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A Cobalt.Bearing Sutfide Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 21, pp. 129-136(1983) A COBALT.BEARINGSUTFIDE - ARSENIDE ASSEMBTAGE FROM THE NORDMINE (FINNSHYTTEBERG),SWEDEN: A NEW OCCURRENCE OF CLINOSAFFLORITE E. A. J. BURKE AND M. A. ZAKRZEWSKI Institute of Earth sciences,Free (Jniversity,De Boelelaan 1085,l08l HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Ansrnecr folots-clds: clinosafflorite, thiospinelles, cattierite, min6raux de cobalt, analysesi la microsonde Three mineral assemblageshave been recognized 6lectronique,Bergslagen, Sudde. in the Nord mine, a small abandoned iron-ore deposit at the proterozoic western edge of the INtnopucnoN Bergslagen province in central Sweden. The arsenide- bearing assemblage (clinosafflorite, cobaltite. bis- In the course of regional metallogenic inves- muth, molybdenite and siegenite) and the magnetite- tigations carried out between 1975 and 1980 in bearing assemblage with pyrite, pyrrhotiie and chalcopyrite are regarded as the early phases of the the Hiillefors area, western Bergslagen, central mineralization. Later mobilization of Cobalt and its Sweden, our attention was drawn to the Nord reaction with the primary iron sulfides resulted in mine becauseof a remark of Magnusson (1929) the formation of a cobalt-bearing thiospinel-disul- about the occurrence there of economic quanti- fide assemblage with carrollite-linnaeiti, cattierite ties of native bismuth. In spite of a search of and cobaltian pyrite. The average composition of the dumps, native bismuth was found only as clinosafflorite, as determined by electron-microprobe microscopicinclusions in samplescontaining co- analysis is Co 27.4, Ni 0.7, Fe 0.4, As 70.4, S 0.4, balt minerals (Zakrzewski et al. 1980). These tota'l 99.3 trrt.V^o. Optically, clinosafflorite is very similar to safflorite; reflectance (nm, minerals include cobaltite. members of the %): 47t5, - 58.3*58.0; 546, 55.3-57.8; 589. 52.8-56.2: 650. carrollite linnaeite series, siegenite of unusual 48.7-53.2: its microhardness ZI{N1ro is in the range composition, members of the cattierite * cobal- 724-933. tian pyrite series,and the rare mineral clino- safflorite. Keywords: clinosafflorite, thiospinels; cattierite, gobalt minerals, electron-microprobe analysis, Bergslagen, Sweden. Grolocrcar SntnNc The Nord mine is a small iron deposit in SovrIvternp the Finnshytteberg ore field (Fig. 1), southern Nordmark district of the western Bergslagen - Trois assemblages min6ralogiques ont 6t6 iden- metallogenic province. The Finnshytteberg ore tifi6s I Ia mine Nord, petit gisement de fer aban- field is located in an isolated enclave (1500 X donn6, situ6 i I'extr6mit6 ouest de la province 700 m) of supracrustal rocks surrounded by the Prot6rozo-ique de Bergslagen dans la partie-centrale postorogenicFilipstad granite. The entire enclave de la Sudde. L'assfmblage clinosaffloriteo cobaltite, bismuth, molybd6nite, siegenite et l,assemblage is literallv covered with dumps from the iron magn6tite, pyrite, pyrrhotine, chalcopyrite sont mines: very few outcrops are present. The consid6r6s comme phases pr6coces de ia min6rati- general geology and the ore deposits of the sation. La mobilisation subs6quentedu cobalt et sa district have been studied by Magnusson (1929), r6action avec les sulfures de fer -thiospinelles_primaires ont and his views are summarizedhere. {9oll u" assemblage cobaltifbre b The supracrustal rocks are the oldest rocks disulfures avec carrollite-linnaeite, cattierite er of the area: thev consist of felsic metavolcanic pyrite cobaltifdre. La composition moyenne de la rocks of guartz-keratophyric to rhyolitic compo- clinosafflorite, d6termin6e i la microsonde 6lectro- sition (called leptite in Sweden) with intercala- nique, est: Co 27,4, Ni 0.7, Fe 0.4, As 70.4, S 0.4, pourcentage pond6ral total 99.3. I_a clinosafflorite tions of greenstone. limestone, skarn and iron est optiquement trbs semblable i la safflorite: r6flec_ ore. The present state of these metasedimentary 91*_-(1m, Vo): 470, 58.3-58.0; 546, 553-57.8; and metavolcanic rocks is the result of repeated 589, 52.8*56.2; 650, 48.7-5j.2; microduretE VHNno folding and metamorphism-related to the intru- entre 724 et 933. sion of granite bodies of several generations. t29 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-pdf/21/1/129/3435109/129.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 130 THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST Frc. 1. Location of the Bergslagen province and geological map of tle Filipstad area, simplified after Magnusson (1925)' (l) postorogenrc g.uiit., (2) late-orogenic palingenetiC granite, (3) synorogenic granite' (7) limestone and Ia) -"iuriui.entary-rocks,- (5) greenstone, (6) leptite, dolomite. in the According to Magnusson (1929), the oldest (Fig. 1). As the association of elements identical, it synorogenic granite gave rise to the occurrence iqoiArnart< and Nord mines is mineraliza- of magnetite and garnet-pyroxene skarns, to the should also be possible to relate the gran- so-called'omagnesia-metasomaticprocess", which tion of the Nord mine to this palingenetic body formed a number of Mg-rich minerals, and to ite. However, the distance to the nearest such an assumption the "invasion" of the sulfides chalcopyrite, ga- of this granite, 6 km, makes ore field; the lena, pyrite, pyrrhotite and sphalerite. This dubiousl In the Finnshytteberg age synorogeniq granite is exposed 1.5 km east of postorogenic Filipstad granite of Gothian 1977'tcaused th9 the Nord mine @ig. 1). The younger late- tteSS Mu: Welin et al. $tgt- to hornblende- orogenic palingenetic granite (1841 Ma: Oen tion of garnet-pyroxene skarn and cum- et al, 1982) is, in Magnusson'sview, the cause epidote skarn and of anthophyllite formation of of formation of more skarn minerals and of the mingtonite to hypersthene; the scap- strlfide mineralization in the Nordmark mine grosiular-hedenbergite-wollastonite skarn, Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-pdf/21/1/129/3435109/129.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 CO-BEARING SULFIDE _ ARSENIDE ASSEMBLAGE. SWEDEN 131 'I}IE olite, brucine-spotted limestone, spinel and TABLE1. MI}IEMLASSEMBLAGES OF NORDMINE mica is also related to this granite (Magnusson 1970). ARSENIDE-SULFIDE Magnetlte Fe304 Clinosafflorite OccunnrNcr CoAs2 EARLY ChalcopyriteCuFesz Cobaltlte CoAss Pyr.ite FeS2 Slegenite (Co,Ni)3S4 The Nord mine is located near the contact Pymhotit€ Fe1_xs Bisnuth Bl between the supracrustal rocks and the Gothian Molybdenite l.tos2 granite. Intrusion of the granite divided the THIOSPINEL-DISULFlDE original orebody into several smaller masses Carrollite (Fig. 2); originally the body was CuCoZS4 lenticular, with Cattlerite CoSz a length of 50 m and a width of up to 12 m; LAIE Cobaltlan pyrite (Fe,Co)Sz mine workings reached a depth of 80 m (fegen- Linnaeite Co3S4 gren l9l2). The mine was closed becauseof Marcasite FeS2 technical problems in 1892 atter 12 years of (Hematite) Fe203 production that yielded (together with several (Magnetite) Fe304 smaller mines of the ore field) 65,000 tonnes of iron ore containing 52-54 wt.Vo Fe. Mag- (1929) nusson mentionedthat somebismuth was clues either, but enablesa reconstructionof the found in 1890 and that the ore produced at spatial relation with regardto the iron ores.Our that time graduallybecame more sulfide-bearing. conclusion is that two primary assemblages The dumps were reworked in 1897 (fegengren (magnetite-sulfideand arsenide-sulfide)reacted 1912);at presentthey contain only about 5,000 to form the later thiospinel-disulfideassemblage tonnes of rock. The material on the dumps (Table l). consistsof dark greenhornblende-epidote skarn, magnetite and granite. Sulfides, mainly pyrite M agnetit e-sulf id e asse m bl age pyrrhotite, and are rare, and only a few blocks Magnetite constitutes,on average,75 vol. % containing cobalt minerals have been found. of the iron ores, the remainder being the skarn minerals clinopyroxene, chlorite, feldspar and MrNEner-AssrMurecrs eNo garnet. Magnetite forms equidimensionalgrains TEXTURALRnlerrous np to 1.5 mm in diameter. Locally it contains disklike exsolutionbodies of spinel and blebsof The descriptionsof the Nord mine by Tegen- pyrrhotite and pyrite (Fig. 3). Nests up to l0 cm gren (1912) and Magnusson(1929) shed no light in diameter in the iron ores contain up to 30 on the location of the cobalt mineralizationin vol. Vo sulfides and only l0 vol. Vo magnetite the mine. A study of dump material providesno disseminated in dark-colored clinopyroxene TEBERGE& + + w E ELD ++++++\iA++d Nord mine ++++++ I+Fr h{Rlz +++++++ ffie mine* +++ FIrTIila +++ FLW*.'ffis .6 +++ + + Frc. 2. Geological map of the Finnshytteberg field and cross section through the Nord mine (after Magnusson 1929). (l) postorogenic granite. (2) skarn, (3) greenstone, (4) leptite, (5) iron ore, (6) mine. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-pdf/21/1/129/3435109/129.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 r32 THE CANADIAN MINERALOCIST Frc. 3. pyrrhotite (Po) and pyrite (Py) enclosed in magnetite (Mt) with exsolved spinel (Spn). Pyrite in the upper part is secondaryafter pyrrhotite. Frc. 4. Two textural varietiesof carrollite. Grain Car 8, in contact with chalcopyrite (Cp)- and-secondary marcasite (Mc), correspondsto composition 8 in Table 3, The porous Car 9 (conrposition9, Table 3) has been formed from Pyrrhotite. Fro. 5. Cobaltian pyrite (Co-Py) developed on pyrite (Py) along grain borders and cracks. The darker zones are richer in cobalt. Frc. 6. X-ray scanningphotograph for Co of mosaicJike pyrite - cobaltian pyrite intelgrowths similar to those of marcasite-pyrite.
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