Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Letras E Ciências Humanas Departamento De Letras Orientais Programa De Estudos Judaicos E Árabes Estudos Judaicos

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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Letras E Ciências Humanas Departamento De Letras Orientais Programa De Estudos Judaicos E Árabes Estudos Judaicos UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS ORIENTAIS PROGRAMA DE ESTUDOS JUDAICOS E ÁRABES ESTUDOS JUDAICOS DANIEL DOUEK Próximos e distantes: um estudo sobre as percepções e atitudes da comunidade judaica paulista em relação ao Estado de Israel (2006 – 2010) São Paulo 2012 DANIEL DOUEK Próximos e distantes: um estudo sobre as percepções e atitudes da comunidade judaica paulista em relação ao Estado de Israel (2006 – 2010) Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Letras Orientais. Área de Concentração: Cultura Judaica Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Marta F. Topel São Paulo 2012 Nome: DOUEK, Daniel Título: Próximos e distantes: um estudo sobre as percepções e atitudes da comunidade judaica paulista em relação ao Estado de Israel (2006 – 2010) Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Letras Orientais. Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora: Prof. Dr. _______________________Instituição: _______________________ Julgamento: ____________________ Assinatura: ______________________ Prof. Dr. _______________________Instituição: _______________________ Julgamento: ____________________ Assinatura: ______________________ Prof. Dr. _______________________Instituição: _______________________ Julgamento: ____________________ Assinatura: ______________________ AGRADECIMENTOS À Profa. Dra. Marta F. Topel, por toda a ajuda, aconselhamento, carinho e orientação segura, sem a qual a realização deste trabalho teria sido impossível. Ao Prof. Dr. Nachamn Falbel e ao Prof. Dr. Tullo Vigevani, que compuseram a banca de qualificação, pelas sugestões, críticas e comentários valiosos que contribuíram para a melhoria da dissertação. À equipe do Arquivo Histórico Judaico Brasileiro Lúcia Chermont, Eliane Klein, José Messias Ribeiro Santos, Theodora da C. F. Barbosa, Gabriela Munin e Arnaldo Lev, pelo apoio diário, durante vários meses, no desenvolvimento da pesquisa. À Clarissa Feder pela doação das edições da Tribuna Judaica que faltavam na coleção do AHJB. À Abraham Goldstein, Alberto Milkewitz, Ilan Sztulman, Jaime Spitzcovsky, Nilton Serson, por me receberem em suas casas, escritórios ou instituições para longas entrevistas. À Marcia Camargos, Ricardo Besen, Rosa Helena Roizen e Vivian Ninio pelos depoimentos importantes. À CAPES pela bolsa concedida. À equipe de A CASA museu do objeto brasileiro pela paciência ao longo do desenvolvimento deste trabalho e pela concessão do afastamento temporário quando foi necessário. Ao amigo Danny Abensur, por seu companheirismo, pelo interesse no trabalho e pelas observações perspicazes que sempre surgem durante nossas longas conversas e levam à descoberta de novos caminhos. À minha namorada, Renata, companhia de todas as horas, pela paciência, dedicação e amizade durante estes três longos anos, em que, sem perceber, transformou-se em pesquisadora, revisora e redatora. Aos meus pais, André e Paulette, e aos meus irmãos, Michelle e Gabriel, pelo incomensurável incentivo e apoio de toda ordem nessa trajetória, pela disposição na leitura do trabalho desde os primeiros esboços, pelos comentários, críticas, sugestões e, acima de tudo, por estarem sempre comigo. Je suis un juif espagnol Sou um judeu espanhol Je suis un grec arménien Sou um grego armênio Je suis un français créole qui devient Sou um francês crioulo Un étranger parisien Um estrangeiro parisiense Je suis un juif espagnol Sou um judeu espanhol Je suis un grec arménien Sou um grego armênio Je suis partout où les hommes ont besoin Estou em todos os lugares onde os homens precisam De parler à quelqu'un Falar com alguém Moi je suis un juif arabe, Eu sou um judeu árabe Je suis noir américain Sou um negro americano Je suis un fils de nomade ou d'indien Sou um filho de nômade ou de índio Qu'importe mon destin Seja qual for o meu destino Enrico Macias RESUMO DOUEK, D. Próximos e distantes: um estudo sobre as percepções e atitudes da comunidade judaica paulista em relação ao Estado de Israel (2006 – 2010). 2012. Dissertação (mestrado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2012. Contradizendo os pressupostos iniciais do sionismo, após pouco mais de 60 anos da fundação do Estado de Israel, a vida judaica na diáspora não findou, e foram desenvolvidos novos padrões de relacionamento entre as comunidades judaicas e o Estado de Israel. O presente trabalho analisa percepções e atitudes da comunidade judaica de São Paulo. Buscou-se verificar o modo como esta comunidade elabora, confere significado simbólico e prático e mantém o vínculo à distância com Israel por meio de suas principais instituições. Para isso, foram analisadas notícias, editoriais e artigos do jornal Tribuna Judaica ao logo de um período de cinco anos – de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2010. Também foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com dirigentes das entidades judaicas mais importantes e com representantes do Estado de Israel. Verificamos que os vínculos entre a comunidade judaica de São Paulo e o Estado de Israel são organizados e mantidos por um núcleo institucional relativamente pequeno, e reforçados por representantes do governo israelense que, periodicamente, visitam o Brasil. Para a comunidade judaica de São Paulo, viagens a Israel de curta ou longa duração também são importantes na aproximação com o país. Constatamos ainda que o vínculo com o Estado de Israel tornou-se parte indissociável da identidade da maioria dos judeus. Porém, verificamos que a percepção comunitária sobre o Estado de Israel é marcadamente idealizada, mítica, e anacrônica. Idealizada e mítica, pois está distante da realidade empírica apresentada em pesquisas desenvolvidas por historiadores, sociólogos, antropólogos, cientistas políticos e jornalistas daquele país. Anacrônico, pois a sociedade israelense é concebida como aquela de outrora, pré-quebra de consensos do sionismo hegemônico, formulado e cristalizado pelas elites ashkenazitas até a década de 1990. Disputas e conflitos internos, notadamente étnicos e religiosos, cada vez mais acirrados, são minimizados, assim como a herança dos judeus de origem oriental, de outros imigrantes judeus e não judeus e da população árabe nativa na formação da identidade israelense atual. Podemos destacar também que, apesar de o Brasil não apresentar tradição antissemita, o fato de grande parte dos membros da comunidade judaica brasileira atual serem refugiados ou descendentes de refugiados, isto é, marcados por memórias de perseguição e fuga no passado, como o é também a própria história judaica, faz com que o presente seja encarado com desconfiança e incerteza. O Estado de Israel é visto como um porto seguro contra o antissemitismo e, portanto, sua defesa nos fóruns políticos e diplomáticos locais adquire contornos de uma luta pela sobrevivência individual (de cada judeu) e coletiva (do povo judeu), não importando se os judeus estão na diáspora ou no Estado de Israel. Finalmente, percebemos que se, por um lado, a comunidade judaica possui laços fraternos com o Estado de Israel, por outro, não deixa de desenvolver sentimentos nacionalistas em relação ao Brasil ou de se integrar no sistema de poder local. Palavras chave: Comunidade religiosa, Judeus, Diáspora, Estado de Israel. ABSTRACT DOUEK, D. Near or far: a study on perceptions and attitudes of the Jewish community of São Paulo regarding the state is Israel. 2012. Dissertation (MA) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2012. Contradicting the initial assumptions of Zionism, after more than 60 years since the founding of the State of Israel, Jewish life in the Diaspora has not ended, and new patterns of relationship between the Jewish communities and the State of Israel has been developed. This study examines perceptions and attitudes of the Jewish community of São Paulo. We sought to ascertain how this community develops, provides practical and symbolic significance and keeps the long-distance bond with Israel through its main institutions. To achieve this aim, we analyzed news, editorials and articles of the newspaper Tribuna Judaica during a period of five years – from January 2006 to December 2010. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with leaders of major Jewish organizations and representatives of the State of Israel. We’ve found that the ties between the Jewish community of São Paulo and the State of Israel are organized and maintained by a relatively small institutional core, and reinforced by representatives of the Israeli government that periodically visit Brazil. For the Jewish community of São Paulo, short- or long-term trips to Israel are also important in approaching the country. We’ve also acknowledged that the bond with the State of Israel has become an integral part of the identity of most Jews. However, we noticed that the community perception of the State of Israel is remarkably idealized, mythical, and anachronistic. Idealized and mythical, as it is far from the reality presented in empirical research by historians, sociologists, anthropologists, political scientists and journalists from that country. Anachronistic, because Israeli society is conceived as that of yore, pre- breakdown of hegemonic Zionism consensus, which was crystallized and formulated by the Ashkenazi elites till the 1990s. Disputes and internal conflicts, especially ethnic and religious,
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