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The Experience of Shifting Standards for Women Athletes

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The Experience of Shifting Standards for Women Athletes THE EXPERIENCE OF SHIFTING STANDARDS FOR WOMEN ATHLETES: CONSEQUENCES OF STEREOTYPED FEEDBACK by Jill Marie Wagaman A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Applied Psychology MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana April 2009 ©COPYRIGHT by Jill Marie Wagaman 2009 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Jill Marie Wagaman This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citation, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the Division of Graduate Education. Dr. Jessi L. Smith Approved for the Department of Psychology Dr. Richard Block Approved for the Division of Graduate Education Dr. Carl A. Fox iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copying is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder. Jill Marie Wagaman April 2009 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1 Forms of Prejudice ..........................................................................................................1 Consequence of Prejudice ...............................................................................................4 Using Stereotypes to Inform Judgment Standards ..........................................................6 Measurement: Objective and Subject Judgments ....................................................7 Comparison Groups .................................................................................................8 Outcome of Evaluation ............................................................................................9 Contrast and Assimilation to Stereotypes..............................................................10 Shifting Standards Summary .................................................................................11 Responses to Prejudice..................................................................................................12 Patronizing Feedback.............................................................................................12 Stereotype Threat...................................................................................................13 What Variables Influence Stereotype Threat? .......................................................15 Stigma Consciousness...................................................................................16 Motivational Model for Stereotyped Tasks ...........................................................19 Domain Identification ...................................................................................20 Relationship between Interest, Perceived Competence and Self-Esteem..............22 State Self-Esteem...................................................................................................24 Differences among Shifting Standards, Stereotype Threat, and Patronizing Literature..........................................................................................................25 Shifting Standards in Athletics......................................................................................26 Project Overview...........................................................................................................28 2. STUDY 1: BRIDGER BOWL FIELD STUDY ............................................................30 Method...........................................................................................................................30 Participants and Design..........................................................................................30 Procedure ...............................................................................................................31 Shifting Standards Manipulation .....................................................................31 Dependent Measures........................................................................................32 Results ...........................................................................................................................32 Relationship between Variables.............................................................................33 Discussion .....................................................................................................................33 End Note........................................................................................................................35 3. STUDY 2: CONTROLLED LABORATORY STUDY................................................36 Method...........................................................................................................................36 Hypotheses ....................................................................................................................37 Hypotheses 1a & 1b: The Role of Gender Stereotype Activation.........................37 v TABLE OF CONTENTS – CONTINUED Type of Sport (1a)............................................................................................37 Stigma Consciousness (1b)..............................................................................37 Hypotheses 2a & 2b: Responses to Shifting Standards Feedback.........................38 Type of Sport (2a)............................................................................................38 Stigma Consciousness (2b)..............................................................................38 Hypotheses 3a & 3b: Responses to Positive Feedback..........................................39 Type of Sport (3a)............................................................................................39 Stigma Consciousness (3b)..............................................................................39 Hypotheses 4a & 4b: Responses to No Feedback..................................................40 Type of Sport (4a)............................................................................................40 Stigma Consciousness (4b)..............................................................................40 Hypothesis 5: Shifting Standards Effects on Self-Esteem.....................................40 Expected Relationship between Variables.............................................................41 Participants and Design.................................................................................................40 Procedure ...............................................................................................................42 Independent Variables ...........................................................................................44 Feedback Condition .........................................................................................44 Type of Sport ...................................................................................................45 Stigma Consciousness......................................................................................45 Dependent Variables..............................................................................................46 Performance .....................................................................................................46 Interest..............................................................................................................46 Future Motivation ............................................................................................46 State Self-Esteem.............................................................................................47 Achievement Goal Adoption ...........................................................................47 Exploratory Process Measure: Gender Stereotype Activation...............................47 Results and Discussion..................................................................................................48 Effects on Gender Stereotype Activation ..............................................................49 Type of Sport ...................................................................................................49 Stigma Consciousness......................................................................................49 Summary of Gender Stereotype Activation Results ........................................50 Effects on Performance..........................................................................................51 Type of Sport ...................................................................................................51 Stigma Consciousness......................................................................................51 Summary of Performance Results ...................................................................54 Effects on Immediate Interest ................................................................................55 Type of Sport ...................................................................................................55
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