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ZOOALITY CHECK the Great Zoo Con at What Point Is an Animal So ZOOALITY CHECK The great zoo con At what point is an animal so threatened that it needs to be in captivity? This question must be answered. If captive breeding is the only option, we believe it should be done in protected sanctuaries, in the country of origin, not in zoos. Conservation, education and research are the arguments that zoos worldwide will use to justify their existence. This is what zoos want you to believe. The reality is completely different. We know this, because we’re responsible for two wildlife parks and we have been in this business for over 40 years. We believe there is a better way, a more honest way forward, but our fundamental belief is that there is no need for any wild animal to be in captivity in zoos. What was acceptable 10 years ago is not acceptable today. We believe fundamentally that zoos need to modernise their thinking and be honest with the public. We’re not suggesting that zoos close in the short term – we appreciate this is not a viable option. However we are suggesting that a plan is put in place so that zoos are phased out over a 25 to 30 year period starting with certain species (obvious examples include orcas and elephants) that clearly are not suitable for captivity. We will in this paper go through each one of the arguments zoos use to justify their existence, assessing them critically using available data, ending by listing our recommendations. CONSERVATION Zoos claim one of their main aims is to benefit conservation. However, when studying this in detail, it’s easy to prove that this is a myth. For example, in European zoos, 70-75% of animals are not globally threatened in the wild1,2. Of the approximately 850 mammal species and subspecies held in European zoos, 500 are assessed as of least concern on the IUCN red list and only 45 (5%) are critically endangered3. Of those 45 critically endangered taxa, we estimate only a handful are viable when taking into account the issues of hybridisation, disease and genetic diversity. There are over 5,700 species of all animal classes held by members of the European zoo association alone2, which represents only about 8% of all zoos in Europe, but only a little over 200 of these species are in managed breeding programmes4. This means that, by their own admission, around 95% of animals in European zoos are not important or relevant enough to merit breeding programmes, and almost all have the same issues such as hybridisation, low levels of genetic diversity, and disease. 1 So, one needs to ask the question – why are these wild animals in zoos in the first place? The answer to this is easy – zooreaucracies and zoo-rocrats have a stamp collector’s mentality and an appetite and preference to please the public for iconic and non-threatened species leading to their needless captivity and “consumption” for entertainment. In other words, the public come first and not the animals. How is that conservation? Zoos don’t want you to know these facts because it would expose the fundamental flaws in the arguments they put out for their existence, and as a consequence merely prove that they’re in the conservation of business and not in the business of conservation. EDUCATION & RESEARCH Zoos want us to believe that one of their main functions is educating the public on conservation. The question we have to ask is, where is the evidence of this? For decades zoos have argued that seeing live animals helps educate and mobilise the next generation of conservationists. However it appears that unguided zoo visits result in improved biodiversity knowledge in only one third of visitors5, that professional zoo-educators can have better results in increasing biodiversity knowledge when working in schools rather than within a zoo6, and that improved biodiversity knowledge from zoo visits has only a weak link with increased knowledge of pro- conservation behaviour anyway7. And knowledge of pro-conservation behaviour is a long way from being an active conservationist. In our experience, we estimate that 99% of the visitors that come to our parks come for an enjoyable day out, but as little as 1% get newly enthusiastic about conservation. However, that doesn’t mean that 1% become actively involved, and even if they are, it’s having no effect given the state of wildlife slaughter and deforestation around the world. In our view, keeping hundreds of thousands of animals in captivity, just so a minuscule percentage of people might become active, effective conservationists, is far too high a price to pay. Secondly and far more dangerously we are actively perpetuating and culturalising the next generation to regard zoos as a completely acceptable part of our society and significant participants in wildlife conservation, which understanding the above is clearly not the case. We need to focus the next generation’s attention on in-situ conservation only. The third myth about zoo education is that you only get the benefits to conservation by having the animals in captivity in zoos. This is obviously not the case, when today there are fantastic wildlife documentaries which are so much more informative. For example, David Attenborough's documentaries are far more educational than visiting zoos and have also probably provided more information for animal research than research carried out at zoos. If you can get a masters degree in palaeontology without having living dinosaurs to study, clearly you can get passionate about wildlife 2 conservation without visiting zoos. We recommend that education regarding in situ wildlife conservation must be part of the national curriculum, including the reality of zoos and their limited role in conserving species. This will be far more effective than zoo-based conservation education. There certainly can’t be any justification for holding animals in captivity primarily for research, partly because animals behave differently in captivity to the way they do in the wild. There is no clear reason why any necessary research couldn’t be done in-situ. One has to question the effectiveness of research in zoos, considering their failure to effectively deal with disease, hybridisation and genetic viability with the species in their care. Indeed, some people seem to consider research as conservation but, clearly, they are separate; research can be relevant to conservation, but in itself is not conservation. THE ARK IS SINKING Zoos argue strongly the importance of holding their species in captivity in order to provide a bank or animal ark, to hedge against extinction. This is another myth. We have already acknowledged that only 5% of these animals are critically endangered in the wild, with perhaps as few as three critically endangered mammal s that are truly viable in European zoos. Therefore, why are zoos arking all these thousands of other animals? A huge number of these species are hybridised, inbred or diseased, so again, why are they being arked? More importantly, zoos must ask themselves: A. at what point is an animal so threatened that it may need to be put in some form of captivity for breeding, and B. if so, why is this not done in-situ? An example is the mountain gorilla - their population in 1981 was 242, today it’s close to 1,000. This is in a country surrounded by aggressive habitat destruction, civil war and poaching, and all done without any captive breeding. If zoos believe they are truly acting as a modern day ark for an endangered species, why not actively pursue reintroduction programmes for the species they manage? History shows that captive-born animals have made contributions to improved wild status of only a handful of mammal species. European bison, Przewalski's horse, and Arabian oryx have all been brought back from extinction in the wild using zoo-bred animals, but that is about it so far. Only a small number of animals held by European zoos have been the subject of release projects, less than 5% of mammal species held, and a third of those are species not considered threatened at a global scale2. Even when captive-breeding is used in reintroduction projects, in 75% of cases zoos are not considered appropriate for undertaking the captive-breeding, with non-zoo facilities being preferred8. 3 In our experience there is an ingrained general belief in zoos that these animals belong in zoos for the reasons stated above, and cannot be rehabilitated back into the wild, as they have been institutionalised and lost their natural instincts … why then are they arking them? Although we acknowledge that in some cases rehabilitation and release into the wild may not be possible, we have shown that in many cases it often is possible. Zoos will also often say conservation can’t be done in-situ because of cost, poaching and habitat destruction – but again, The Aspinall Foundation has proven otherwise, and often against the expectations of the zoo community. The Foundation has successfully released into the wild captive-born animals of several species, including western gorilla, black rhino, Javan gibbon, Javan langur, grizzled langur, brown hyena, Przewalski’s horse and European bison9. The release sites have long-term protection and the animals are monitored for many years10. Our belief is firmly that every effort must be made to save the animals in-situ even if it is in some form of sanctuary or reserve within their range states, rather than inferior captivity in world zoos. A good example of animals successfully reintroduced and protected in the wild is the Aspinall Foundation gorilla project. Even though gorillas are critically endangered, and western gorillas are one of the few critically endangered species with viable captive populations in Europe, there are estimated to be between 250,000 – 300,000 gorillas (of both species) in the wild, reinforcing our view that the gorilla population is clearly not at the tipping point where there is any need to hold them in captivity, therefore we have been reintroducing them successfully back into the wild for over 30 years, with over 70 released and over 30 births.
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