae) reproductive biology II: flowering and fructification phenology Eudes Maria Stiehl-Alves1*, and Maisa Pimentel Martins-Corder! Received 05 September 2005 Accepted 27 May 2006 ABSTRACT - Acacia mearnsii flowering and fructification were evaluated in trees in an Provenance and Progeny Test and on a commercial plantation in 2001 and 2002. The activity index demonstrated the existence of synchrony in flower bud formation both in the Provenance and Progeny Test (92.8% in 2001 and 70% in 2002) and on the commercial plantation (97% in 2002). Flower opening was synchronized in the Provenance and Progeny Test (85.6% in 2001 and 66% in 2002) and on the commercial plantation (78% in 2002). Fruit formation was synchronic as well and occurred shortly after the peak of flower opening. The development and maturation of the fruits lasted 12 months and was followed by seed dispersion. Morisita´s index confirmed the seasonality of the phenological events. Key words: phenophases, seeds, Acacia mearnsii. INTRODUCTION 1989). The hermaphrodite structure consists of a stigma with a simple ovary containing about 14 ovules and Black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild) is a tree bilobate anthers that open length-wise in the anthesis species native to southeastern Australia that has been period thus releasing the polyad which contains 16 cultivated in Rio Grande do Sul since the beginning of the last century, when the first plantations were pollen grains (Kenrick and Knox 1989, Grant et al. 1994). established from imported seeds. It is a species with a Acacia mearnsii fruits are of the legume type, great industrial potential for products such as timber, glabrous and dark in color. A small number of seeds charcoal, pulp for kraft paper, posts, and tannin. was detected in the legumes, normally five to seven, The Acacia mearnsii reproductive structure with low germination vigor and seed defects that lead consists of inflorescences on branches with about 50 to seedling abnormalities, such as albinism and yellow-colored flowers with a strong smell that is etiolation. This may indicate genetic restriction in the appealing to flower visitors. There are hermaphrodite population under study, so that a genetic breeding flowers or functionally male flowers on the program should be developed for Acacia mearnsii De inflorescences where the female organ is reduced or Wild. In this context the strategies for forest species absent (Grant et al. 1994). The hermaphrodite flowers reproduction should contain information on the show protogyny and the female phase lasts 24 hours. reproductive biology, including the reproductive After the stigma loses receptivity, there is a sequence phenology (El-Kassaby 2000). Phenophase analysis of a three to five-day-long male phase (Moncur et al. linked to the reproductive cycle of forest species is an 1,2 Laboratório de Biotecnologia Florestal, Centro de Ciências Rurais. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, 97.105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. *Email: [email protected] 144 Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 6: 144-150, 2006 Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Fabaceae) Reproductive Biology II: Flowering And Fructification Phenology indispensable tool in plant breeding, because Each phenophase was quantified according to its synchrony in flowering is an important factor for the presence (1) or absence (zero). The activity index, control of crosses of selected trees. proposed by Bencke and Morellato (2002), was used to The phenology of the Acacia genus was studied estimate the flowering and fructification synchrony in by Milton and Moll (1982), who observed species the sampled populations. This analysis method is endemic to Australia (Acacia cyclops, Acacia quantitative at the population level, because it indicates melanoxylon, Acacia longifolia and Acacia saligna) the percentage of individuals that express a certain and Acacia mearnsii De Wild., introduced into South phenologic event. According to the index, the Africa. This study provided information that enabled phenophase was considered asynchronic when the management of these species in the Cape region, manifested by less than 20% of the individuals; little where they are considered invader species. Tandon et synchronic when the phenophase was observed in 20 al. (2001) studied the pollination biology and to 60% of the individuals and highly synchronic when reproductive system of Acacia senegal, a species native more than 60% of the individuals were in the to Africa and introduced into North Eastern India, and phenophase. For the present study the activity index looked into the phenology and flowering biology. The was established at the value reached at the height (peak) authors observed the appearance of flower buds, the of the events linked to flowering. The Morisita index flowering time, fruit development, maturation and was also used to show the seasonality of the events dehiscence, as well as seed dispersion over a three-year studied and the rainfall data (Morisita 1959). period (1994 to 1996). The objective of the present study was to analyze (1) the flowering phenophases, fructification period and seed Where ni is the number of individuals in the ith dispersal of Acacia mearnsii trees through an indicator sample, n is the total number of individuals in all samples index of the synchrony of the phenophases associated to and N is the number of samples. By this index, events a seasonality parameter of the observed events. with low values were considered regular, values equal to one were considered random and events with values MATERIAL AND METHODS higher than one were considered aggregated or The study was carried out within a Provenance and seasonal. The significance of the Morisita index was Progeny Test and on a commercial plantation of the verified by the F test. company AGROSETA S.A. on the Fazenda Menezes (lat (2) 30° 7’ 12" S, long 51° 57’ 45’’ W), Butiá county, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. In the study period, the mean Here Iδ was the Morisita index and n was the total temperature was 24.1 °C (2001) and 23.8 °C (2002) in number of individuals in all samples. The value obtained January and 14.0 °C and in 2002, 12.4 °C in July 2001 (Figure in the significance test (Fc) was compared to the 1). tabulated F at the level of 5% probability. In 2001, 306 trees were studied in the Provenance and Progeny Test. From 2001 to 2002, 11% of this RESULTS AND DISCUSSION population died, so that 276 trees were assessed. In 2002, 32 trees from the commercial plantation were selected for According to the Morisita index (Iδ), the rainfall analysis, sampling the trees at a distance of 50m. values showed the strong seasonality of the study The assessments were carried out on clear days region. The Iδ calculated for rainfall was equal to 1.2, without rain, at 30-day intervals in the stage between showing the seasonal character of the area. The value flowerings; after the appearance of the first flower buds, obtained by the Morisita index was significant by the the observation interval was reduced to 15 days. The significance test (P<0.05). flowering phases were divided into flower bud The activity index detected in the Provenance and formation and flower opening. Regarding fructification, Progeny Test in the two years of evaluation showed fruit formation was observed after fertilization, the strong synchrony in flower bud formation (Figure 2). It maturation period and seed release. was equal to 92.8% in 2001. In 2002 there was a decrease Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 6: 144-150, 2006 145 EM Stiehl-Alves and MP Martins-Corder Figure 1. Temperature (°C) observed from January 2001 to December 2002 in the study region. Source: EMBRAPA, 17/04/2003 Figure 2. Rainfall (mm) and Activity index (% of individuals in the phenophase) for flower bud formation of the Provenance and Progeny Test (January 2001 to December 2002) and the commercial plantation (January and July 2002). Source: EMBRAPA, 17/04/ 2003 in the percentage of individuals that formed flower buds commercial plantation was reported in August and the (70%). In 2001 flower bud formation in this population flower bud production peak in the beginning of was first visualized in July, reaching the peak in the first September 2002 (Figure 2). The activity index was equal fortnight of September, decreasing thereafter until there to 97%, indicating synchrony in this phenophase. The was no further report of this phenophase in November. decline began shortly afterwards and in November no The Iδ value for the observations was significant and flower bud formation was observed on the commercial equal to 2.61 (P<0.05), showing the seasonality of this plantation. The Morisita index (4.01) was significant event. In 2002, flower bud formation was detected in (P<0.05). It is worth mentioning that this value, as it is August and peaked in September. A decline in flower superior to one, showed the seasonality of this bud production was observed in October while in phenophase for the assessed population. November there were no individuals with flower buds. In both study years the flower buds of the The Morisita index value was 4.86 (P<0.05). populations under study were formed at the end of the The beginning of flower bud formation on the winter. Milton and Moll (1982) studied the phenology 146 Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 6: 144-150, 2006 Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Fabaceae) Reproductive Biology II: Flowering And Fructification Phenology of several Acacia species in South Africa and observed second in some trees at the end of November. The a similar performance in Acacia mearnsii. They further activity index verified that the flower opening peak (first observed that flower bud formation occured in a period peak) was 85.6 % indicating phenophase synchrony.
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