Engineering the Zero-Point Field and Polarizable Vacuum for Interstellar Flight
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Basic Magnetic Measurement Methods
Basic magnetic measurement methods Magnetic measurements in nanoelectronics 1. Vibrating sample magnetometry and related methods 2. Magnetooptical methods 3. Other methods Introduction Magnetization is a quantity of interest in many measurements involving spintronic materials ● Biot-Savart law (1820) (Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774-1862), Félix Savart (1791-1841)) Magnetic field (the proper name is magnetic flux density [1]*) of a current carrying piece of conductor is given by: μ 0 I dl̂ ×⃗r − − ⃗ 7 1 - vacuum permeability d B= μ 0=4 π10 Hm 4 π ∣⃗r∣3 ● The unit of the magnetic flux density, Tesla (1 T=1 Wb/m2), as a derive unit of Si must be based on some measurement (force, magnetic resonance) *the alternative name is magnetic induction Introduction Magnetization is a quantity of interest in many measurements involving spintronic materials ● Biot-Savart law (1820) (Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774-1862), Félix Savart (1791-1841)) Magnetic field (the proper name is magnetic flux density [1]*) of a current carrying piece of conductor is given by: μ 0 I dl̂ ×⃗r − − ⃗ 7 1 - vacuum permeability d B= μ 0=4 π10 Hm 4 π ∣⃗r∣3 ● The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (German national metrology institute) maintains a unit Tesla in form of coils with coil constant k (ratio of the magnetic flux density to the coil current) determined based on NMR measurements graphics from: http://www.ptb.de/cms/fileadmin/internet/fachabteilungen/abteilung_2/2.5_halbleiterphysik_und_magnetismus/2.51/realization.pdf *the alternative name is magnetic induction Introduction It -
Quantum Vacuum Energy Density and Unifying Perspectives Between Gravity and Quantum Behaviour of Matter
Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, Volume 42, numéro 2, 2017 251 Quantum vacuum energy density and unifying perspectives between gravity and quantum behaviour of matter Davide Fiscalettia, Amrit Sorlib aSpaceLife Institute, S. Lorenzo in Campo (PU), Italy corresponding author, email: [email protected] bSpaceLife Institute, S. Lorenzo in Campo (PU), Italy Foundations of Physics Institute, Idrija, Slovenia email: [email protected] ABSTRACT. A model of a three-dimensional quantum vacuum based on Planck energy density as a universal property of a granular space is suggested. This model introduces the possibility to interpret gravity and the quantum behaviour of matter as two different aspects of the same origin. The change of the quantum vacuum energy density can be considered as the fundamental medium which determines a bridge between gravity and the quantum behaviour, leading to new interest- ing perspectives about the problem of unifying gravity with quantum theory. PACS numbers: 04. ; 04.20-q ; 04.50.Kd ; 04.60.-m. Key words: general relativity, three-dimensional space, quantum vac- uum energy density, quantum mechanics, generalized Klein-Gordon equation for the quantum vacuum energy density, generalized Dirac equation for the quantum vacuum energy density. 1 Introduction The standard interpretation of phenomena in gravitational fields is in terms of a fundamentally curved space-time. However, this approach leads to well known problems if one aims to find a unifying picture which takes into account some basic aspects of the quantum theory. For this reason, several authors advocated different ways in order to treat gravitational interaction, in which the space-time manifold can be considered as an emergence of the deepest processes situated at the fundamental level of quantum gravity. -
Magnetism Some Basics: a Magnet Is Associated with Magnetic Lines of Force, and a North Pole and a South Pole
Materials 100A, Class 15, Magnetic Properties I Ram Seshadri MRL 2031, x6129 [email protected]; http://www.mrl.ucsb.edu/∼seshadri/teach.html Magnetism Some basics: A magnet is associated with magnetic lines of force, and a north pole and a south pole. The lines of force come out of the north pole (the source) and are pulled in to the south pole (the sink). A current in a ring or coil also produces magnetic lines of force. N S The magnetic dipole (a north-south pair) is usually represented by an arrow. Magnetic fields act on these dipoles and tend to align them. The magnetic field strength H generated by N closely spaced turns in a coil of wire carrying a current I, for a coil length of l is given by: NI H = l The units of H are amp`eres per meter (Am−1) in SI units or oersted (Oe) in CGS. 1 Am−1 = 4π × 10−3 Oe. If a coil (or solenoid) encloses a vacuum, then the magnetic flux density B generated by a field strength H from the solenoid is given by B = µ0H −7 where µ0 is the vacuum permeability. In SI units, µ0 = 4π × 10 H/m. If the solenoid encloses a medium of permeability µ (instead of the vacuum), then the magnetic flux density is given by: B = µH and µ = µrµ0 µr is the relative permeability. Materials respond to a magnetic field by developing a magnetization M which is the number of magnetic dipoles per unit volume. The magnetization is obtained from: B = µ0H + µ0M The second term, µ0M is reflective of how certain materials can actually concentrate or repel the magnetic field lines. -
Gravity Originates from Variable Energy Density of Quantum Vacuum
American Journal of Modern Physics 2014; 3(3): 118-128 Published online April 30, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajmp) doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20140303.11 Gravity originates from variable energy density of quantum vacuum Luigi Maxmilian Caligiuri 1, 2, *, Amrit Sorli 1 1Foundation of Physics Research Center, FoPRC, via Resistenza 10 87053 Celico (CS), Italy 2University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy Email address: [email protected] (L. M. Caligiuri), [email protected] (A. Sorli) To cite this article: Luigi Maxmilian Caligiuri, Amrit Sorli. Gravity Originates from Variable Energy Density of Quantum Vacuum. American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 3, No. 3, 2014, pp. 118-128. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20140303.11 Abstract: The physical understanding of the real mechanism of gravity is one of the most important questions in Physics. As we have already shown in a previous paper, the rest and relativistic mass of an elementary particle or body can be considered as having their origin in the diminished energy density of a Quantum Vacuum, characterized by a granular structure quantized through a Planck metric. The presence of massive bodies, from the scale of elementary particles to that of stellar objects and black holes, then determines Quantum Vacuum energy density gradients. In this paper we have proposed a novel physical model in which gravity is generated by the pressure of Quantum Vacuum in the direction of its own higher to lower density due to the presence of material objects or particles. In this picture gravity is an immediate and not – propagating action – at – a – distance interaction, resulting from the Quantum Vacuum dynamics, in turn related to fundamental properties of space itself only, not requiring the existence of the hypothetical graviton. -
Plasma Modes in Surrounding Media of Black Holes and Vacuum Structure - Quantum Processes with Considerations of Spacetime Torque and Coriolis Forces
COLLECTIVE COHERENT OSCILLATION PLASMA MODES IN SURROUNDING MEDIA OF BLACK HOLES AND VACUUM STRUCTURE - QUANTUM PROCESSES WITH CONSIDERATIONS OF SPACETIME TORQUE AND CORIOLIS FORCES N. Haramein¶ and E.A. Rauscher§ ¶The Resonance Project Foundation, [email protected] §Tecnic Research Laboratory, 3500 S. Tomahawk Rd., Bldg. 188, Apache Junction, AZ 85219 USA Abstract. The main forces driving black holes, neutron stars, pulsars, quasars, and supernovae dynamics have certain commonality to the mechanisms of less tumultuous systems such as galaxies, stellar and planetary dynamics. They involve gravity, electromagnetic, and single and collective particle processes. We examine the collective coherent structures of plasma and their interactions with the vacuum. In this paper we present a balance equation and, in particular, the balance between extremely collapsing gravitational systems and their surrounding energetic plasma media. Of particular interest is the dynamics of the plasma media, the structure of the vacuum, and the coupling of electromagnetic and gravitational forces with the inclusion of torque and Coriolis phenomena as described by the Haramein-Rauscher solution to Einstein’s field equations. The exotic nature of complex black holes involves not only the black hole itself but the surrounding plasma media. The main forces involved are intense gravitational collapsing forces, powerful electromagnetic fields, charge, and spin angular momentum. We find soliton or magneto-acoustic plasma solutions to the relativistic Vlasov equations solved in the vicinity of black hole ergospheres. Collective phonon or plasmon states of plasma fields are given. We utilize the Hamiltonian formalism to describe the collective states of matter and the dynamic processes within plasma allowing us to deduce a possible polarized vacuum structure and a unified physics. -
Polarizable-Vacuum (PV) Representation of General Relativity
Polarizable-Vacuum (PV) representation of general relativity H. E. Puthoff Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin 4030 W. Braker Lane, Suite 300, Austin, Texas 78759 [email protected] ABSTRACT Standard pedagogy treats topics in general relativity (GR) in terms of tensor formulations in curved space-time. Although mathematically straightforward, the curved space-time approach can seem abstruse to beginning students due to the degree of mathematical sophistication required. As a heuristic tool to provide insight into what is meant by a curved metric, we present a polarizable-vacuum (PV) representation of GR derived from a model by Dicke and related to the "THεµ" formalism used in comparative studies of gravitational theories. I. INTRODUCTION Textbook presentations treat General Relativity (GR) in terms of tensor formulations in curved space-time. Such an approach captures in a concise and elegant way the interaction between masses, and their consequent motion. "Matter tells space how to curve, and space tells matter how to move [1]." Although conceptually straightforward, the curved space-time approach can seem rather abstract to beginning students, and often lacking in intuitive appeal. During the course of development of GR over the years, however, alternative approaches have emerged that provide convenient methodologies for investigating metric changes in less abstract formalisms, and which yield heuristic insight into what is meant by a curved metric. One approach that has a long history in GR studies, and that does have intuitive appeal, is what can be called the polarizable-vacuum (PV) representation of GR. Introduced by Wilson [2] and developed further by Dicke [3], the PV approach treats metric changes in terms of equivalent changes in the permittivity and permeability constants of the vacuum, εo and µo, essentially along the lines of the so-called "THεµ" methodology used in comparative studies of gravitational theories [4-6]. -
A Collection of Definitions and Fundamentals for a Design-Oriented
A collection of definitions and fundamentals for a design-oriented inductor model 1st Andr´es Vazquez Sieber 2nd M´onica Romero * Departamento de Electronica´ * Departamento de Electronica´ Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Ingenier´ıa y Agrimensura Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Ingenier´ıa y Agrimensura Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR) Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR) ** Grupo Simulacion´ y Control de Sistemas F´ısicos ** Grupo Simulacion´ y Control de Sistemas F´ısicos CIFASIS-CONICET-UNR CIFASIS-CONICET-UNR Rosario, Argentina Rosario, Argentina [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—This paper defines and develops useful concepts related to the several kinds of inductances employed in any com- prehensive design-oriented ferrite-based inductor model, which is required to properly design and control high-frequency operated electronic power converters. It is also shown how to extract the necessary parameters from a ferrite material datasheet in order to get inductor models useful for a wide range of core temperatures and magnetic induction levels. Index Terms—magnetic circuit, ferrite core, major magnetic loop, minor magnetic loop, reversible inductance, amplitude inductance I. INTRODUCTION Errite-core based low-frequency-current biased inductors F are commonly found, for example, in the LC output filter of voltage source inverters (VSI) or step-down DC/DC con- verters. Those inductors have to effectively filter a relatively Fig. 1. General magnetic circuit low-amplitude high-frequency current being superimposed on a relatively large-amplitude low-frequency current. It is of practitioner. A design-oriented inductor model can be based paramount importance to design these inductors in a way that on the core magnetic model described in this paper which a minimum inductance value is always ensured which allows allows to employ the concepts of reversible inductance Lrevˆ , the accurate control and the safe operation of the electronic amplitude inductance La and initial inductance Li, to further power converter. -
Magnetic Properties of Materials Part 1. Introduction to Magnetism
Magnetic properties of materials JJLM, Trinity 2012 Magnetic properties of materials John JL Morton Part 1. Introduction to magnetism 1.1 Origins of magnetism The phenomenon of magnetism was most likely known by many ancient civil- isations, however the first recorded description is from the Greek Thales of Miletus (ca. 585 B.C.) who writes on the attraction of loadstone to iron. By the 12th century, magnetism is being harnessed for navigation in both Europe and China, and experimental treatises are written on the effect in the 13th century. Nevertheless, it is not until much later that adequate explanations for this phenomenon were put forward: in the 18th century, Hans Christian Ørsted made the key discovery that a compass was perturbed by a nearby electrical current. Only a week after hearing about Oersted's experiments, Andr´e-MarieAmp`ere, presented an in-depth description of the phenomenon, including a demonstration that two parallel wires carrying current attract or repel each other depending on the direction of current flow. The effect is now used to the define the unit of current, the amp or ampere, which in turn defines the unit of electric charge, the coulomb. 1.1.1 Amp`ere's Law Magnetism arises from charge in motion, whether at the microscopic level through the motion of electrons in atomic orbitals, or at macroscopic level by passing current through a wire. From the latter case, Amp`ere'sobservation was that the magnetising field H around any conceptual loop in space was equal to the current enclosed by the loop: I I = Hdl (1.1) By symmetry, the magnetising field must be constant if we take concentric circles around a current-carrying wire. -
Ee334lect37summaryelectroma
EE334 Electromagnetic Theory I Todd Kaiser Maxwell’s Equations: Maxwell’s equations were developed on experimental evidence and have been found to govern all classical electromagnetic phenomena. They can be written in differential or integral form. r r r Gauss'sLaw ∇ ⋅ D = ρ D ⋅ dS = ρ dv = Q ∫∫ enclosed SV r r r Nomagneticmonopoles ∇ ⋅ B = 0 ∫ B ⋅ dS = 0 S r r ∂B r r ∂ r r Faraday'sLaw ∇× E = − E ⋅ dl = − B ⋅ dS ∫∫S ∂t C ∂t r r r ∂D r r r r ∂ r r Modified Ampere'sLaw ∇× H = J + H ⋅ dl = J ⋅ dS + D ⋅ dS ∫ ∫∫SS ∂t C ∂t where: E = Electric Field Intensity (V/m) D = Electric Flux Density (C/m2) H = Magnetic Field Intensity (A/m) B = Magnetic Flux Density (T) J = Electric Current Density (A/m2) ρ = Electric Charge Density (C/m3) The Continuity Equation for current is consistent with Maxwell’s Equations and the conservation of charge. It can be used to derive Kirchhoff’s Current Law: r ∂ρ ∂ρ r ∇ ⋅ J + = 0 if = 0 ∇ ⋅ J = 0 implies KCL ∂t ∂t Constitutive Relationships: The field intensities and flux densities are related by using the constitutive equations. In general, the permittivity (ε) and the permeability (µ) are tensors (different values in different directions) and are functions of the material. In simple materials they are scalars. r r r r D = ε E ⇒ D = ε rε 0 E r r r r B = µ H ⇒ B = µ r µ0 H where: εr = Relative permittivity ε0 = Vacuum permittivity µr = Relative permeability µ0 = Vacuum permeability Boundary Conditions: At abrupt interfaces between different materials the following conditions hold: r r r r nˆ × (E1 − E2 )= 0 nˆ ⋅(D1 − D2 )= ρ S r r r r r nˆ × ()H1 − H 2 = J S nˆ ⋅ ()B1 − B2 = 0 where: n is the normal vector from region-2 to region-1 Js is the surface current density (A/m) 2 ρs is the surface charge density (C/m ) 1 Electrostatic Fields: When there are no time dependent fields, electric and magnetic fields can exist as independent fields. -
Quantum Wave Mechanics 3Rd Ed
Geometrical description of photons, electrons and composite particles. Dimensional analysis of electrical charge. Quantum gravity, gravitational frequency spectrum, mass oscillator synchronization, spectral energy density modulation and phase conjugation. Origin of charge, fine structure constant and inertia. Prospects for wave-based EM propulsion. Quantum Wave Mechanics by Larry Reed Order the complete book from the publisher Booklocker.com https://www.booklocker.com/p/books/10176.html?s=pdf or from your favorite neighborhood or online bookstore. To my parents who never knew the result of their great experiment Copyright © 2019, 2020 by Larry J. Reed All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. Printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Control Number: 2018901065 ISBN: 978-1-63492-964-6 paperback To order additional copies of this book, contact: www.booklocker.com CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................................................... ix SECTION 1 – LIGHT 1. Photon model ................................................................................................................. 1 2. Quantum vacuum ......................................................................................................... 13 3. Electromagnetic 4-Potential ....................................................................................... -
An Invariant Characterization of the Levi-Civita Spacetimes
S S symmetry Article An Invariant Characterization of the Levi-Civita Spacetimes Cooper K. Watson 1,2,* , William Julius 1,2 , Matthew Gorban 1,2 , David D. McNutt 3 , Eric W. Davis 1 and Gerald B. Cleaver 1,2 1 Early Universe Cosmology and Strings (EUCOS) Group, Center for Astrophysics, Space Physics and Engineering Research (CASPER), Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; [email protected] (W.J.); [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (E.W.D.); [email protected] (G.B.C.) 2 Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA 3 Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In the years 1917–1919 Tullio Levi-Civita published a number of papers presenting new solutions to Einstein’s equations. This work, while partially translated, remains largely inaccessible to English speaking researchers. In this paper we review these solutions, and present them in a modern readable manner. We will also compute both Cartan–Karlhede and Carminati–Mclenaghan invariants such that these solutions are invariantly characterized by two distinct methods. These methods will allow for these solutions to be totally and invariantly characterized. Because of the variety of solutions considered here, this paper will also be a useful reference for those seeking to learn to apply the Cartan–Karlhede algorithm in practice. Keywords: Levi-Civita metric; general relativity; curvature invariant Citation: Watson, C.K.; Julius, W.; Gorban, M.; McNutt, D.D.; Davis, 1. Introduction E.W.; Cleaver, G.B. An Invariant In the years 1917–1919 Tullio Levi-Civita (LC) published nearly a dozen papers intro- Characterization of the Levi-Civita ducing and analyzing a variety of new solutions to Einstein’s field equations (collected Spacetimes. -
New Approach for Building of Unified Theory About the Universe and Some Results
New approach for building of unified theory about the Universe and some results S. Sarg E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.helical-structures.org The physical models of a successful unified theory about the Universe must operate in different phase of matter evolution and different fields of physics. The attempts to build such wide range theory as a bunch of theories developed for different fields of physics are not quite successful. The accumulated knowledge from experiments and observations leads to a conclusion that some of the adopted postulates in the modern physics are not absolutely fundamental, as considered so far. A new approach for building of unified model of the Universe suggests resurrection of the principles of causality and logical understanding for any kind of physical phenomena. It is successfully applied in a new theory titled Basic Structures of Matter, which provides fundamentals for a unified theory about the Universe. The new approach leads to different physical models for the elementary particles and the atoms and also to a different concept about the Universe. In the same time the suggested models exhibit the same interaction energies as obtained by the Quantum mechanics and experiments. The analysis of the physical phenomena from a new point of view allows deeper understanding of the relations between the basic physical attributes: mass, energy, space, time, gravitation and inertia. Keywords: (unified field theories, zero point energy, light velocity, gravitation, inertia, relativity) 1. Problems related to development of successful unified theory about the Universe. The foundations of the modern physics rely on postulates and rules adopted about 100 years ago.