DOCSLIB.ORG

Pectinases of Aspergillus Niger

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pectinases of Aspergillus Niger PECTINASES OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER: A Molecular And Biochemical Characterisation Propositions / Stellingen 1. The class of pectinases called 'polymethylgalacturonases' does exist. (Whitaker, J. R. (1991) Microbial pectolytic enzymes. In Microbial Enzymes and Biotechnology (eds. Fogarty, W. M. and Kelly, C. T.) Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York. pp. 133-175. This thesis.) 2. It is necessary to apply a 'global view' approach with respect to pectinase gene regulation in order to reveal the mechanism. (This thesis.) 3. Classic and modern fungal taxonomy approaches should get united - it would be profitable for both of them. (This thesis.) 4. The production of enzymes, which expression is driven by a promoter of 1,4-β- endoxylanase A gene of Aspergillus awamori, can be further optimised in fermentors by varying the inducer (D-xylose) concentration. (Gouka, R.J. et al. (1996) An expression system based on the promoter region of the Aspergillus awamori 1,4-β-endoxylanase A gene. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 46, 28-35. de Vries, R.P. et al. (1999) CreA modulates the XlnR induced expression on xylose of Aspergillus niger genes involved in xylan degradation. Res. Microbiol. 150, 281-285.) 5. The best source of inspiration for a researcher in the field of natural sciences is nature itself. 6. Sun has a great effect on our mood………on the average it rains 234 days a year in The Netherlands. This explains a lot about the Dutch mentality. 7. No matter how great the progress in communication technology, it won't change the fact that people are loosing the ability to 'communicate' with each other. 8. Avoid shortcuts. They always take too much time in the long run. 9. "There are two types of employees: Those, who do the work and those who take the credit. Try to be in the first group, there is much less competition there." (Indira Gandhi) 10. Sports take your physical energy but give you mental strength. 11. The word 'collective' in sports like volleyball should not be interpreted as 'social'. Then the word 'sport' would loose its meaning. Propositions belonging to the thesis by Lucie Pa¯enicov entitled Pectinases of Aspergillus niger: A molecular and biochemical characterisation Wageningen, 25th of April 2000 Promotor: Dr. ir. A. J. J. van Ooyen Hoogleraar in de Genetische Technieken In de Levensmiddelentechnologie Copromotors: Dr. ir. Jaap Visser Universitair hoofddocent, sectie Moleculaire Genetica van Industriële Micro-organismen Dr. Jacques A. E. Benen Wetenschappelijk medewerker, sectie Moleculaire Genetica van Industriële Micro-organismen Lucie Pa¯enicov PECTINASES OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER: A Molecular And Biochemical Characterisation Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector mangificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Dr. C. M. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 25 april 2000 des namiddags te half twee de Aula. Part of the research described in this thesis was financially supported by the European Commission (grant no. AIR2-CT941345). The work was performed in the laboratories of the section Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms at Wageningen University, The Netherlands. Pectinases of Aspergillus niger: A molecular and biochemical characterisation / Lucie Pa¯enicov. - [S.l.:s.n.] Thesis Wageningen University. - With ref. - With Summary in Dutch. ISBN 90-5808-203-2 Subject headings: Aspergillus / pectinases / taxonomy The cover was designed by Ji¯5 Kalog, SPS Reklama, Ostrava, The Czech Republic using photographs of spores from a black Aspergillus isolate, which were kindly provided by the Dutch fungal collection - Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) in Baarn. vonovno rodigÉm, Patrikovi a babigce Contents Chapter 1. General Introduction. Aim and outline of the thesis. 1 Chapter 2. pgaE encodes a fourth member of the endopolygalacturonase gene family from Aspergillus niger.41 Chapter 3. pgaA and pgaB encode two constitutively expressed endopolygalacturonases of Aspergillus niger. 63 Chapter 4. pgaD encodes a new type of endopolygalacturonase from Aspergillus niger.83 Chapter 5. Exploring the regulation of the expression of pectinase-encoding genes from Aspergillus niger. 101 Chapter 6. Evaluation of RFLP analysis for the classification of selected black aspergilli. 133 Chapter 7. Combined molecular and biochemical approach identifies Aspergillus japonicus and Aspergillus aculeatus as two species. 147 Chapter 8. General Discussion. 167 Summary 185 Samenvatting 189 Shrnut5 (Summary in Czech) 193 Publications 197 Curriculum Vitae 199 Epilogue 200 CHAPTER 1 General Introduction 1 General Introduction 1. Aspergillus The species Aspergillus niger belongs to the division Eumycota, subdivision Deuteromycoti- na (Fungi Imperfecti) that comprises the fungi vesicle reproducing solely asexually by means of conidia [1]. Within the Deuteromycotina, this species belongs to the class of the Hyphomy- cetes, which produce conidiophores on any part of the mycelium, and more specifically to the genus Aspergillus. The genus Aspergillus is further divided into six subgenera. A. niger Fig. 1. Morphology of Aspergillus. a) conidial belongs to the subgenus Circumdati, section head, b) conidia, c) foot cell, d) metulae and Nigri (the black aspergilli), which contains phialides (from left to right). From Onions et al. [2]. several other species as mentioned below. Aspergilli are characterised by a typical morphological structure (Fig. 1). A conidiophore, which includes the stalk and the conidial head, arises from specialised thick-wall mycelial structure called foot-cells. Conidiophores are non-septate, enlarged towards the apex and terminate in a globose, colourless to yellowish swelling (the vesicles). The vesicle bears over the whole surface 10 - 15 µm long, usually brown metulae, which themselves bear phialides. Conidia are produced successively from the tips of the phialides, thus forming unbranched dry chains. Conidia are smooth or ornamented, more or less globose and 4 - 5 µm in diameter but occasionally smaller [2]. 1.1. The taxonomy of the black aspergilli The origin of the name Aspergillus (rough head) dates back to the 18-th century, when Micheli (1729) [3] described a mould with conidiophores and heads bearing chains of spores. However, it took almost 200 years before a first taxonomic key for the classification of the aspergilli appeared [4]. The major criteria for the classification of an Aspergillus isolate were: i) colour of conidial heads, ii) stalk surface and colour, iii) shape of vesicles and iv) absence or presence of metulae. This allowed to separate 13 groups among the isolates. Aspergillus niger van Tieghem was classified as one of the Black Aspergilli, which also contained the biseriate species (carrying metulae and phialides) - A. violaceo-fuscus Gasperini, A. luteo- 2 Chapter 1 niger Lutz, A. phoenicis Corda, A. pulverulentus McAlpine, A. atropurpureus A. Zimmermann, A. pulchellus Spegazzini and A. carbonarius Bainier, and the uniseriate species (containing only phialides) - A. nanus Montagne, A. luchuensis Inui, A. perniciosus Inui and A. japonicus Saito. However, imperfect filamentous fungi like the black aspergilli exhibit a high degree of variability in their morphological and physiological characteristics, often caused by the external growth conditions [5]. In the past this led to frequent changes of species names and to a re-classification of individual isolates. This tendency was clearly demonstrated in the work of Mosseray [6], who distinguished 35 species among isolates belonging to the A. niger group. Although fungal collections expanded in the years after, the number of species of the black aspergilli reduced. In Table 1 the changes in the classification of the genus Aspergillus, section Nigri, based on the morphological criteria since the year 1945, are indicated. Thom and Raper [7] distinguished 17 different black aspergilli among them 8 and 4 species belonging to the biseriate A. niger and A. carbonarius series respectively, and 5 species belonging to the uniseriate A. luchuensis series. However, two of the uniseriate species, viz. A. luchuensis and A. subfuscus, were later re-classified by Raper and Fennell [8] as the biseriate A. awamori and A. foetidus var. pallidus species, respectively. These authors recognised 12 species of the black aspergilli, including four new species, viz. A. tubingensis, A. ficuum, A. ellipticus and A. heteromorphus. Al-Musallam [9] further reduced the number of species to 6 and the 'A. niger aggregate' (with 6 varieties and 2 formae, viz. A. niger f. hennebergii, A. awamori, A. phoenicis, A. phoenicis f. pulverulentus, A. nanus, A. usamii, A. intermedius). Finally Samson [5] established six species based on morphological criteria. The growing economical importance of the black aspergilli (see 1.2.) requires an unambiguous classification of an Aspergillus isolate prior to its application in biotechnological processes. This is often a difficult task, since many of the industrially important strains underwent a number of morphological changes in the process of 'domestication'. For the identification of isolates, for taxonomical purposes, and to define evolutionary relationships among closely related fungal species, molecular methods started to be widely used in the eighties. They included DNA complementarity, ribosomal RNA sequence comparison, and nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis [10]. For the classification of the black aspergilli the main interest was in A.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diversity of Endophytic Fungi from Different Verticillium-Wilt-Resistant
    J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2014), 24(9), 1149–1161 http://dx.doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1402.02035 Research Article Review jmb Diversity of Endophytic Fungi from Different Verticillium-Wilt-Resistant Gossypium hirsutum and Evaluation of Antifungal Activity Against Verticillium dahliae In Vitro Zhi-Fang Li†, Ling-Fei Wang†, Zi-Li Feng, Li-Hong Zhao, Yong-Qiang Shi, and He-Qin Zhu* State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, P. R. China Received: February 18, 2014 Revised: May 16, 2014 Cotton plants were sampled and ranked according to their resistance to Verticillium wilt. In Accepted: May 16, 2014 total, 642 endophytic fungi isolates representing 27 genera were recovered from Gossypium hirsutum root, stem, and leaf tissues, but were not uniformly distributed. More endophytic fungi appeared in the leaf (391) compared with the root (140) and stem (111) sections. First published online However, no significant difference in the abundance of isolated endophytes was found among May 19, 2014 resistant cotton varieties. Alternaria exhibited the highest colonization frequency (7.9%), *Corresponding author followed by Acremonium (6.6%) and Penicillium (4.8%). Unlike tolerant varieties, resistant and Phone: +86-372-2562280; susceptible ones had similar endophytic fungal population compositions. In three Fax: +86-372-2562280; Verticillium-wilt-resistant cotton varieties, fungal endophytes from the genus Alternaria were E-mail: [email protected] most frequently isolated, followed by Gibberella and Penicillium. The maximum concentration † These authors contributed of dominant endophytic fungi was observed in leaf tissues (0.1797). The evenness of stem equally to this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Fungi in Sediments and Water Sampled from the Hot Springs of Lake Magadi and Little Magadi in Kenya
    Vol. 10(10), pp. 330-338, 14 March, 2016 DOI: 10.5897/AJMR2015.7879 Article Number: 128717757661 ISSN 1996-0808 African Journal of Microbiology Research Copyright © 2016 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR Full Length Research Paper Diversity of fungi in sediments and water sampled from the hot springs of Lake Magadi and Little Magadi in Kenya Anne Kelly Kambura1*, Romano Kachiuru Mwirichia2, Remmy Wekesa Kasili1, Edward Nderitu Karanja3, Huxley Mae Makonde4 and Hamadi Iddi Boga5 1Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 62000 - 00200, Nairobi, Kenya. 2Embu University College, P. O. Box 6 - 60100, Embu, Kenya. 3International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P. O. Box 30772 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. 4Pure and Applied Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, P. O. Box 90420 - 80100, GPO, Mombasa, Kenya. 5Taita Taveta University College, School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences, P. O. Box 635-80300 Voi, Kenya. Received 9 December, 2015; Accepted 26 February, 2016 Lake Magadi and Little Magadi are saline, alkaline lakes lying in the southern part of Kenyan Rift Valley. Their solutes are supplied by a series of alkaline hot springs with temperatures as high as 86°C. Previous culture-dependent and independent studies have revealed diverse prokaryotic groups adapted to these conditions. However, very few studies have examined the diversity of fungi in these soda lakes. In this study, amplicons of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region on Total Community DNA using Illumina sequencing were used to explore the fungal community composition within the hot springs.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspergillus Luchuensis, an Industrially Important Black Aspergillus in East Asia
    CORE Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017 Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Online Research Database In Technology Aspergillus luchuensis, an industrially important black Aspergillus in East Asia Hong, Seung-Beom ; Lee, Mina; Kim, Dae-Ho ; Varga, J.; Frisvad, Jens Christian; Perrone, G.; Gomi, K.; Yamada, O.; Machida, M.; Houbraken, J.; Samson, Robert A. Published in: PLoS ONE Link to article, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063769 Publication date: 2013 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Hong, S-B., Lee, M., Kim, D-H., Varga, J., Frisvad, J. C., Perrone, G., ... Samson, R. A. (2013). Aspergillus luchuensis, an industrially important black Aspergillus in East Asia. PLoS ONE, 8(5), [e63769]. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063769 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Engineering of Fungal Cells-Margo M
    BIOTECHNOLOGY- Vol III - Genetic Engineering of Fungal Cells-Margo M. Moore GENETIC ENGINEERING OF FUNGAL CELLS Margo M. Moore Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada Keywords: filamentous fungi, transformation, protoplasting, Agrobacterium, promoter, selectable marker, REMI, transposon, non-homologous end joining, homologous recombination Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Industrial importance of fungi 1.2. Purpose and range of topics covered 2. Generation of transforming constructs 2.1. Autonomously-replicating plasmids 2.2. Promoters 2.2.1. Constitutive promoters 2.2.2. Inducible promoters 2.3. Selectable markers 2.3.1. Dominant selectable markers 2.3.2. Auxotropic/inducible markers 2.4. Gateway technology 2.5. Fusion PCR and Ligation PCR 3. Transformation methods 3.1. Protoplast formation and CaCl2/ PEG 3.2. Electroporation 3.3. Agrobacterium-mediated Ti plasmid 3.4. Biolistics 3.5. Homo- versus heterokaryotic selection 4. Gene disruption and gene replacement 4.1. Targetted gene disruption 4.1.1. Ectopic and homologous recombination 4.1.2. Strains deficient in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) 4.1.3. AMT and homologous recombination 4.1.4. RNA interference 4.2. RandomUNESCO gene disruption – EOLSS 4.2.1. Restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) 4.2.2. T-DNA taggingSAMPLE using Agrobacterium-mediated CHAPTERS transformation (AMT) 4.2.3. Transposon mutagenesis & TAGKO 5. Concluding statement Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Filamentous fungi have myriad industrial applications that benefit mankind while at the ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) BIOTECHNOLOGY- Vol III - Genetic Engineering of Fungal Cells-Margo M. Moore same time, fungal diseases of plants cause significant economic losses.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Aspergillus Niger
    Studies in Mycology 74 (March 2013) Development of Aspergillus niger Jan Dijksterhuis and Han Wösten, editors CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands An institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Development of Aspergillus niger STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 74, 2013 Studies in Mycology The Studies in Mycology is an international journal which publishes systematic monographs of filamentous fungi and yeasts, and in rare occasions the proceedings of special meetings related to all fields of mycology, biotechnology, ecology, molecular biology, pathology and systematics. For instructions for authors see www.cbs.knaw.nl. EXECUTIVE EDITOR Prof. dr dr hc Robert A. Samson, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] LAYOUT EDITOR Manon van den Hoeven-Verweij, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] SCIENTIFIC EDITORS Prof. dr Dominik Begerow, Lehrstuhl für Evolution und Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, Gebäude ND 44780, Bochum, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Prof. dr Uwe Braun, Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Dr Paul Cannon, CABI and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, U.K. E-mail: [email protected] Prof. dr Lori Carris, Associate Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomics of Industrial Filamentous Fungi, Aspergillus Oryzae And
    The 17th Congress of The International Society for Human and Animal Mycology CB-05 CB-05 Genomics of industrial fi lamentous Distribution of mutations distinguishing fungi, Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus the most prevalent disease-causing awamori Candida albicans genotype from other genotypes Masayuki Machida1), Motoaki Sano2), Koichi Tamano1), 1) 1) Yasunobu Terabayashi , Noriko Yamane , Ningxin Zhang1), Barbara R. Holland2), Osamu Hatamoto3), Genryou Umitsuki3), Richard D. Cannon3), Jan Schmid1) Tadashi Takahashi3), Tomomi Toda1), Misao Sunagawa1), Junichiro Marui1), Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Sumiko Ohashi-Kunihiro1), Marie Nishimura1), Palmerston North, New Zealand 1, Allan Wilson Centre Keietsu Abe4), Yasushi Koyama3), Osamu Yamada5), for Molecular Ecology & Evolution, Massey University, 6) 6) 6) Koji Jinno , Hiroshi Horikawa , Akira Hosoyama , 2 6) 7) Palmerston North, New Zealand , Department of Oral Norihiro Kushida , Takasumi Hatttori , 3 Kazurou Fukuda8), Ikuya Kikuzato9)*, Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Kazuhiro E. Fujimori1)*, Morimi Teruya10)*, Masatoshi Tsukahara11)*, Yumi Imada11)*, Youji Wachi9)*, Yuki Satou9)*, Yukino Miwa11)*, Candida albicans is a major opportunistic pathogen of Shuichi Yano11)*, Yutaka Kawarabayasi1)*, humans. Previous work has demonstrated the existence of Takaomi Yasuhara8), Kotaro Kirimura7), a general-purpose genotype (GPG; equivalent to clade 1 as 12) 12) 13) Masanori Arita , Kiyoshi Asai , Takeaki Ishikawa , defined by multi locus sequence typing data) that is more Shinichi Ohashi2), Katsuya Gomi4), Shigeaki Mikami5), Hideki Koike1), Takashi Hirano1)*, Kaoru Nakasone14), frequent than other genotypes as an agent of human disease Nobuyuki Fujita6) and commensal colonization, may be more virulent and Natl. Inst. Advanced Inst. Sci. Technol.1, Kanazawa Inst. may differ from the remainder of the species in terms of 2 3 4 Technol.
    [Show full text]
  • Lists of Names in Aspergillus and Teleomorphs As Proposed by Pitt and Taylor, Mycologia, 106: 1051-1062, 2014 (Doi: 10.3852/14-0
    Lists of names in Aspergillus and teleomorphs as proposed by Pitt and Taylor, Mycologia, 106: 1051-1062, 2014 (doi: 10.3852/14-060), based on retypification of Aspergillus with A. niger as type species John I. Pitt and John W. Taylor, CSIRO Food and Nutrition, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia and Dept of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA Preamble The lists below set out the nomenclature of Aspergillus and its teleomorphs as they would become on acceptance of a proposal published by Pitt and Taylor (2014) to change the type species of Aspergillus from A. glaucus to A. niger. The central points of the proposal by Pitt and Taylor (2014) are that retypification of Aspergillus on A. niger will make the classification of fungi with Aspergillus anamorphs: i) reflect the great phenotypic diversity in sexual morphology, physiology and ecology of the clades whose species have Aspergillus anamorphs; ii) respect the phylogenetic relationship of these clades to each other and to Penicillium; and iii) preserve the name Aspergillus for the clade that contains the greatest number of economically important species. Specifically, of the 11 teleomorph genera associated with Aspergillus anamorphs, the proposal of Pitt and Taylor (2014) maintains the three major teleomorph genera – Eurotium, Neosartorya and Emericella – together with Chaetosartorya, Hemicarpenteles, Sclerocleista and Warcupiella. Aspergillus is maintained for the important species used industrially and for manufacture of fermented foods, together with all species producing major mycotoxins. The teleomorph genera Fennellia, Petromyces, Neocarpenteles and Neopetromyces are synonymised with Aspergillus. The lists below are based on the List of “Names in Current Use” developed by Pitt and Samson (1993) and those listed in MycoBank (www.MycoBank.org), plus extensive scrutiny of papers publishing new species of Aspergillus and associated teleomorph genera as collected in Index of Fungi (1992-2104).
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Screening Assessment for Aspergillus Awamori ATCC 22342 (=A
    Draft Screening Assessment for Aspergillus awamori ATCC 22342 (=A. niger ATCC 22342) and Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 9642 Environment Canada Health Canada June 2014 Draft Screening Assessment A. awamori ATCC 22342 (=A. niger ATCC 22342) and A. brasiliensis ATCC 9642 Synopsis Pursuant to paragraph 74(b) of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA 1999), the Ministers of Environment and of Health have conducted a screening assessment of two micro-organism strains: Aspergillus awamori (ATCC 22342) (also referred to as Aspergillus niger ATCC 22342) and Aspergillus brasiliensis (ATCC 9642).These strains were added to the Domestic Substances List (DSL) under subsection 105(1) of CEPA 1999 because they were manufactured in or imported into Canada between January 1, 1984 and December 31, 1986 and entered or were released into the environment without being subject to conditions under CEPA 1999 or any other federal or provincial legislation. Recent publications have demonstrated that the DSL strain ATCC 22342 is a strain of A. niger and not A. awamori. However, both names are still being used. Therefore, in this report we will use the name “A. awamori ATCC 22342 (=A. niger ATCC 22342)”. The A. niger group is generally considered to be ubiquitous in nature, and is able to adapt to and thrive in many aquatic and terrestrial niches; it is common in house dust. A. brasiliensis is relatively a rarely occurring species; it has been known to occur in soil and occasionally found on grape berries. These two species form conidia that permit survival under sub-optimal environmental conditions. A. awamori ATCC 22342 (=A.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Traditional Japanese Distilled Liquor, Shochu and Awamori, and the Contribution of White and Black Koji Fungi
    Journal of Fungi Review Making Traditional Japanese Distilled Liquor, Shochu and Awamori, and the Contribution of White and Black Koji Fungi Kei Hayashi 1,*, Yasuhiro Kajiwara 1, Taiki Futagami 2,3 , Masatoshi Goto 3,4 and Hideharu Takashita 1 1 Sanwa Research Institute, Sanwa Shurui Co., Ltd., Usa 879-0495, Japan; [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (H.T.) 2 Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; [email protected] 3 United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; [email protected] 4 Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-978-33-3844 Abstract: The traditional Japanese single distilled liquor, which uses koji and yeast with designated ingredients, is called “honkaku shochu.” It is made using local agricultural products and has several types, including barley shochu, sweet potato shochu, rice shochu, and buckwheat shochu. In the case of honkaku shochu, black koji fungus (Aspergillus luchuensis) or white koji fungus (Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii) is used to (1) saccharify the starch contained in the ingredients, (2) produce citric acid to prevent microbial spoilage, and (3) give the liquor its unique flavor. In order to make delicious shochu, when cultivating koji fungus during the shochu production process, we use a Citation: Hayashi, K.; Kajiwara, Y.; unique temperature control method to ensure that these three important elements, which greatly Futagami, T.; Goto, M.; Takashita, H.
    [Show full text]
  • EU Project Number 613678
    EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 7 - REPORT on Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Grousset F, Wistermann A, Steffen K, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/112o3f5b0c014 DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on ORANGES AND MANDARINS – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Background on oranges and mandarins ..................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Data on production and trade of orange and mandarin fruit ........................................................................ 5 1.3 Characteristics of the pathway ‘orange and mandarin fruit’ .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Aspergillus</I> Section
    702 Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 76, No. 4, 2013, Pages 702–706 doi:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-431 Research Note Distribution and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Aspergillus Section Nigri Species in Naturally Contaminated Almonds JEFFREY D. PALUMBO* AND TERESA L. O’KEEFFE U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, Albany, California 94710, USA MS 12-431: Received 28 September 2012/Accepted 9 December 2012 ABSTRACT In a previous study, inedible almond pick-out samples were assayed for aflatoxin and aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species. These samples contained high populations of black-spored Aspergillus section Nigri species. To investigate whether these species may contribute to the total potential mycotoxin content of almonds, Aspergillus section Nigri strains were isolated from these samples and assayed for ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin B2 (FB2). The majority of isolates (117 strains, 68%) were identified as Aspergillus tubingensis, which do not produce either mycotoxin. Of the 47 Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus awamori isolates, 34 strains (72%) produced FB2 on CY20S agar, and representative strains produced lower but measurable amounts of FB2 on almond meal agar. No OTA-producing strains of Aspergillus section Nigri were detected. Almond pick-out samples contained no measurable FB2, suggesting that properly dried and stored almonds are not conducive for FB2 production by resident A. niger and A. awamori populations. However, 3 of 21 samples contained low levels (,1.5 ng/g) of OTA, indicating that sporadic OTA contamination may occur but may be caused by OTA-producing strains of other Aspergillus species. The California almond industry produces 80% of the fumonisin B2 (FB2), one of several carcinogenic and world’s supply of almonds.
    [Show full text]
  • Incidence and Characterisation of Mycoviruses from Aspergillus Fumigatus
    Incidence and characterisation of mycoviruses from Aspergillus fumigatus By: Atif Jamal A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and the Diploma of Membership of Imperial College The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author Department of Life Sciences Division of Biology Imperial College London Imperial College Road London, SW7 2AZ 1 Statement of Originality The material in this thesis has not been previously submitted for a degree in any university, and to the best of my knowledge contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis itself. 2 For my Parents 3 Acknowledgments First of all I thank Almighty ALLAH, who gave me power to carry out the research. I am heartily thankful to my supervisor, Dr Robert Coutts, for his continuous support. His informed guidance, encouragement and support, from the preliminary to the concluding level, enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject and to complete my thesis work. His constructive criticism and comments during write-up is also highly commendable. I am also greatly indebted to Dr Elaine Bignell for the support she extended during the work related to Aspergillus fumigatus. Her patience and willingness to discuss the minutiae of the different obstacles I encountered while working were invaluable. I also extend my sincere gratitude to the members of my lab, namely, Dr Zisis Kozlakidis, Fiang Lang (Jackie) and especially Muhammad Faraz Bhatti for their support and company.
    [Show full text]