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9 Uveitis and Ocular Inflammation: Updated Index 2019–2020 BCSC Basic and Clinical Science Course™ Editorial Committee H. Nida Sen, MD, MHSc, Chair Thomas A. Albini, MD Bryn M. Burkholder, MD Sam S. Dahr, MD, MS Emilio M. Dodds, MD Thellea K. Leveque, MD, MPH Wendy M. Smith, MD Daniel V. Vasconcelos-Santos, MD, PhD Note: This index updates pp. 361–383 of Section 9 and is also available online at www.aao.org/bcscindex_s09. Index (f = figure; t = table) Abatacept, for uveitis, 112 Adaptive immune response/adaptive immunity Accessory molecules, helper T cell expression of, 31 conjunctiva and, 53 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. See AIDS definition of, 1 Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, 228 effector responses of Actinomycetes, infectious scleritis caused by, 119f antibody- dependent cellular cytotoxicity, 47–48 Activated neutrophils, 10 antibody- mediated, 39f, 39–42, 40t Acute anterior uveitis. See Anterior uveitis, acute lymphocyte- mediated, 42–46, 43f, 44t Acute macular neuroretinopathy, multiple evanescent natu ral killer cells in, 46 white dot syndrome and, 189 types of, 38t Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment innate immune response versus, 27 epitheliopathy (APMPPE) mechanisms of, 36, 36f, 38 ce re bral vasculitis and, 170 purpose of, 27–28 characteristics of, 162–164t subclinical presence of, 6 definition of, 169 Adaptive T regulatory cells, 34 diagnosis of, 170–172, 171–172f Adeno- associated virus, 58 fluorescein angiography findings in, 163t, 170, Adenovirus, 272 171f Adult T- cell leukemia/lymphoma, 265, 266f fundus autofluorescence findings in, 163t, 171, Aedes aegypti, 267 172f Afferent lymphatic channels. See Lymphatics indocyanine green angiography findings in, 163t, Afferent phase, of immune response arc, 29f, 29–30 170–171, 171f AIDS. See also HIV manifestations of, 170, 170f bacillary angiomatosis of, 240 medical management of, 93 bacterial keratitis in, 334 optical coherence tomography findings in, 164t, CD4+ T cells in, 327 171, 172f Cryptococcus neoformans choroiditis in, 333 posterior uveitis in, 169–174, 170–173f cytomegalovirus retinitis in, 256, 328–329 prognosis for, 172–173 external eye manifestations of, 333–334 relentless placoid chorioretinitis, 173f, 173–174 herpes zoster and, 334 ret i nal pigment epithelium involvement by, 171 immune recovery uveitis in, 329 serpiginous choroiditis versus, 171 Kaposi sarcoma associated with, 333, 333f systemic conditions associated with, 169–170 molluscum contagiosum associated with, 334 vision loss risk factors in, 172–173 necrotizing herpetic retinitis in, 330, 330f Acute ret i nal necrosis, 250, 251–252f, 324, 330 ocular toxoplasmosis in, 281–282, 282f Acute ret i nal pigment epitheliitis (ARPE), 162–164t, ophthalmic manifestations of, 327–333, 328f, 189f, 189–190 330f, 332f Acute syphilitic retinitis, 222, 224f opportunistic infections in, 328 Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) pathophysiology of, 327 characteristics of, 162–164t Pneumocystis jirovecii choroiditis in, 332, 332f course of, 191–192 toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in, 330f, 330–331 definition of, 190 Albendazole differential diagnosis of, 191–192 for diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis, 288 fluorescein angiography findings in, 163t, 191 for visceral toxocariasis, 284 fundus autofluorescence findings in, 163t, 191, 192f Alkylating agents optical coherence tomography findings in, 164t, for Behçet disease, 217–218 191, 191f for uveitis, 109–110 ret i nal pigment epithelium findings in, 190, 190f Allelic diversity, in human leukocyte antigens, 63 visual acuity in, 191 Allergic conjunctivitis, 2 white dot syndromes versus, 192 Allergic immune reactions, 2 Acyclovir Alpha chemokines, 23t for herpes simplex virus, 249 Altered self, 30 for varicella- zoster virus, 252 Alternative pathway activation, of complement, 17, 18f Adalimumab Alveolar macrophages, 3 for Behçet disease, 216, 218 American Uveitis Society, 250, 250t for uveitis Amoxicillin, for Lyme disease, 231t description of, 110–111 Amphotericin B, for Candida fungal postoperative intermediate uveitis, 150 endophthalmitis, 298–299 sarcoidosis- associated uveitis, 199 Anaphylatoxins, 18 treatment studies of, 100–101t Ancylostoma caninum, 287 Angle- closure glaucoma, secondary, 318 Busacca nodules in, 78, 80f Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) characteristics of, 70 acute anterior uveitis in, 130f, 131–132 chronic human leukocyte antigen haplotype association diagnostic criteria for, 141 with, 64 in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 141–145 laboratory tests for, 125t in pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, 138f nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs for, 132 cytomegalovirus- related, 248–249, 257 treatment of, 132 differential diagnosis of, 129 Anterior chamber epidemiology of, 129 immunization in, 56 evaluation of, 71–72t immunologic microenvironment of, 52t, 55–56 fibrin in, 19 immunoregulatory systems of, 55–57 granulomatous, 277 shallowing of, 318 HLA- B27– associated Anterior chamber paracentesis ankylosing spondylitis, 130f, 131–132 in bacterial endogenous endophthalmitis, 295 clinical pre sen ta tion of, 130, 130f technique for, 92 description of, 64, 65t in uveitis, 90–92 inflammatory bowel syndrome, 133 Anterior chamber- associated immune deviation pattern of, 130 (ACAID), 56–57, 59 psoriatic arthritis, 133, 134f Anterior scleritis reactive arthritis syndrome, 132–133, 133f diffuse, 116, 118 incidence of, 129 nodular, 116, 118–119, 119f inflammatory cells in, 77, 79f subtype of, 116t interstitial keratitis and, 220 Anterior segment intraocular pressure in, 80–81, 317 Lyme disease- related inflammation of, corticosteroids iris nodules in, 77–78, 80, 80f for, 230 keratic precipitates in, 77–78, 79f sympathetic ophthalmia findings in, 200 posterior synechiae in, 77, 80f syphilis findings in, 221–222 prevalence of, 68 ultrasound biomicroscopy of, 89 in sarcoidosis, 195–196 Anterior synechiae, 318 signs of, 77–81, 79–80f Anterior uvea sudden- onset, 71t, 76 B cells in, 56 symptoms of, 76, 77t immunologic microenvironment of, 52t undifferentiated, 146–147 metastasis to, 309 Antibodies. See also Immunoglobulin(s) T cells in, 56 anti- idiotypic, 41 Anterior uveitis aqueous humor production of, 91 acute in chronic inflammation, 42 in ankylosing spondylitis, 130f, 131–132 classes of, 39 antimetabolites for, 130 domains of, 39 characteristics of, 64, 65t, 79f, 130–131 Fab region of, 39 chorioret i nal scars with, 135f Fc portion of, 39 corticosteroids for, 130 hypervariable region of, 39 cycloplegics for, 131 idiotopes of, 41 drug- induced, 139–140f, 139–141 local production of, 41–42 fibrinous exudate in, 130, 130f monoclonal in glaucomatocyclitic crisis, 135–136 description of, 41 herpes simplex virus as cause of, 247–250 recombinant, 41 HLA- B27 diseases associated with. See Anterior plasma cell production of, 37 uveitis, HLA- B27– associated structural features of, 39, 39f, 40t hypopyon in, 130, 131f, 214f Antibody Fc receptors, 12 in infectious endophthalmitis, 137 Antibody- dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), in inflammatory bowel disease, 133 47–48 intraocular lens- associated, 137–139, 138f Antifungals lens- associated uveitis, 136f, 136–137 for Candida fungal postoperative endophthalmitis, in psoriatic arthritis, 133, 134f 298 in reactive arthritis syndrome, 132–133 for chronic fungal postoperative endophthalmitis, seronegative spondyloarthropathies associated 293 with, 131–134, 133–134f Antigen in tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis definition of, 27 syndrome, 134–135, 135f immune privilege with, 56 tumor necrosis factor- inhibitors for, 131 immune pro cessing of, 30, 33f aqueous flare in, 77, 79f Antigenic epitopes, 27, 41 in Behçet disease, 214 Antigenic epitopic fragments, 30 Antigen- presenting cells (APCs) in birdshot chorioretinopathy, 163t, 166, 167f class I- dependent, 31f in multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis syndrome, class II- dependent, 30, 32f 163t, 179, 180f 186–187f in conjunctiva, 53 in multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, 163t, corneal lack of, 54 186f definition of, 29–30 in punctate inner choroiditis, 163t human leukocyte antigen type and, 63 in serpiginous choroiditis, 163t, 176f in immune response arc, 29–30 in subret i nal fibrosis and uveitis syndrome, 163t interleukin-12 production by, 35 in uveitis evaluations, 89 macrophages as, 14 Autoimmune regulator– deficient mice, 62 monocytes as, 3 Autoimmune retinopathy, 192–193 in phagocytosis, 30, 32f Azathioprine Antiglaucoma medi cations, anterior uveitis caused for Behçet disease, 217 by, 141 for uveitis, 106–107 Anti- idiotypic antibodies, 41 AZOOR complex of diseases, 192 Antimetabolites for acute anterior uveitis, 130 B cells for uveitis, 106–108 activation of, 35 Antinuclear antibody testing in anterior uvea, 56 in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 159 antigen receptors of, 35 in systemic lupus erythematosus, 156 clonal expansion of, 37 Antiretroviral therapy, for cytomegalovirus retinitis, clonality of, 41, 306 256 Fab fragment of, 41 Anti- vascular endothelial growth factor, 274 homing of, 38 Apoptosis infiltration of, 41–42 cytotoxic T cell inducement of, 46 in multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis syndrome, Fas ligand inducement of, 57 179 Aqueous drainage, for uveitic glaucoma, 320 in posterior segment, 57 Aqueous flare, in anterior uveitis, 77, 79f priming of, 30 Aqueous fluid polymerase chain reaction testing, in in resting state, 37 uveitis evaluations, 90–91 tissue infiltration of, 41–42 Aqueous humor tuberculosis response by, 28 antibody production in, 91 B lymphocytes. 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