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A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861-1865

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A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861-1865 LINCOLN ROOM UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY MEMORIAL the Class of 1901 founded by HARLAN HOYT HORNER and HENRIETTA CALHOUN HORNER A CYCLE OF ADAMS LETTERS x/^^^ ) A CYCLE OF ADAMS LETTERS 1861-1865 EDITED BY WORTHINGTON CHAUNCEY FORD WITH ILLUSTRATIONS VOLUME II BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY Ci)e KitjerstUe press CambdJffe 1920 COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY WORTHINGTON C. FORD ALL RIGHTS RESERVED " A ^Uc^l f ILLUSTRATIONS Charles Francis Adams, Jr. Photogravure frontispiece Robert Browning 10 John Arthur Roebuck: "Don Roebucco, the ' Smallest Man in ' the House 48 Richard Monckton Milnes, Lord Houghton 60 Earl Russell 88 Captain Charles Francis Adams and Officers of his Regiment 118 Lord Palmerston 160 Ulysses Simpson Grant 184 Chapter House, Wenlock Abbey, Shropshire 202 Robert Charles Winthrop 222 Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Sturgis Russell 256 A CYCLE OF ADAMS LETTERS 1863 (cxdntinued) A CYCLE OF ADAMS LETTERS Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to his Mother Camp of 1st Mass. Cav'y Potomac Creek, May 12, 1863 It is by no means a pleasant thouglit to reflect how little people at home know of the non-fighting details of waste and suffering of war. We were in the field four weeks, and only once did I see the enemy, even at a distance. You read of Stoneman's and Grierson's cavalry raids, and of the dashing celerity of their movements and their long, rapid marches. Do you know how cavalry moves? It never goes out of a walk, and four miles an hour is very rapid marching — "kill- ing to horses" as we always describe it. To cover forty miles is nearly fifteen hours march. The suffering is trifling for the men and they are always well in the field in spite of wet and cold and heat, loss of sleep and sleeping on the ground. In the field we have no sick- ness; when we get into camp it begins to appear at once. But with the horses it is otherwise and you have no idea of their sufferings. An officer of cavalry needs to be more horse-doctor than soldier, and no one who has not tried it can realize the discouragement to Company commanders in these long and continuous marches. You are a slave to your horses, you work like a dog yourself, and you exact the most extreme care from 4 A CYCLE OF ADAMS LETTERS [Mat 12. your Sergeants, and you see diseases creeping on you day by day and your horses breaking down under your eyes, and you have two resources, one to send them to the reserve camps at the rear and so strip yourself of your command, and the other to force them on until they drop and then run for luck that you will be able to steal horses to remount your men, and keep up the strength of your command. The last course is the one I adopt. I do my best for my horses and am sorry for them; but all war is cruel and it is my business to bring every man I can into the presence of the enemy, and so make war short. So I have but one rule, a horse must go imtil he can't be spurred any further, and then the rider must get another horse as soon as he can seize on one. To estimate the wear and tear on horseflesh you must bear in mind that, in the service in this coun- try, a cavalry horse when loaded carries an average of 225 lbs. on his back. His saddle, when packed and without a rider in it, weighs not less than fifty pounds. The horse is, in active campaign, saddled on an average about fifteen hours out of the twenty four. His feed is nominally ten pounds of grain a day and, in reahty, he averages about eight pounds. He has no hay and only such other feed as he can pick up during halts. The usual water he drinks is brook water, so muddy by the passage of the column as to be of the color of chocolate. Of course, sore backs are our greatest trouble. Backs soon get feverish under the saddle and the first day's march swells them; after that day by day the trouble grows. No care can stop it. Every night after a march, no matter how late it may be, or tired or hun- 1863] A CYCLE OF ADAMS LETTERS 5 gry I am, if permission is given to unsaddle, I examine all the horses' backs myself and see that everything is done for them that can be done, and yet with every care the marching of the last four weeks disabled ten of my horses, and put ten more on the high road to dis- abiHty, and this out of sixty — one horse in three. Im- agine a horse with his withers swollen to three times the natural size, and with a volcanic, running sore pour- ing matter down each side, and you have a case with which every cavalry oflScer is daily called upon to deal, and you imagine a horse which has still to be ridden until he lays down in sheer suffering under the saddle. Then we seize the first horse we come to and put the dismounted man on his back. The air of Virginia is literally burdened today with the stench of dead horses, federal and confederate. You pass them on every road and find them in every field, while from their carrions you can follow the march of every army thai moves. On this last raid dying horses lined the road on which Stoneman's divisions had passed, and we marched over a road made pestilent by the dead horses of the vanished rebels. Poor brutes! How it would astonish and terrify you and all others at home with your sleek: well-fed animals, to see the weak, gaunt, rough animals, with each rib visible and the hip-bones starting through the flesh, on which these "dashing cavalry raids" were executed. It would knock the ro- mance out of you. So much for my cares as a horse- master, and they are the cares of all. For, I can safely assure you, my horses are not the worst in the regi- ! 6 A CYCLE OF ADAMS LETTERS [Mat 12. ment and that I am reputed no unsuccessful chief- groom. I put seventy horses in the field on the 13th of April, and not many other Captains in the service did as much. The present great difficulty is to account for our failure to win a great victory and to destroy the rebel army in the recent battle. They do say that Hooker got frightened and, after Sedgwick's disaster, seemed utterly to lose the capacity for command — he was panic stricken. Two thirds of his army had not been engaged at all, and he had not heard from Stoneman, but he was haunted with a vague phantom of danger on his right flank and base, a danger purely of his own imag- ining, and he had no peace until he found himself on this side of the river. Had he fought his army as he might have fought it, the rebel army would have been de- stroyed and Richmond today in our possession. We want no more changes, however, in our commanders, and the voice of the Army, I am sure, is to keep Hooker; but I am confident that he is the least re- spectable and reliable and I fear the least able com- mander we have had. I never saw him to speak to, but I think him a noisy, low-toned intriguer, conceited, intellectually "smart," physically brave. Morally, I fear, he is weak; his habits are bad and, as a general in high command, I have lost all confidence in him. But the army is large, brave and experienced. We have many good generals and good troops, and, in spite of Hooker, I think much can be done if we are left alone. Give us no more changes and no new generals As for the cavalry, its future is just opening and 1863.] A CYCLE OF ADAMS LETTERS 7 great names will be won in the cavalry from this day- forward. How strangely stupid our generals and Gov- ernment have been ! How slow to learn even from the enemy ! Here the war is two years old and throughout it we have heard but one story — that in Virginia cav- alry was useless, that the arm was the poorest in the ser\'ice. Men whom we called generals saw the en- emy's cavalry go through and round their armies, cut- ting their hues of supply and exposing their weakness; and yet not one of these generals could sit down and argue thus: "The enemy's cavalry almost ruin me, and I have only a few miles of base and front, all of which I can guard; but the enemy has here in Virginia thou- sands of miles of communication; they cannot guard it without so weakening their front that I can crush them; if they do not guard it, every bridge is a weak point and I can starve them by cutting off suppKes. My cavalry cannot travel in any direction without crossing a railroad, which the enemy cannot guard and which is an artery of their existence. A rail pulled up is a supply train captured. Give me 25,000 cavalry and I will worry the enemy out of Virginia." None of our generals seem to have had the intelhgence to argue thus and so they quietly and as a fixed fact said: "Cavalry cannot be used in Virginia," and this too while Stuart and Lee were playing around them.
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