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Home , Rings of Neptune

Study Points • List the order of the . List the terrestrial planets. List the Jovian planets. • Describe one method that astronomers use to measure the age of a surface of a or . • What is the age of our ? • Know the diameter size comparison of our Moon to , Earth to , Jupiter to , and Earth to Sun. About how many of each object fit across the diameter of the compared object? • List four similarities among the terrestrial planets. • List four similarities among the Jovian planets. • List four ways Jovian planets differ from terrestrial planets. Tour of the Planets

Terrestrial vs Jovian planets Order of Planets*

• My • • Very • • Excellent • Earth • Mother • • Just • Jupiter • Showed • • Us • • • Neptune Planet Rotation Period Revolution Period

Mercury 59 days 88 days

Venus 243 days 225 days

Earth 1 day/24 hours 365.26 days

Mars ~1 day/24.6 hours ~2 years

Jupiter 0.41 days/10 hours 12 years

Saturn 0.45 days/11 hours 29 years

Uranus 0.72 days/17 hours 84 years

Neptune 0.67 days/16 hours 165 years

Pluto 6 days 249 years

You do not need to know these numbers. They are only provided for comparisons. 4 Inner, Terrestrial Planets* Earth-like*

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Which planet looks like our Moon? Mercury • Closest to Sun • Rocky • Many craters • Very hot • Water ice

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mercury Mercury

Mercury

Moon

Earth Crater counts – Give age of surface*

Few craters Many craters (Mercury) ( – Jupiter Moon) → old surface → young surface Sun & Solar System are about 4.6 Billion Years Old (Know about 5 Billions Years*) Note: Some objects are younger Water ice on Mercury

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/multimedia/PressConf20121126_2.html Which planet is the hottest? Venus • 2nd from Sun • Hottest planet – About 900oF • Greenhouse Effect – Thick clouds

– CO2 & N2 atmosphere • Clockwise Rotation

NASA and http://www.astrosurf.com/nunes/explor/explor_m10.htm Venus in different wavelengths Visible UV

From Russian Venera spacecraft Visible https://www.space.com/18551-venera-13.html

Watch: Future possible NASA mission to Venus https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jfH7kK61OU

Radio

Radio From NASA Magellan spacecraft

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov//planets/profile.cfm?Object=Venus Which is the only planet known to support life? Earth • 3rd from Sun • Ocean planet – More than half covered by water • Cloudy atmosphere

– Mostly N2 & O2 • : 1

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov//planets/ How many people have walked on the Moon? 12 Earth’s Moon: The Moon

• Many craters • Thin atmosphere • 1969-1972 astronauts landed on the moon • 12 men walked on the moon over 6 Apollo missions

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov//planets/ Earth’s Moon

Chinese Yutu 1 & 2 Rovers 2013-16 & 2019-20 http://www.space.com/33681-china-moon-rover-yutu-dead.html Water Ice at the Moon’s Poles (shown in blue) NASA’s Artemis Program & Returning to the Moon 2021-2024+ • Watch: NASA’s We are going (3:47) • For further viewing: NASA’s How we are going to the Moon (5:31) Which is the only planet to have a rover on its surface? Mars

• 4th from Sun • Thin atmosphere

– CO2, N2, Ar • Colder, rocky • Water ice • Largest volcano • 4 US Rovers • Moons: 2 - &

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov//planets/ Mars ½ Earth’s size Mars Mariner Valley Mars

Olympus Mons

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/ http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/ 23/Olympus_mons_vergleich_en.svg atlas/olympus-mons.html Mars Dust Storms

Watch video: 568 (left) • http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~lemmon/mer_dd.html Mars Dust Art

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap091021.html Mars

Northern Hemisphere: Flat Lowlands (Ancient Ocean?)

Southern Hemisphere: Rocky Highlands Mars Phoenix Lander 2008

Water Ice

New Discovery – Ice at the Equator https://www.universetoday.com/137356/old -mars-odyssey-data-indicates-presence- ice-around-martian-equator/ Mars Opportunity Rover (2004) Curiosity Rover (2012)

Watch: 7 Minutes of Terror (Amazing landing of Mars Curiosity) http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/details.php?id=1090 Opportunity last heard from on June 2018 NASA Mars Designed for 90 days and lasted 15 years! Rover Mars Insight Lander (2018) July 2020 launch

Insight Detected Earthquakes Drilling & Sample Return Plans Humans to Mars

→ 2032 http://www.mars-one.com/

Watch: http://www.spacex.com/mars SpaceX – lands with propulsion NASA Space Launch System http://www.nasa.g ov/exploration/sys tems/sls/

Watch: Launch & Landing by SpaceX Nov. 2019 UAE plan for 600,000 people on Mars by 2117 (satellite video) Watch:http://www.universetoday.com/133533/united-arab- emirates-plan-colonize-mars-600000-people-100-years/ Lockheed Martin & NASA Plans 4 Outer, Jovian Planets* Gas Giants, Jupiter-Like*

Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune What is the largest of our planets? Jupiter • 5th from Sun • Mostly gas & liquid • Faint rings • Huge magnetic field • Moons: 79+ – All rock & ice – Io, , – Ganymede,

~10 or ~100 fit across the Sun*

~10 Earths fit across Jupiter & ~4 Moons fit across Earth* Jupiter – Great Red Spot

Cloud rotation (1970’s) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHwkdcppsuo Hubble 4K View (2015) http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/hubble-s- planetary-portrait-captures-new-changes-in-jupiter-s-great-red-spot Watch Beautiful Jupiter (2017) http://www.universetoday.com/133333/91- astronomers-combine-1000-images-one-amazing-journey-jupiter/ (scroll down for video) http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/im agegallery/image_feature_539.html Jupiter’s Moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto (4 )

Ganymede Largest moon Jupiter – Io

Most volcanic activity in solar system Sulfur Plumes http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gallery/index.cfm http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap970818.html Jupiter – Io

Above: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/nh-5frame.gif https://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/io-volcanoes-displaced.html Jupiter – Europa

Carbon enriched water oceans below ice Thin oxygen atmosphere http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960806.html http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap980102.html http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/images/topTen01.html Jupiter Has Rings!

• http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/images/topTen10.html Jupiter – Huge Magnetic Field

• http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/magnetic.html Saturn

• 6th from Sun • 2nd largest • Mostly gas • Rings of rock & ice • Moons: 82+ – , Phoebe Watch at Home: video of new https://youtu.be/0dNH-odX4qE (3:59) Saturn

• Summary of Cassini Spacecraft – Ended Sep. 15, 2017 – Watch: https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand- finale/overview/ • Watch this video at home – http://io9.com/5777938/incredible-film-of-a- trip-to-saturn-made-entirely-from- photographs-taken-by-the-cassini-spacecraft

Saturn – Orbiting moons and rings (play video) http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/archive/PIA06084.gif Saturn moon changing rings Saturn Moon – Hyperion http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap051003.html Saturn Moon – Titan

Cassini Huygens Probe Watch NASA video 2017 https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLTiv _XWHnOZpKPaDTVy36z0U8GxoiIkZa&v= msiLWxDayuA Artist Creation http://www.spaceanswers.com/solar-system/five-mind-blowing-facts-about--moon-titan/ http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100420.html http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130729.html Saturn Moon –

Water Ice Plumes

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120208.html Uranus • 7th from Sun • Atmosphere • – Water, Methane, Ammonia • Faint rings • Tilted on side • Clockwise rotation • Moons: 27 Large magnetic Uranus field that is Magnetic tilted to North Pole rotation axis

Rotational North Pole Rings Uranus Moon – Miranda Neptune

• 8th from Sun • Atmosphere • Ice Giant • Cold, stormy • Windiest • Faint rings • Moons: 13 Neptune Rings

From https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/614/rings-of-neptune/ Neptune Moon - Comparative Environments

Terrestrial “Earth-like” Jovian “Jupiter-like” Think “Saturn-like” Terrestrial* Jovian* Just looking… Just looking… Small Large Close to Sun (warm) Far from Sun (cold) Rings Big storms, turbulent atmosphere, belt rotation **KNOW THIS** Terrestrial* Jovian* “Earth-like” “Jupiter-like” • Small, less massive • Large, massive • Close to Sun (warm) • Far from Sun (cold) • Rings • Big storms, turbulent atmosphere, belt rotation

• Heavy elements • Hydrogen rich (light elements) • High density • Low density • Solid Surfaces • Gas and Liquid • Cratered • Few moons • Many moons • Thin atmospheres • Thick atmospheres • Weak magnetic fields • Large magnetic fields (some tilted) • Slow rotation • Fast rotation • Fast revolution (Kepler) • Slower revolution Homework & Observations • Continue answering STUDY POINTS (flashcards) • D2L Quizzes 5 & 6 open. Quizzes 5-8 for Test 2 • Observations: ❑ Moon Phases Due Thur. Mar. 5 (10 points) Observe 4 phases & record in table ❑ Stargazing (SG) Due May 12 (20 points) Go stargazing & write report ❑ Telescope (Tel) Due May 12 (20 points) Look through a telescope ❑ Moon Craters (MC) Due May 12 (10 points) Look at moon craters • Lab this week on Dimensional Analysis & Significant Figures • Come to your registered lab time this week. Don’t miss lab. Helpful for the Lab Quiz in 2 weeks. • Tutor Oskar in T3200 Mon, Wed, Fri – class website has hours • Test 2, Tuesday, March 24 • 40 multiple choice questions • 20 points for Planets Writing Assignment – print & bring to test • Study by answering Study Points and doing D2L quizzes • Happy Spring Break next week (no classes) – work on your writing assignment