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Groundwater Information Review

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Groundwater Information Review A Summary Review of Groundwater Research and Knowledge for the Black River and Ross River Black River and Ross River Basins August 2007 August 2007 Groundwater in the Black and Ross River Basins Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to review research and knowledge on groundwater in the Black River and Ross River Basins (Townsville and Thuringowa Local Government Areas). This information will support the Water Quality Improvement Plan, which is the key component of the Creek to Coral managed Coastal Catchment Initiative project for the Black and Ross River Basins. Information gathered for this report came from both written and oral sources. Many reports and publications were reviewed, and data collected by consultation with people who have knowledge of groundwater in the study area. Information considered important was groundwater distribution and quantity, groundwater quality, groundwater extraction and regulation, groundwater interactions with surface water, and also with the environment. Reviewing the literature produced a picture of groundwater research which is fragmented geographically. Many reports exist for the Bluewater Sub-Artesian Declared Area (North of Townsville) which is of significance to heavy industry. These reports are almost entirely related to determining sustainable yields to support allocations. Also a number of reports focus on aquifer yields in particular areas, to assess the viability of extracting groundwater for domestic use. Some reports however had broader study areas and provided data, which is more relevant from a regional perspective. Two more recent studies looked at the processes of groundwater in this coastal dry tropical environment, and suggested potential issues relating to the environment. Consultations resulted in the compilation of data primarily relating to groundwater use in the industrial, commercial, and private sectors. It is notable that outside the Bluewater Sub-Artesian Declared area production bores are not monitored and licenses are not required. Only in the last two years has it become necessary to use a registered driller to drill for groundwater, and for the driller to lodge the drill log with the Department of Natural Resources and Water. The report indicates that a reasonable amount of historical groundwater data exists for the Black and Ross River Basins. If the data from the various sources were to be compiled and considered appropriately in relation to its age and accuracy, a broad view of groundwater in the study area would begin to emerge. Infill data may be required to complete the picture. This could be obtained by data collection from new or existing bores. In conclusion there are many issues to consider in relation to groundwater in this region, and its relationship with surface water and the environment. Surface water in the dry tropics is often ephemeral and ecosystems have developed to depend on subsurface water in extended periods of dry weather. Understanding and protection of groundwater resources in the study area is paramount. Groundwater in the Black and Ross River Basins CONTENTS Section Page 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Project Objective 1 1.3 Study Area 1 1.4 Methodolgy 1 2. Results 2 2.1 Background 2 2.2 Literature Review 2 2.3 Consultation 6 2.4 Groundwater Use 7 2.5 Monitoring 7 3. Discussion and Conclusion 9 3.1 Discussion 9 3.2 Conclusion 9 Appendix A Bibliography Appendix B Consultation Notes Appendix C Groundwater Information Location Appendix D Study Area Document Control Document ID: Rev No Date Revision Details Typist Author Verifier Approver 0 February 2007 Caroline Caroline John Gunn Creek to Coral McGann McGann 1 August 2007 Caroline Caroline John Gunn Creek to Coral McGann McGann Black and Ross River Basins WQIP Abbreviations ANZECC Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council ARI Annual recurrence interval ARMCANZ Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand AWQ Guidelines Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality 2000 AWR Australian Water Resources (Council) – River basins COT City of Thuringowa C2C Creek to Coral DNRW Queensland Government Department of Natural Resources and Water DPIF Queensland Government Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries ESD Ecologically Sustainable Development EPA Queensland Government Environmental Protection Agency EPP Water Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 1997 EP Act Environmental Protection Act 1994 ERA Environmentally Relevant Activity EVs Environmental Values IDAS Integrated Development Assessment System IP ACT Integrated Planning Act 1997 LGAQ Local Government Association of Queensland NRM Natural resource management QA Quality Assurance TBL Triple Bottom Line TCC Townsville City Council WG Working Group WQ Water Quality WQOs Water Quality Objectives Groundwater in the Black and Ross River Basins 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Creek to Coral (a joint initiative of Townsville City Council and Thuringowa City Council) is an infrastructure- based initiative to maintain and enhance healthy waterways in the coastal dry tropics. This groundwater research and review project has been undertaken by Creek to Coral to support its Coastal Catchment Initiative (CCI) project. CCI is a Commonwealth funded program aimed at achieving target reductions in pollution discharges into coastal waters of high conservation value. The Great Barrier Reef is considered to be an area of coastal water with a very significant conservation value. The Coastal Catchment Initiative involves the development of a Water Quality Improvement Plan (WQIP) for the Townsville and Thuringowa sub-catchments. Fundamental to the Water Quality Improvement Plan is a holistic view of water cycle processes in the Townsville and Thuringowa area. As part of this broader picture a synopsis of groundwater research and knowledge in these local government areas has been undertaken. Information regarded as important in the study was groundwater distribution, groundwater quality, groundwater use and monitoring, interactions with surface water and ecosystems. 1.2 Project Objective This project objective was to collate references and review available information, either written or oral, to provide an indication of the extent of existing groundwater information, to summarise relevant accessible information and to provide a preliminary indication of the knowledge of the linkages between groundwater and surface water and especially with relation to water quality and flow patterns. The report does not attempt to provide all the groundwater information necessary for the development of a WQIP. Its purpose is to uncover the information that currently exists and to summarise the information that is readily available. 1.3 Study Area The study is confined to the area encompassed by the CCI project. This area covers the Ross River and Black River Basins (as defined by the Australian Water Resources Council). The following surface water catchments are part of the study area: Ross River, Bohle River, Black River, Bluewater Creek, and Crystal Creek. 1.4 Methodolgy The data collected for this report falls into two major categories, written information, and oral information. Appendix A is a list of publications and reports which were found to be relevant to this study, while appendix B is a list of people consulted in various organizations who provided knowledge on groundwater in the study area. Written information in the form of publications and reports was collected by searching libraries and websites. Conversations with people also led to the discovery of some reports. Some of the more relevant data has been reviewed in this report. Oral information was gathered by telephone interviews and face-to-face interviews. This data has been collated to form a broad picture of understanding and is included in the results of this report. Appendix C is a sketch map of the study area showing researched areas and areas where observation bores are located. Appendix D shows catchment management units in the Black and Ross River Basins. Page 1 Groundwater in the Black and Ross River Basins 2. Results 2.1 Background Groundwater is water held beneath the land surface within the interconnected openings of saturated rock. It plays a fundamental role in the natural water cycle; at any given time greater than 98% of all liquid fresh water on the planet is stored below the Earth’s surface as groundwater. Groundwater is held within the pore spaces (voids) of unconsolidated alluvium and colluvium and within pore spaces and fractures within bedrock. Recharge (topping up) of groundwater is via rainfall or from ponding or running water which then percolating into the groundwater system (aquifers). Generally recharge areas are in the upper catchment zone. Groundwater discharge often occurs into rivers and streams or directly into the marine environment either above or below the low-tide mark. Groundwater is dynamic and flows. At the most basic level it is gravity which makes groundwater migrate through rocks. Groundwater and surface water are usually interconnected and interchangeable; with shallow aquifers often spending periods as surface flow. Aquifers are bodies of saturated rock, which store and transmit important quantities of water. Groundwater is often stored in aquifers, which at depth are confined under pressure. These aquifers are referred to as artesian and do not require pumping as water rises to the surface due to the confining pressure. Shallow aquifer and sub-artesian
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