DOCSLIB.ORG

Biodiversity Is Life Biodiversity Is Our Life

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biodiversity Is Life Biodiversity Is Our Life Biodiversity is life Biodiversity is our life Benefits of Biodiversity Preserving biodiversity preserves ecosystem services, and directly provides things of value to humans. • Food, fuel, and fiber • Shelter and building materials • Air and water purification • Waste decomposition • Climate stabilization and moderation • Nutrient cycling • Soil fertility • Pollination • Pest control • Genetic resources The Future of Biodiversity Key Terms: Germ plasm Endangered Species Act Habitat conservation plan Biodiversity Treaty The Future of Biodiversity Objectives • List and describe four types of efforts to save individual species. • Explain the advantages of protecting entire ecosystems rather than individual species. • Describe the main provisions of the Endangered Species Act. • Discuss ways in which efforts to protect endangered species can lead to controversy. • Describe three examples of world-wide cooperative efforts to prevent extinctions. Saving Individual Species People around the world are using many methods to preserve individual species. They are: 1. Captive Breeding Programs 2. Germ Plasm Banks 3. Zoos and Botanical Gardens Conservation approaches: Captive Breeding Many endangered species are being bred in zoos to boost populations and reintroduce them into the wild. • This has worked so far for the California condor (in photo, condor hand puppet feeds chick so it imprints on birds, not humans). • This is worthless if there is not adequate habitat left in the wild. Figure 15.17 Captive Breeding Programs • Habitat loss, poaching, and lead poisoning brought the California condor to near extinction (there once were millions of them ranging from California to Florida). • In 1986, nine remaining California condors were captured to begin a captive breeding program. • By 2002, there were 102 condors in captivity and 58 that had been released back into the wild! • Another example is the panda, where there are now more than 1,000 pandas saved as a result of captive-breeding. Will the restored populations reproduce and survive in the wild? Germ Plasm Banks • Germ plasm banks store DNA (either seeds, sperm, eggs, or pure DNA) from organisms for future use. • The goal is to preserve the DNA of an organism until a time in the future when science is able to recover the species and reproduce it. Conservation approaches: Zoos, Aquariums, Parks, and Gardens • Living museums of biodiversity • In some cases, these organizations house the few remaining members of a species and might be the species’ last hope for survival. • At best only a fraction of the world’s rare and threatened species can be preserved. Botanical Gardens • Around the world, more than 90,000 different plants are preserved in botanical gardens. • These can range from greenhouses to large open fields of plants. • As a result, they store protect a large amount of biodiversity and can be used for research. Conservation approaches: Other Strategies -- Cloning • Use of molecular techniques to clone species, raise them in zoos, and reintroduce them to the wild. • This technology will be worthless if there is not adequate habitat and protection left for them in the wild. Advantages of protecting entire ecosystems rather than individual species. • Most conservationists give priority to protecting entire ecosystems rather than individual species. • By protecting entire ecosystems, more species may be saved. • How large does a protected preserve need to be to maintain a certain number of species? Conservation approaches: Umbrella Species When habitat is preserved to meet the needs of an “umbrella species,” it helps preserve habitat for many other species. (Thus, primary species serve as an “umbrella” for others.) • Large species with large home ranges (like tigers and other top predators) are good umbrella species. • So are charismatic ones that win public affection, like the panda. Conservation approaches: Biodiversity Hotspots Biodiversity hotspot – an area that supports a high number of endemic species (found nowhere else in the world) Endangered golden lion tamarin, endemic to Brazil’s Atlantic rainforest, which has been almost totally destroyed Figure 15.18 Conservation approaches: Biodiversity Hotspots Global map of biodiversity hotspots, as determined by Conservation International Legal Protection for Species • Many nations have laws and regulations designed to prevent the extinction of species (U.S. has some of the strongest). • There is controversy about how to enforce laws and about how effective they are. Conservation approaches: Endangered Species Act Trying to preserve single species threatened with extinction is the goal of endangered species laws, although they often also achieve umbrella conservation. U.S. Endangered Species Act, 1973: • Restricts actions that would destroy endangered species or their habitats • Forbids trade in products from species • Prevents extinction, stabilizes and recovers populations Endangered Species Act U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service compiles lists of all endangered and threatened species in the U.S. There are presently about 1,000 identified endangered species and about 300 identified threatened species. Endangered Species Act Prohibitions 16 USC 1538 (Section 9) (a)(1) It is unlawful for any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to: (A) import or export (B) & (C) take within the U.S. or high seas (D) possess, sell, deliver, carry, transport, or ship any species taken in violation of the Act (E) deliver, receive, carry, transport, or ship in interstate or foreign commerce and in the course of commercial activity any listed T&E species Endangered Species Act Prohibitions (continued) (F) sell, or offer for sale in interstate or foreign commerce any listed T&E species (G) violate any regulation pertaining to any endangered species or to any threatened species of fish or wildlife © U.S. Fish and Wildlife and Wildlife Service Fish U.S. © Endangered Species Act Penalties Criminal - endangered species •$100,000 per individual •$200,000 per organization •Up to 1 year imprisonment Criminal - threatened species •$25,000 per individual •$25,000 per organization •Up to 1 year imprisonment Civil •Knowingly - $25,000 •Strict liability - $500 © U.S. Fish and Wildlife and Wildlife Service Fish U.S. © Endangered Species Act • Environmentalists criticize the ESA because it takes too long to identify a species as endangered or threatened. Many species have gone extinct while trying to become listed as endangered. • Environmentalists also criticize the ESA because it mostly contains “cute” animals and often does not contain “scary” or “ugly” animals on the list. Developers vs. Environmentalists? • The ESA is controversial with developers because they want to make money by clearing land and are often prevented from doing so by the Endangered Species Act. • People who work in construction or who would have benefited from the jobs become upset about the loss of jobs/income. • Most controversies end in compromise, where the needs of the community and the needs of the environment are balanced. – Although there are many lawsuits over the Endangered Species Act, most get settled and never go to trial. Endangered Species Act • A species recovery plan is prepared for each listed threatened and endangered species. • When controversies occur, a habitat conservation plan works as a compromise. A habitat conservation plan attempts to protect one or more species across large areas of land through trade-offs or cooperative agreements. Conservation approaches: International Organizations • International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) facilitates efforts to protect species and habitats. • Collaboration between 200 government agencies and 700 private conservation organizations. Conservation approaches: International Organizations Many private conservation organizations work to protect species worldwide • World Wildlife Fund • Nature Conservancy • National Geographic Society • Greenpeace International Some organizations are buying land to set up international parks to protect entire ecosystems. This has proven to be more effective than almost any other type of effort. Conservation approaches: International Treaties • CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, prepared in 1973, is a product of IUCN. • Bans international trade and transport of body parts of endangered organisms. • Effective in stopping slaughter of African elephants for ivory. The Biodiversity Treaty • U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, 1992 (over 100 nations and 30,000 people) • Biodiversity Treaty aims to: Conserve biodiversity Use it sustainably Ensure fair distribution of its benefits by requiring wealthier nations of the world to give money to the more poor nations in the world to help protect species. • The United States signed the treaty in 1994. Conclusions: Challenges • Unknown how many species inhabit our planet. • Sixth mass extinction? • Population declines and extinctions result from habitat alteration, invasive species, pollution, population growth, and exploitation. • Is it an uphill battle to save species, habitats, and ecosystems? Conclusions: Solutions • Biologists are making strides in determining how many species inhabit our planet. • It’s not too late to halt the sixth mass extinction. • Habitat alteration, invasive species, pollution, and exploitation -- success will ultimately depend on halting human population growth. Conclusions: Solutions • Many and varied ways to save species, habitats, and ecosystems have been, and continue to be, developed. • The value of biodiversity must be understood by more people. What are some of the things we are doing to protect endangered species, ecosystems, and natural diversity? This is a map of the national wildlife refuge system. It is the job of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to manage over 500 refuges with over 90 million acres for the conversation of endangered species, ecosystems, and natural diversity .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Peta Looks Cruelty Straight in the Eye
    ‘s augustusCLUB 2017 | No. 3, Issue 76 PETA LOOKS CRUELTY STRAIGHT IN THE EYE PETA’s Cruelty Investigations Department contains a unique subdivision called The Eye—so named because it serves as the public’s eye into places that animal exploiters try to keep hidden. The Eye initiates and oversees PETA’s eyewitness exposés. buy cruelty-free products, shun circuses that use animals, Since its founding in 1980, PETA has released hundreds and much more. of exposés featuring video footage secretly shot inside slaughterhouses, laboratories, “pet” breeding mills, Our exposés also often result in criminal convictions fur farms, dairy and meat farms, wool shearing sheds, against animal abusers, prompt major changes in circuses, roadside zoos, racetracks, and other corporate policies, and lead to the rescue of many animals cruel facilities. living in terrible conditions. Operating under the principle that all animals have the right not to be abused, PETA has released exposés that document the abuse of species that many people seldom consider, including lobsters and crabs, who were killed by Inside THIS ISSUE being torn apart at a “seafood” slaughterhouse while still alive, and octopuses, who were dismembered and eaten alive in some U.S. specialty restaurants. PETA Looks Cruelty Straight in The Eye ................... 1 From the deadly pigeon-racing industry in Taiwan to the hideously cruel crocodile-skin industry in Zimbabwe, PETA Meet Daniel Paden, PETA’s Associate Director has exposed shocking cruelty to animals all over the world, of Evidence Analysis ................................................. 4 cruelty that the public had never seen before. These exposés serve as persuasive tools to motivate Rescued at Last! ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity Authors: Naomi A
    s l a m m a y t T i M S N v I i A e G t A n i p E S r a A C a C E H n T M i THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity The Humane Society of the United State s/ World Society for the Protection of Animals 2009 1 1 1 2 0 A M , n o t s o g B r o . 1 a 0 s 2 u - e a t i p s u S w , t e e r t S h t u o S 9 8 THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity Authors: Naomi A. Rose, E.C.M. Parsons, and Richard Farinato, 4th edition Editors: Naomi A. Rose and Debra Firmani, 4th edition ©2009 The Humane Society of the United States and the World Society for the Protection of Animals. All rights reserved. ©2008 The HSUS. All rights reserved. Printed on recycled paper, acid free and elemental chlorine free, with soy-based ink. Cover: ©iStockphoto.com/Ying Ying Wong Overview n the debate over marine mammals in captivity, the of the natural environment. The truth is that marine mammals have evolved physically and behaviorally to survive these rigors. public display industry maintains that marine mammal For example, nearly every kind of marine mammal, from sea lion Iexhibits serve a valuable conservation function, people to dolphin, travels large distances daily in a search for food. In learn important information from seeing live animals, and captivity, natural feeding and foraging patterns are completely lost.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT Enclosure Design, Management and Maintenance for Animal Welfare
    THE CAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT Enclosure Design, Management and Maintenance for Animal Welfare. ENCLOSURE DESIGN, MANAGEMENT & MAINTENANCE AIMS To gain knowledge and understanding of: The restrictions animals face in a captive environment and how to overcome them. The importance of providing an environment which provides for biological and psychological needs and is species-specific. How to use information to provide good health and welfare on a daily basis and throughout an animal’s life. OBJECTIVES Recognise that enclosure designs must address species- specific needs and allow an animal to carry out a full range of behaviours. Identify why non-physical parameters such as humidity, temperature and light are important for positive animal well-being within an environment. Identify suitable enclosure infrastructure and recognise how this relates to animal welfare.· Evaluate how effective daily management and maintenance can support good animal welfare. REASONING A facility must provide appropriate, species-specific environments that meet the physiological and behavioural needs of the animals to achieve optimum welfare. restrictions in captivity Animals have adapted physically and behaviourally to live in particular environmental conditions. We should consider the ways in which we can imitate a species' natural habitat and ways in which enclosures differ from them. We should be asking what can be changed or added to make an enclosure more closely resemble a wild habitat. If a species lives on varied terrain, give them different substrates. If a species lives in the trees, give them trees, branches and ropes to climb and explore. If a species lives in a tropical climate, they will need heat and humidity to thrive.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethics and Animals Fall 2020
    Ethics and Animals Fall 2020 Description This course examines the morality of our treatment of nonhuman animals. We start with a survey of moral theory. Do animals have moral status? Do we have a right to harm or kill some animals in order to benefit or save others? We consider these questions from a variety of moral perspectives, including consequentialism, Kantian ethics, virtue ethics, and feminist ethics. We then apply these ideas to different kinds of animal use. For example, what is the morality of our treatment of animals in food, research, captivity, and the wild? Finally, we will explore ethical questions that arise for animal activists, including about what ends they should pursue, what means they should take towards those ends, and how they should relate to other social movements. General Information Time: T 5:00{7:30 ET Place: online Instructor: Name: Jeff Sebo Email: jeff[email protected] Office: online Office Hours: M 3-5pm ET 1 Readings The required books for this class are: Julia Driver, Ethics: The Fundamentals; Lori Gruen, Ethics and Animals; and Gary Francione & Robert Garner, The Animal Rights Debate. These books are available online, and the Gruen and Francione & Garner books are also available for free at the NYU library website. All readings not from the required books will be posted on the course website. Grading Your grades will be determined as follows: • Papers (75%): You will write three papers explaining and evaluating the ideas and arguments discussed in class. You will email this paper to [email protected]. For each paper, you can either create your own prompt (provided that you clear it with us in advance) or select from prompts that we create.
    [Show full text]
  • Menagerie to Me / My Neighbor Be”: Exotic Animals and American Conscience, 1840-1900
    “MENAGERIE TO ME / MY NEIGHBOR BE”: EXOTIC ANIMALS AND AMERICAN CONSCIENCE, 1840-1900 Leslie Jane McAbee A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature. Chapel Hill 2018 Approved by: Eliza Richards Timothy Marr Matthew Taylor Ruth Salvaggio Jane Thrailkill © 2018 Leslie Jane McAbee ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Leslie McAbee: “Menagerie to me / My Neighbor be”: Exotic Animals and American Conscience, 1840-1900 (Under the direction of Eliza Richards) Throughout the nineteenth century, large numbers of living “exotic” animals—elephants, lions, and tigers—circulated throughout the U.S. in traveling menageries, circuses, and later zoos as staples of popular entertainment and natural history education. In “Menagerie to me / My Neighbor be,” I study literary representations of these displaced and sensationalized animals, offering a new contribution to Americanist animal studies in literary scholarship, which has largely attended to the cultural impact of domesticated and native creatures. The field has not yet adequately addressed the influence that representations of foreign animals had on socio-cultural discourses, such as domesticity, social reform, and white supremacy. I examine how writers enlist exoticized animals to variously advance and disrupt the human-centered foundations of hierarchical thinking that underpinned nineteenth-century tenets of civilization, particularly the belief that Western culture acts as a progressive force in a comparatively barbaric world. Both well studied and lesser-known authors, however, find “exotic” animal figures to be wily for two seemingly contradictory reasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Animals Used in Research
    ANIMAL LEGAL DEFENSE FUND Problem Laws and regulations governing the use of animals in research are inadequate, seldom enforced, and completely exclude the animals most often used in laboratories: rats, mice and Animals Used birds. As a result, animals used in laboratory research are often repeatedly subjected to in Research horrifically painful experiments without pain relief. ANIMALS SHOULD NOT BE USED IN CRUEL AND UNNECESSARY EXPERIMENTS The primary federal law that protects animals used in research provides only basic requirements What You Can Do such as housing and feeding that the laboratories can waive, if an explanation for the departure from law is provided. Additionally, most oversight is conducted internally by the laboratory itself. Go to aldf.org/research to learn more about As a result, egregious suffering and death animals used in research – and what the Animal caused by experiments performed on animals Legal Defense Fund is doing to protect them. are practically always tolerated by the law. Avoid commercial products from companies that test on animals. Sign up for the Animal Legal Defense Fund Solution eNewsletter to receive alerts about legislation Stronger legal protections for animals and litigation taking place in your state on behalf of animals used in research. Sign up at used in research and humane aldf.org/signup. alternatives to animal testing. Let your state and local lawmakers know you Alternatives to animal testing are often more care about animals used in research and want effective, more reliable, and more humane. to see stronger laws to protect them and better Thanks to better technology and increasing enforcement of those laws.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Animals in Captivity
    Wild Animals in Captivity Danny Waltz Animal Legal Defense Fund Personal Views and Opinions Opinions in this presentation (and slide show) are personal and not necessarily representative of the Animal Legal Defense Fund or any clients Animal Legal Defense Fund at a glance • Litigation Program • Fellowships and clerkships. • Pro bono. Animal Legal Defense Fund at a glance Mission: To protect the lives and advance the interests of animals through the legal system. Animal Legal Defense Fund at a glance • Justice v. Vercher, Oregon Court of Appeals What’s Wrong with Captivity? • From a rights perspective • Denial of the right to autonomy (individual rights) • Denial of the ability to flourish in community and the natural environment (communal rights) • From a welfare perspective • Inadequate food, water, or shelter • Denial of veterinary care • Frustration of instincts / psychological suffering An Example of the Problem: Sawmiller Other Specific Harms from Captivity • Inhibition of species-specific social needs • Inability to hide from public view • Persistent exposure of predator and prey to each other • Zookeepers spreading disease between enclosures • Underlying concept: Umwelt. The perceptive and operative world of an individual animal, from the animal’s species-driven perspective Key Federal Laws Related to Wild Animals in Captivity Endangered Species Act Animal Welfare Act Interplay Between Endangered Species Act and Animal Welfare Act 16 U.S.C. 1532 (Definitions): “The term ‘take’ means to harass, harm, pursue, hunt . wound . .” Harass in the definition of “take” means an intentional or negligent act or omission which creates the likelihood of injury to wildlife by annoying it to such an extent as to significantly disrupt normal behavioral patterns which include, but are not limited to, breeding, feeding, or sheltering.
    [Show full text]
  • Captivity for Conservation Became a Crucial Slogan for the Modern Zoo
    An Ethics of Captivity for the Anthropocene Zoos at a Crossroads Jozef Keulartz Introduction As a response to the environmental crisis and the accompanying loss of biodiversity, zoos began to turn their attention to the conservation of endangered species and wildlife in the 1970s and 1980s. Captivity for Conservation became a crucial slogan for the modern zoo. A major milestone in this development was the Convention on Biodiversity which was signed at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. In the wake of the Earth Summit the first World Zoo Conservation Strategy was launched in 1993. Its conclusion explicitly stated that, at a time when species, habitats and ecosystems worldwide are threatened with extinction, modern zoos must commit to the conservation of species and wildlife. “Caring for our planet’s biological systems is one of the greatest challenges to humankind. Consequently, conservation is being seen as the central theme of zoos, and zoos should thus further evolve into conservation centers” (WAZA 1993, 3). In this scheme of things the zoo was envisaged as a kind of Noah’s Ark which owed its raison d’être primarily to its contribution to the conservation of species through breeding and reintroduction programs. As the main institution for ex situ conservation of wild animal species, the zoo was now confronted head-on with the potential conflicts between animal protectionists and wildlife conservationists. Animal protectionists generally prioritize the welfare and rights of individual animals, and tend to downplay the importance of species preservation and the prevention of biodiversity loss. They tend to endorse Dale Jamieson’s view that the notion of a species is an abstraction and that only individual creatures have welfares (Jamieson 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Rights and Animal Experiments: an Interest-Based Approach
    Alasdair Cochrane Animal rights and animal experiments: an interest-based approach Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Cochrane, Alasdair (2007) Animal rights and animal experiments: an interest-based approach. Res publica, 13 (3). pp. 293-318. DOI: 10.1007/s11158-007-9037-8 © 2007 Springer Verlag This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/21189/ Available in LSE Research Online: September 2008 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final manuscript accepted version of the journal article, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer review process. Some differences between this version and the published version may remain. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Animal Rights and Animal Experiments: An Interest-Based Approach (Res Publica, Vol. 3, No. 3, Sep. 2007: 293-319. Winner of Res Publica Postgraduate Essay Prize) Alasdair Cochrane Department of Government London School of Economics and Political Science Department of Government London School of Economics and Political Science King’s Chambers Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE [email protected] 1 Animal Rights and Animal Experiments: An Interest-Based Approach1 Abstract: This paper examines whether non-human animals have a moral right not to be experimented upon.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Animals, Cognitive Ethology, and Ethics: Questions About Sentience and Other Troubling Issues That Lurk in Turbid Water
    DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 75: 87–98, 2007 Published May 4 Dis Aquat Org OPEN ACCESS Aquatic animals, cognitive ethology, and ethics: questions about sentience and other troubling issues that lurk in turbid water Marc Bekoff* Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0334, USA ABSTRACT: In this general, strongly pro-animal, and somewhat utopian and personal essay, I argue that we owe aquatic animals respect and moral consideration just as we owe respect and moral con- sideration to all other animal beings, regardless of the taxonomic group to which they belong. In many ways it is more difficult to convince some people of our ethical obligations to numerous aquatic animals because we do not identify or empathize with them as we do with animals with whom we are more familiar or to whom we are more closely related, including those species (usually terrestrial) to whom we refer as charismatic megafauna. Many of my examples come from animals that are more well studied but they can be used as models for aquatic animals. I follow Darwinian notions of evolu- tionary continuity to argue that if we feel pain, then so too do many other animals, including those that live in aquatic environs. Recent scientific data (‘science sense’) show clearly that many aquatic organisms, much to some people’s surprise, likely suffer at our hands and feel their own sorts of pain. Throughout I discuss how cognitive ethology (the study of animal minds) is the unifying science for understanding the subjective, emotional, empathic, and moral lives of animals because it is essential to know what animals do, think, and feel as they go about their daily routines.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoo Guidelines for Keeping Large Felids in Captivity
    ZOO GUIDELINES FOR KEEPING LARGE FELIDS IN CAPTIVITY (1) Alan H. Shoemaker, Riverbanks Zoological Park, POB 1060, Columbia, SC 29202 (2) Edward J. Maruska, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine St., Cincinnati, OH 45220 (3) Randall Rockwell, Jacksonville Zoological Park, 8605 Zoo Rd., Jacksonville, FL 32218 Cite Reference: Shoemaker, A.H., Maruska, E.J. and R. Rockwell (1997) Minimum Husbandry Guidelines for Mammals: Large Felids American Association of Zoos and Aquariums GENERAL INTRODUCTION Within the family Felidae, determination of minimum husbandry needs of large cats is variable because of differences in size, morphology, and behavior. For purposes of this discussion, a large felid is identified as any species of cat belonging to the genus Panthera, including: lion, P. leo; tiger, P. tigris; jaguar, P. onca; leopard, P. pardus; and snow leopard, Uncia uncia; as well as the puma (cougar or mountain lion), Puma concolor; clouded leopard, Neofelis nebulosa; and cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus. With one exception, large felids are solitary carnivores functioning at or near the top of their trophic level. While this behavior permits them to be housed singly, it also requires that the introduction of potential mates be done carefully to prevent fighting, injury, or death. Their aggressive nature and physical capabilities demand that owners exercise the utmost care when designing cages or exhibits for any species, regardless of size, to insure that specimens cannot escape or reach into adjacent cages or public areas. Caution also should be exercised when handling otherwise "tame" individuals. Minimum requirements for exhibit size and furnishings, diet, veterinary needs, and social groupings are broken down in the following way: 1) very large pantherids, 2) other large felids, and 3) cheetahs.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Abusement Parks in Bali, Lombok and Gili Trawangan
    Wildlife abusement parks Wildlife entertainment tourism in Bali, Lombok and Gili Trawangan Contents Executive Summary 4 Wildlife tourism entertainment in Bali, Lombok and Gili Trawangan 4 Scale of animal suffering 4 Keeping wild animals in the wild 4 Introduction 6 The impact on animal welfare 7 Life in captivity 7 Inadequate care for captive wild animals 7 Using captive wild animals for entertainment 8 Dolphins in Entertainment 9 Dolphin facts 9 Forced interactions 9 Capture and transportation 10 Housing captive dolphins 11 Sea Turtles in Entertainment 12 Sea turtle facts 12 Captive sea turtle tourism 12 Human health and environmental concerns 12 Elephants in Entertainment 13 Tourism demands 13 The breaking and training process 13 Other Wild Animals in Entertainment 15 Tigers in entertainment 15 Photo-prop wildlife 15 ‘Kopi Luwak’: The Impact of Cruel Coffee 16 Origins 16 Current situation 16 Scope and Methodology 17 Study scope 17 Assessment tools 18 Results 22 Elephants 22 Tigers 23 Dolphins 24 Primates 26 Turtles 27 Civets 28 Additional general findings – all venues 29 Conclusions 30 References 32 Cover image: Chained monkeys, a side attraction at a turtle venue. 2 3 Executive summary Across the world, and throughout Asia, wild animals are Scale of animal suffering We are opening conversations to help achieve lasting 100% of the venues visited with captive being taken from the wild, or bred in captivity, to be used in • Of the venues visited, 100% of those with captive wild change for wild animals – to move away from exploitation the tourism entertainment industry. They will suffer at every elephants, tigers, dolphins or civet cats, and 80% of to venues with animal welfare and protection at their core.
    [Show full text]