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Redalyc.FORMATION, MORPHOLOGY AND Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química ISSN: 1665-2738 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa México Garcia-Reyes, M.; Beltran-Hernandez, R.I.; Vázquez-Rodrguez, G.A.; Coronel-Olivares, C.; Medina-Moreno, S.A.; Juarez-Santillan, L.F.; Lucho-Constantino, C.A. FORMATION, MORPHOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OFFILAMENTOUS FUNGAL PELLETS: A REVIEW Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, vol. 16, núm. 3, 2017, pp. 703-720 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=62053304002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Vol. 16, No. 3 (2017) 703-720 Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química CONTENIDO FORMATION, MORPHOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF VolumenFILAMENTOUS 8, número 3, 2009 FUNGAL / Volume 8, PELLETS: number 3, 2009 A REVIEW FORMACI ON,´ MORFOLOGIA´ Y APLICACIONES BIOTECNOLOGICAS´ DE ´ ´ GR213 DerivationANULOS and application DE HONGOS of the Stefan-Maxwell FILAMENTOSOS: equations REVISION M. Garc´ıa-Reyes1;2, R.I. Beltran-Hern´ andez´ 2, G.A. Vazquez-Rodr´ ´ıguez2, C. Coronel-Olivares2, S.A. (DesarrolloMedina-Moreno y aplicación1, L.F. de las Ju ecuacionesarez-Santill´ de an´Stefan-Maxwell)2, C.A. Lucho-Constantino 2* 1 Universidad Polit´ecnicade Stephen Pachuca, Whitaker Programa de Ingenier´ıaen Biotecnolog´ıa.Ex-Hacienda de Santa B´arbara, Carretera Pachuca-Cd. Sahag´unkm. 20. CP. 43830. Zempoala, Hgo. M´exico. 2Universidad Aut´onomadel Estado de Hidalgo, Centro de Investigaciones Qu´ımicas.Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km. 4.5, Biotecnología / BiotechnologyCd. Universitaria. CP. 42184. Pachuca, Hgo., M´exico. Received March 9, 2017; Accepted April 28, 2017 245 Modelado de la biodegradación en biorreactores de lodos de hidrocarburos totales del petróleo Abstract intemperizados en suelos y sedimentos Bioprocesses with fungal biomass have been the subject of a growing interest in biotechnology industry because they represent a rich source of enzymes, (Biodegradation antibiotics, vitamins, modeling andof sludge complex bioreactors metabolites, of total which petroleum have hydrocarbons a great potential weathering forpharmaceutical, in soil agricultural, and environmentaland sediments) applications, among others. Filamentous fungi have different growth patterns (as mycelia, clumps, and pellets) in industrial processes.S.A. Medina-Moreno, Therefore, S. the Huerta-Ochoa, study of the morphologyC.A. Lucho-Constantino, presented by L. this Aguilera-Vázquez, group of organisms A. Jiménez- is necessary to establish the conditions ofGonzález production y M. of Gutiérrez-Rojas new products or to improve the existing processes, even at the laboratory scale. Among the various forms of fungal growth, the formation of pellets represents many advantages in bioprocesses, and thus it is interesting 259 Crecimiento, sobrevivencia y adaptación de Bifidobacterium infantis a condiciones ácidas to determine the factors that induce it. This manuscript describes the state of the art of fungal pellets, provides information on conditions of both inoculation (Growth, and survival incubation and adaptation that favor of the Bifidobacterium formation of infantis pellets atto acidic laboratory conditions) scale, as well as the advantages, applications and perspectivesL. Mayorga-Reyes, that pellets have P. inBustamante-Camilo, the field of biotechnology. A. Gutiérrez-Nava, E. Barranco-Florido y A. Azaola- Keywords: fungal biomass, bioprocess, metabolites, hairy region, filamentus fungi. Espinosa Resumen 265 Statistical approach to optimization of ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Los bioprocesos con biomasa fungica´ han sido objeto de un creciente interes´ en la industria biotecnologica,´ ya que representan una rica fuente de enzimas,presence antibi ofoticos,´ Valfor® vitaminas zeolite NaA y metabolitos complejos, que tienen un gran potencial para aplicaciones farmaceuticas,´ agr´ıcolas y ambientales, entre otras. Los hongos filamentosos tienen diferentes patrones de crecimiento (como (Optimización estadística de la fermentación etanólica de Saccharomyces cerevisiae en presencia de micelios, grumos y granulos)´ en los procesos industriales. Por lo tanto, el estudio de la morfolog´ıa presentada por este grupo de organismos es importantezeolita para Valfor® establecer zeolite las NaA) condiciones de produccion´ de nuevos productos o para mejorar los procesos existentes, incluso a escalaG. de Inei-Shizukawa, laboratorio. Entre H. A. lasVelasco-Bedrán, diversas formas G. F. de Gutiérrez-López crecimiento fungico,´ and H. laHernández-Sánchez formacion´ de granulos´ representa una serie de ventajas en los bioprocesos, por lo que es necesario conocer mas´ acerca de los factores que la inducen. Este art´ıculo describe el estado delIngeniería arte de los de gr procesosanulos´ f/ungicos,´ Process engineering proporciona informacion´ sobre las condiciones de inoculacion´ e incubacion´ que favorecen su formacion´ a escala de laboratorio, as´ı como las ventajas, aplicaciones y perspectivas que tienen los granulos´ en 271 Localización de una planta industrial: Revisión crítica y adecuación de los criterios empleados en el campo de la biotecnolog´ıa. Palabras clave: biomasa festaungica,´ decisión bioprocesos, metabolitos, region´ de hifas, hongos filamentosos. (Plant site selection: Critical review and adequation criteria used in this decision) J.R. Medina, R.L. Romero y G.A. Pérez 1 Introduction Meyer, 2008). This term designates the group of species that produces filaments in the form of hyphae, which is more common for the Fungi kingdom. The term is also used in contrast to yeasts, which Biotechnology of fungi has allowed the industrial are essentially unicellular fungi with the ability to exploitation of their intrinsic biochemical activities. reproduce repeatedly (Evans, 1988). The most attractive group for biotechnological processes are the so-called filamentous fungi or Filamentous fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotic molds, which impact our lives in many ways (Torres- microorganisms that depend on external sources of Barajas and Aguilar-Osorio, 2013; Ward, 2012; carbon and can reproduce sexually or asexually * Corresponding author. E-mail: : [email protected] Tel: (52)-77-17-17-20-00, Fax: (52) 77-17-17-20-00. Publicado por la Academia Mexicana de Investigacion´ y Docencia en Ingenier´ıa Qu´ımica A.C. 703 Garc´ıa-Reyes et al./ Revista Mexicana deIngenier ´ıaQu ´ımica Vol. 16, No. 3 (2017) 703-720 (Piepenbring et al., 2015). The mycelium is composed The bacterial biomass has filaments too. However, of hyphae, which are the basic units of filamentous concerning the mechanism of cell growth, these fungi with a strong cell wall (Steinberg, 2007). This two groups show large differences. Eukaryotic fungi cell wall is composed of polysaccharides (chitin are organisms that present a complex morphology and β-glucan) and glycoproteins that determine the with cell organelles and a cytoskeleton directly fibrillar structure of the wall (Preechasuth et al., 2015; linked to growth, whereas filamentous bacteria or Serrano-Carreon´ et al., 2015). Actinobacteria do not have such a cellular organization (Driouch et al., 2010). The growth of the hypha takes place in the apical In spite of these differences, the two groups region. When a new limb is formed, it grows to a show similarities in their morphology, growth patterns, determined length and a septum with a nucleus is growth forms, and kinetic growth of hyphae and created in the posterior part to the tip. These septa are mycelia in both solid and liquid media. Yet, fungal invaginations of the cellular wall that limit the plasma biomass presents a number of advantages over bacteria membrane and contain a central pore of 50-500 nm from the industrial point of view, namely, the larger that allows the transmission of cytosol and organelles number of enzymes produced, the removal of complex as in Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (Voisey, 2010; contaminants of both organic and inorganic origin, Patnaik, 2000). The result of the apical extension is the their endurance to fluctuations in pollutant loads, formation of non-propagating cells, which eventually and their resistance to low pH and nutrient levels produce vacuoles. These, in turn, grow as a function (Espinosa-Ortiz et al., 2016; Moreira et al., 2003). of their distance to the apical region (Figure 1). Since the mycelial region is complex and multicellular, the age distribution of the cells is extensive compared with 2 Morphologies of filamentous the unicellular microorganisms. In turn, the growth of hyphae allows the fungus to explore a wide area fungi in search of nutrients (Sietsma and Wessels, 2006). Therefore, hyphae may exist in several physiological states. Their structure and characteristics may be The morphology of fungal biomass in liquid cultures different for each group, such as apical growth cells, has been established as an important parameter in regions with vacuoles, and lysed cells, the last being bioprocesses. In the growth of filamentous fungi, metabolically inactive (Serrano-Carreon´ et al., 2015). diverse forms can be recognized. The common pattern of growth of the filamentous fungi is from a hypha that forms a criss-cross network, which we refer to as mycelium. Finally, the
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