Mangrove Conservation Jeopardy
Thomas Becker, FFL Program Assistant Charlotte County Extension Service 10-20-15 What’s Missing in this picture Goal: Learn innumerable benefits of mangrove and proper maintenance Objectives
• Demonstrate ‘How to’ apply a ppt./2010 jeopardy board template to a presentation • Adopt accepted norms relating to mangrove ecology, preservation, restoration and care • Understand the role and values of mangroves • Learn how to identify the differences between three mangrove species and those plants that often grow nearby
Mangrove – red, black & white
Constructed Canal Lot
Forest, Eco- System, Fringe, Buffer, Back-bay Border, Swamps Wildlife Corridors, Tunnels, Remnants, Tree Islands, Aquatic Estuary Natural Mangrove along Gasparilla Island
World Mangrove Distribution
*National Geographic Magazine Charlotte Harbor Myakka River Peace River
Pt Charlotte
Lemon Bay Punta Gorda
18 Miles To Caloosahatchee Boca Grande Gulf River
Cape Coral Captiva
Ft Myers Sanibel
Estero Bay What is an Estuary? Where fresh water meets salt water supporting GREAT plant and wildlife bio-diversity. Kidneys for the watershed improving water quality before going into the Gulf of Mexico. Charlotte Harbor estuary Shallow Water High biological diversity
• Rivers • Barrier islands • Open water • Inlets • Salt marshes • Submerged • Oyster bars • Mud flats seagrass beds Species Living in SWFL Estuary
Osprey Inshore lizardfish
• 227 species of birds • 225 species of fish
• 22 native species of • 468 native species of plants mammals including 84 non-natives Mangrove Forests in Florida (7 major estuaries w/mangrove)
–Tampa Bay –Charlotte Harbor –Ten Thousand Islands & Rookery Bay –Florida Bay –Biscayne Bay –Lake Worth Lagoon –Indian River Lagoon
60,000 acres of submerged Charlotte lands Harbor Aquatic Preserve Mangrove Distribution in Charlotte Harbor*
• 26% historic loss • 3% recent loss • 34% shoreline degraded
Mangroves need thought of as part of the natural rather then constructed landscape
*Charlotte Harbor National Estuary Program Draft 7 County Watershed Report Signs of a Healthy Estuary Mangroves line the shoreline with red, white and black mangrove
Distinguishing between Fresh (water), Estuarine and Marine systems is often subtle
Backyards are transition zones from the natural areas to yards. Plant Natives between home, yard, property border and mangrove Be In the Know – Protecting Mangrove • Three mangroves species grow along saline, tidally - influenced shores of the tropics/subtropics • Mangroves are preserved and protected as forested areas in Florida • Under FL law, only native plants can be planted along a shoreline • All mangroves species are cold-sensitive trees • Mangroves require NO watering • Of the three species, red mangrove does not survive severe pruning, nor the coldest temperatures for an extended period
More Living on the Estuary (FFL™)
• All mangroves protect water quality • Highest priority is preserving mangrove • Remove any prohibited exotics competing with existing mangrove • If no mangrove present, a maintenance-free zone of at least 10 feet separates the water from any landscaped areas
Red (Rhizophora mangle) – Arching prop roots brace plant, trap silt, supply air to submerged roots – Long (pencil-like), green bean (curved) seed pods called propagules – Smooth & thick, elliptical leaves , dark green – No conspicuous glands at leaf base – Fragrant flowers especially spring and fall – Smoother, grayish-red bark compared to others – Ends of shoots have long and sharp pointed terminal bud
Planting zone Shallows +0.5’ to -0.5’ Deep -3.0’ to -5.0’ Mid -0.5 to -3.0’
Adaptation Wet, moist soil Deep, brackish or fresh water White [Laguncularia racemosa) – Prefers higher ground (compared to red) – Two small visible glands base of each leaf used to excrete salt – Visibly rounded ends on each leaf – Less tree-like, more shrubby then red and black – Small white flowers in terminal clusters – Ribbed fruit that shaped like a spear-point – Produces short occasional root sprouts (shorter than Pneumatophores on Black) – Deeply furrowed bark Black (Avicennia germinans)
– Leaves with smooth edges, shiny above, fuzzy below – White, fragrant flowers w/yellow center in clusters – Seed pods are leathery split lima bean or teardrops – Pneumatophores or breathing tubes for roots, vertical snorkels, no descending legs like red – Secrete salt found on surfaces of the leaves – Tall tree-like , usually black branches – Checker textured bark, sometimes black
The Forest
– Natural areas often find all three growing together – Maintain at any width. 8 feet to 50 feet wide – All are considered low maintenance, few pests – Trim mangroves properly October through March when mangroves are not growing as vigorously – Keep healthy, apply no fertilizer – Use as buffer to captures runoff & absorbs excess nutrients from land or water – Protects shoreline from wind, storm surge – Helps meet required water quality standards Use Native Plant Buffers w/Mangrove
Salt- tolerant, beach plants Known plant associates with mangrove Plant bunchgrasses and vines Florida-Friendly mulch– pine straw
Bunch Beach Other plants associated with mangroves Cocos CoconutPalm Erithalis Black torch nucifera
fruticosa
Thespesia Seaside Mahoe
populnea
Other flowers associated with mangroves Spartina Sand Cordgrass
spp.
Ageratum Seashore Ageratum
littorale
Batis Saltwort
maritima
Other flowers associated with mangroves Borrichia Seaside Ox
arborescens - eye
Bay Cedar Suriana Cordia GeigerTree
sebestena
maritima
Other flowers associated with mangroves Canavalia Beach Bean (Railroad vine) Hymenocallis SpiderBeach lily
maritima
latifolia
Sesuvium Portulaca Polypodium ResurrectionFern
portulacastrum
polypodioides
Natural Mangrove Buffer
With Seawall Without Seawall
Centennial Park, Ft Myers Gasparilla Island Florida Yard
(best) 1 2 3 4 5 (worst) Mangrove Fringe along Dock and Wide Border in Mosquito Ditch
Harborwalk at Fisherman’s Village
(best) 1 2 3 4 5 (worst) Construction Debris on bank Mangrove Island Expanding Red Mangrove Seedlings Emerging
(best) 1 2 3 4 5 (worst) Mangrove Border Riprap & Sea Oxeye Daisy Buffer
(best) 1 2 3 4 5 (worst) Wide, Hedged Mangrove Seawall present, Florida Yard (no lawn)
St. James City Salt Water Canal, Seawall present
(best) 1 2 3 4 5 (worst) Mangrow Hedging w/Window wide width, properly sheared
Ft Myers Beach Canal (B) 1 2 3 4 5 (w)
Peace River, HarborWalk Mangrove w/Riprap Multiple buffers in yard Sloped lawn that’s treated (fertilizer, pesticides)
(best) 1 2 3 4 5 (worst) Mangrove Hedged Frequently Narrow, Short, Natives in Yard
Placida Marina & Gasparilla Island resident (best) 1 2 3 4 5 (worst) Narrow Mangrove Border Not properly maintained
green buttonwood out-competing Mangrove, riprap rock, Alligator Creek Harborwalk at Fisherman’s Village Mangrove removed on one side Punta Gorda (best) 1 2 3 4 5 (worst) Mangrove not properly maintained
Invasive Exotics not cut out Talipariti tiliaceum, seaside hibiscus Topped, large pruning cuts, prop roots are cut mahoe
)
(best) 1 2 3 4 5 (worst) No Mangrove Present, Invasive Plant Buffer
Scaevola taccada var sericea present, Beach Naupaka, half flower, No uses in Florida. Replace with native inkberry, Scaevola plumieri (best) 1 2 3 4 5 (worst) No Mangrove but Native Buffer Attractive & Easy to Maintain
Seaside Ambrosia Ambrosia hispida (best) 1 2 3 4 5 (worst)
No mangrove, Seawall, Steep Slope, Treated Lawn, Coconut palms, Pool Near Water
(best) 1 2 3 4 5 (worst) Mangrove Removed, No Plant Buffer, No lawn, No Riprap, No Wildlife, Heat Island, Not Florida-Friendly (Worst 10)
(best) 1 2 3 4 5 (worst) Habitat Plants and FFL™ Protect the Solutions Places Borders Shoreline
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500 500 500 500 500
Red mangrove grow closest to the water. Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) is an important host larval food for what butterfly
Mangrove Conservation Habitat Places – 100 http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/extension/4h/ecosystems/_plants/Red_mangr ove/index.html UF School of Forest Resources & Conservation, 4H Forest Resources What is the Mangrove Skipper
(Phocides pigmalion)
MangroveConservation HabitatPlaces
http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species -
/Phocides-pigmalion 100
Mangrove Skipper butterfly –Phocides pigmalion, Family: HESPERIIDAE nectaring on Sea Lavender – Argusia gnaphalodes,Family: BORAGINACEAE. Photo: R.R. Askew, Little Cayman, Jan. 23, 2008 Black Mangrove is the host larval food and a nectar source for this butterfly
Mangrove Conservation Habitat Places - 200
http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/extension/4h/ecosystems/_plants/Black_man grove/index.html UF School of Forest Resources & Conservation, 4H Forest Resources What is the Mangrove Buckeye? (Junonia evarete)
Mangrove Conservation Habitat Places - 200
MANGROVE BUCKEYE - Junonia evarete, NYMPHALIDAE. The only larval food plant of the Mangrove Buckeye is the Black Mangrove tree - Avicennia germinans. Females lay their eggs on the finger-like breathing roots (pneumatophores). Photo: Ann Stafford Dec. 27, 2001 http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Junonia-genoveva
Black Mangrove Avicennia germinans Family: Acanthaceae
A common pollinating insect that produces a high quality edible product after visiting flowers on Black Mangrove
Mangrove Conservation Habitat Places = 300 What is Black Mangrove Honey
Mangrove Conservation Habitat Places = 300 Mangrove forest invaders responsible for declining pristine mangrove habitat
Mangrove Conservation Habitat Places - 400 What are Invasive exotics A plant that has invaded a natural area in Florida http://assessment.ifas.ufl.edu
Melaleuca Australian Pine
Carrotwood
Seaside Mahoe Brazilian Pepper Nickerbean Mangrove Conservation Habitat Places - 400 Mangrove forests are a mosaic of different types of trees. They provide habitat, micro-climates and shelter while creating a food web for many types of wildlife. Because of this, mangrove species are considered this?
Mangrove Conservation Habitat Places - 500 What is a keystone species Ecological Services provided of Mangroves
Red Mangrove prop roots benefit Snowy egrets nest in colonies Snook, redfish & tarpon nurseries on thick vegetation
A keystone species is one on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically. Mangrove Conservation Habitat Places - 500 Scientifically, White Mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa),
is distantly related to this mangrove-like tropical tree
PlantsBorders and
MangroveConservation
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100
What is green buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus) Combretum Family – Tropical only Leaves are alternate on buttonwood Leaves are opposite on white mangrove
Mangrove Conservation Plants and Borders- 100
A coastal SWFL native tree (not) mangrove used to restore beaches, buffer salt spray, hurricane wind protection while providing habitat
Plants and Borders
Conservation
Mangrove
200
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What is sea grape
sea grape Tunnel
Mangrove Conservation Plants and Borders - 200
A ‘man-made’ device that stops the natural spread and distribution of mangroves Mangrove conservation Plants and borders - 300
What is a sea wall? Use riprap rock alone or with other aquatic vegetation Mangrove Conservation Plants and Borders - 300 sea level rise is a big concern for South Florida Sea walls may prevent mangroves from adjusting to changing conditions Poor water quality can play havoc for mangrove and marine life bordering urban areas. These pollutants could cause the decline or kill mangrove trees. (Hint, study the picture for clues)
Mangrove Conservation
Plants and borders - 400
What is fresh water, eroded soil, grass clippings, turf / palm fertilizer, pool chemicals, pesticide applications, pet waste, trash, fuel from boats, waste sewage, oil from cars, and reclaimed water from irrigation
Mangrove Conservation Plants and Borders - 400
Several native clumping plant natives that establish quickly and make an excellent back buffer and border with mangroves.
Mangrove Conservation Plants and Borders- 500
What is a Native Florida Bunchgrass
• Sand cordgrass • Muhly grass
• Fakahatchee grass • Dwarf Fakahatchee grass
Mangrove Conservation Plants and Borders- 500 A blade of grass contains small levels of a nutrient known to pollute mangrove estuaries.
Mangrove Conservation FFL™- 100
Nitrogen and phosphorus have been implicated as the nutrients (enrichment) most likely to limit growth in mangroves and are a major threat to marine ecosystems.
What is Nitrogen
Mangrove Conservation FFL™ - 100 The most common method used to destroy weeds & invasive exotic plants in mangroves
Mangrove Conservation FFL™ - 200
What is cutting and pulling weeds
1. Manage and monitor invasive species 2. Remove manually plant seedlings below 3ft high & easy to pull by hand 3. For larger ones, cut stems close to ground level to keep plants from re-sprouting
Mangrove Conservation FFL™ - 200
A substance that accumulates in soil especially during the dry season that will not adversely impact mangroves
wet season dry season
Mangrove Conservation FFL™ - 300
What is Soluble Salt Choose lawn and landscape plant with high salt-tolerance
Very Moderately Moderately Tolerant Very Tolerant Superior Sensitive (< Sensitive Tolerant (6 to 10dS/m) (10 to 18 dS/m) Tolerance 1.5 dS/m) (1.5 to 3 dS/m) (3 to 6 dS/m) (> 18dS/m)
Centipedegrass Most Zoysiagrass Bahiagrass Common St. Seashore Bermudgrass Augustinegrass Paspalum
• Golden creeper • Sea Oxeye Daisy • Coontie • Beach sunflower • Jamaican caper • Pineland Lantana • Blanketflower • Cocoplum • Prickly pear cactus • Fiddlewood • Seaside Golden Rod • Buttonwood • Seaside goldenrod • Sea Lavender • Scrub palmetto Mangrove Conservation • Bay Cedar • Railroad vine FFL™ - 300 The EC is measured in units of ions - deci-Siemens per meter (dS/m). A type of fertilizer sold to homeowners that may damage mangroves growing in nearby waterways if misapplied.
Mangrove Conservation FFL™ - 400
What is lawn/turf ‘weed & feed’
Category Type % sold Lawns/Turf 46 Organic/ Animal Based 40 Flowering Shrubs 14 Palms 13 Bloom Pushers 12 Fruit Trees (Citrus/ Avocado) 10 Vegetables/Tomato/ Herbs 8 Roses 6 Weed & Feed is a chemical fertilizer mixed with a herbicide Read and follow the product label . Fertilizer use on lawns next to mangroves Mangrove Conservation Do not dump yard clippings into mangrove. FFL™ - 400
Name a mangrove island attracting breeding birds and providing shelter for nesting
Mangrove Conservation FFL™ - 500
- Green Heron Tri color Heron
Mangrove Conservation What is a marine rookery? rookery? marineis a What FFL™ - 500
A DEP trimming permit typically allows homeowners to lower mangrove to what height to provide a view?
Mangrove Conservation Protect the Shoreline - 100
What is 6 feet? "Trim" means to cut mangrove branches, twigs, limbs, ).and foliage, but does not mean to remove, defoliate, or destroy mangroves Improper trimming Trees didn’t retain Permitted pruning leaf mass
Mangrove Conservation Protect the Shoreline - 100
Mangroves were mistakenly removed when a sea wall was put in. Mangrove species will naturally re-establish themselves in front of a seawall using this?
Mangrove Conservation Protect the Shoreline - 200
What is clean native limestone rock or riprap
Mangrove Conservation Protect the Shoreline - 200
Hypothetical mangrove zonation in Florida IFAS, EDIS ENY660: Mangroves
The substrate (muck or soil) under mangroves is often rich in a substance that most landscape soils in Florida lack. What is it?
Mangrove Conservation Protect the Shoreline - 300 What is mangrove peat, detritus or dead organic matter
Mangrove Conservation
Protect the Shoreline- 300
Upland Mangrove that is less cold & frost sensitive
Mangrove Conservation Protect the Shoreline - 400
What is Black Mangrove
Ht. 40’ located upland where inundated infrequently by hurricanes & major storms
Mangrove Conservation Protect the Shoreline- 400
A filtration process mangrove plants use to reduce excess amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer
Mangrove Conservation Protect the Shoreline - 500
What is phytofiltration
A process where mangrove remove pollutants (N & P)from the water
Mangrove Conservation Protect the Shoreline - 500
“……quality landscaping along brackish water conserving water, protecting the environment, is
adaptable to local conditions, and is drought tolerant.”
MangroveConservation
Solutions
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100
What is Florida-Friendly Landscaping™
Mangrove Conservation Solutions - 100 http://www.floridayards.org/ A plant part on black mangrove responsible for excreting excess salt
Red White Black
Mangrove Conservation Solutions - 200
What is the leaf pores?
Salt Excreters Salt Exclusion • (Black) excretes excess salt • (Red) Roots block salt out leaf pores on leaf absorption from the water surface (97% efficiency). Salt • (White) excretes excess remaining in the plant is transported to yellow, dying salt out of nectar gland leaves. at the base of the leaf petiole. Succulent leaves, discard salt as Mangrove Conservation the leaves eventually Solutions - 200 drop off. Florida has large conservation areas called preserves. Mangrove are essential for the survival of a large number of wildlife species but only cover 30% of Florida’s land area. Who controls the other 70%?
Mangrove Conservation Solutions - 300
Who are we?
Hawksbill Turtle, Eretmochelys imbricate • Critically endangered Mangrove essential habitat for older juveniles and adults
Mangrove Conservation Solutions - 300
This mangrove species has far-reaching roots that trap sand and sediments stabilizing and adding shoreline
Mangrove Conservation Solutions - 400
What is Red Mangrove
(w/stilt roots, prop roots, aerial roots)
MangroveConservation
Solutions
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400
Mangrove tree plant part with an adaptation that make them very carbon-rich
Aerial or stilt roots breathing roots or pneumatophores • Mangrove Conservation • Solutions - 500
What is Mangrove Roots
• World’s mangrove in decline (16% threatened from deforestation in the future) • Lost 30-50% by clearing in the past half century • Clearing them is responsible for about 10% of greenhouse gas emissions from forest de- forestation despite making Mangrove Conservation up only 0.7% of tropical forest areas. Solutions - 500
Thank You!