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Seed Reduction in Prairie Cordgrass, <I>Spartina Pectinata</I> Link., By

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Seed Reduction in Prairie Cordgrass, <I>Spartina Pectinata</I> Link., By University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Panhandle Research and Extension Center Agricultural Research Division of IANR 2012 Seed Reduction in Prairie Cordgrass, Spartina pectinata Link., by the Floret-Feeding Caterpillar Aethes spartinana (Barnes and McDunnough) Jarrad R. Prasifka University of Illinois, [email protected] D. K. Lee University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, [email protected] Jeffrey Bradshaw University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Allen S. Parrish University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Michael E. Gray University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/panhandleresext Part of the Agriculture Commons, Entomology Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Prasifka, Jarrad R.; Lee, D. K.; Bradshaw, Jeffrey; Parrish, Allen S.; and Gray, Michael E., "Seed Reduction in Prairie Cordgrass, Spartina pectinata Link., by the Floret-Feeding Caterpillar Aethes spartinana (Barnes and McDunnough)" (2012). Panhandle Research and Extension Center. 72. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/panhandleresext/72 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Agricultural Research Division of IANR at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Panhandle Research and Extension Center by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Bioenerg. Res. (2012) 5:189–196 DOI 10.1007/s12155-011-9120-z Seed Reduction in Prairie Cordgrass, Spartina pectinata Link., by the Floret-Feeding Caterpillar Aethes spartinana (Barnes and McDunnough) Jarrad R. Prasifka & D.K. Lee & Jeffrey D. Bradshaw & Allen S. Parrish & Michael E. Gray Published online: 9 March 2011 # The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Insect damage to prairie cordgrass, Spartina on a series of consecutive spikelets, with high infestations pectinata Link., is conspicuously high in Illinois, where (>50% insect damage) showing damage concentrated in the attempts to collect native seed show the majority of middle of spikes. Because larvae are concealed by moving spikelets damaged with small holes. Dissection of spikes into adjacent spikelets and later tunneling into cordgrass during summer reveals minute caterpillars boring though stems, they may be difficult to control using insecticides. glumes and feeding on florets inside. In 2009–2010, While direct effects of the caterpillar on biomass yields for panicles of prairie cordgrass from across its native range prairie cordgrass are not known, for states like Illinois were used to estimate the percentage of insect-related (where damage to spikelets often exceeds 70%), breeding damage and losses to seed production. Collections of and seed production efforts may be severely limited without caterpillars from panicles and stems were used to identify efforts to manage A. spartinana. one floret-feeding species, estimate its distribution in the central USA, and assess its feeding patterns within spikes. Keywords Biofuel . Biomass . Prairie . Pest . Yield Insect feeding damaged 38% of spikelets across eight states, though injury differed significantly between states. Regression of developed prairie cordgrass seeds onto insect Introduction damage suggests a 1:1 loss ratio (i.e., 50% damaged spikelets reduces seed production by 50%). Collections of Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Link.) is a perennial, caterpillars from six midwestern states suggest that larvae warm-season (C4) grass that reproduces both sexually of a tortricid moth, Aethes spartinana (Barnes and through seeds and asexually by rhizomes. Native to North McDunnough), are responsible for most insect damage to America, prairie cordgrass is predominantly found in low, cordgrass spikelets. Larvae of A. spartinana generally feed poorly drained soils along roadsides, streams, meadows, marshes, and prairie potholes. Prairie cordgrass often forms J. R. Prasifka (*) dense, monospecific stands with biomass primarily consist- Energy Biosciences Institute, Institute for Genomic Biology, ing of leaves, but with stems that can grow 2 to 3 m tall University of Illinois, – Room 1117, [1 3]. Coastal members of the genus can be problematic as Urbana, IL 61801, USA invasive weeds [4], but because of its tolerance to salinity e-mail: [email protected] and fluctuations in water levels, S. pectinata is considered D.K. Lee: : A. S. Parrish: : M. E. Gray important for stream bank stabilization and wetland habitat D. Lee A. S. Parrish M. E. Gray – Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, restoration [5 7]. More recently, prairie cordgrass has been Urbana, IL, USA considered as a dedicated bioenergy crop, in some cases producing dry mass yields comparable to more well-known J. D. Bradshaw perennials like switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) [8, 9]. Panhandle Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, As a bioenergy crop, prairie cordgrass has several Scottsbluff, NE, USA advantages relative to some other candidate species. First, 190 Bioenerg. Res. (2012) 5:189–196 S. pectinata appears capable of producing significant biomass on lands considered unsuitable for many food and feed crops (because of flooding and salinity) with low agricultural inputs [10, 11]. Second, while little artificial selection has taken place, it appears that there is significant genetic potential for improvement [8, 12]. Third, S. pectinata can thrive at latitudes of the USA and Canada (up to 60° N) where some other perennial, warm-season bioenergy crops cannot overwinter [3]. Also, unlike non-native plant species, prairie cordgrass may receive preferential treatment in terms of eligibility for subsidies or other public-sector incentives (e.g., evaluation by Council on Sustainable Biomass Fig. 1 Damage to prairie cordgrass spikelets by A. spartinana. Spike Production or Conservation Reserve Program standards). fanned out to reveal holes in glumes created as larvae bore through Finally, though prairie cordgrass can be planted using spikelets. Width of scale bar (bottom right) approximately 1 mm rhizomes or plugs (plantlets), the ability to establish plantings from seed provides flexibility relative to bioenergy crops such as Miscanthus × giganteus Greef and Deuter ex downward and overwintering in the base of the stem. In the Hodkinson and Renvoize or Saccharum spp. spring, larvae exit the basal portion of stems from the However, seed production can be challenging, leading to the previous year and enter newly emerged cordgrass tillers to generalization that “good seed [is] only sparingly produced” for continue larval development, pupate, and produce adult Spartina spp. [13]. Partial self-incompatibility contributes to moths whose emergence coincides with flowering in prairie poor seed production in S. pectinata and its congeners, as cordgrass. smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel) seed set Addressing the insect-related limitations to the produc- approximately doubles between self- and cross-pollination tion of S. pectinata seed is important for at least two [14]. Also, because S. pectinata exhibits protogynous flower- reasons. First, the availability of large quantities of seed ing (stigmas exserted prior to anthers), chances for optimal could make the process for growers to convert and scale-up seed set are restricted for both self- and cross-pollination. plantings of prairie cordgrass relatively simple and inex- However, seed set in Spartina spp. is known to fluctuate [15] pensive. Second, and perhaps more importantly, production (from 92% to 18% in successive years for Spartina anglica C. of seed is necessary to efficiently select for prairie E. Hubbard [16]), suggesting that under some conditions cordgrass varieties that are adapted for specific uses or excellent seed production is possible. regions; even without direct effects on biomass production, Damage by insects also appears to be an important potential biomass gains from artificial selection may be limitation to prairie cordgrass seed production in the central significantly slowed by insect destruction of seed in plots USA. Both native and planted stands may have panicles used for breeding. To better understand the challenges injured when grasshoppers are abundant, but the develop- insects present to seed production in established plantings ment of grasshopper populations and the damage they of prairie cordgrass, mature panicles from native stands produce (partially consumed spikes, with individual spike- across the north-central and northeastern USA were lets often pointed in several directions) are conspicuous and collected and damage to individual spikelets assessed. may be effectively managed with insecticides. However, the Additionally, to refine the distribution of A. spartinana, destruction of developing florets by caterpillars may not be prairie cordgrass in six midwestern states was surveyed visible unless spikes are closely inspected to reveal the during late summer for the presence of the caterpillars. holes produced by larvae boring into the glumes. In Illinois, Lastly, patterns of feeding by A. spartinana larvae were gently fanning out spikelets has shown more than three examined as a step toward mitigating the effect of the fourths of seed production lost to feeding by minute caterpillars on seed production. caterpillars (Fig. 1). Caterpillars removed from stems of prairie cordgrass in Illinois have been reared to adulthood
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