DOCSLIB.ORG

Studies on the Anatomy and Histochemistry of Eichhornia Crassipes (Mart.) Solms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Studies on the Anatomy and Histochemistry of Eichhornia Crassipes (Mart.) Solms Trends1118 in Biosciences 11(7), Print : ISSN 0974-8431,Trends 1118-1122, in Biosciences 2018 11 (7), 2018 Studies on the Anatomy and Histochemistry of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms LATHA SADANANDAN1, SOJA S.2 AND THUSHARA V.3 1PG and Research Department of Botany, Sree Narayana College, Kollam - 691001 2 PG and Research Department of Botany, University College,Thiruvananthapuram-695034 3PG Department of Botany, Sree Narayana College, Cherthala, Alappuzha – 688 582 email: [email protected] ABSTRACT plants, and starves the water of oxygen, often killing The anatomical studies using hand sections of all parts of fishes. The plants also create a prime habitat for Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms were supported by mosquitoes, the classic vectors of diseases, Water micrometry. The histochemical localization of primary hyacinth is often problematic in man-made ponds if metabolites and secondary metabolites were carried out uncontrolled (Villamagna and Murphy, 2009). using suitable stains. The anatomical features of the plant Utilization of this plant to produce eco-friendly products showed absence of cuticle in all parts except leaf, epidermis can help to reduce such environmental problems to on all parts consisted of a single layer of rectangular cells which is a characteristic feature of this species, presence some extent. A preliminary knowledge on the of gas filled chambers and passages in roots, leaves and chemistry of the plant paves way to the discovery of rhizome, Raphide crystals (Calcium oxalate) in new potential drugs in pharmaceutical companies, eco- parenchyma cells of roots, petioles, rhizomes and leaves. friendly biofuel, or eco-friendly products in textile or The type of stomata on the leaves were of anomocytic type. paper industries. With this in view, the study aims to The stomatal indices and their frequency on the upper and understand the anatomy and histochemistry of the lower epidermis were almost the same i.e 47 and 1.6mm2 plant. respectively. The palisade ratio on the leaves was 4 palisade cells per epidermal cell. The histochemical localization MATERIALS AND METHODS for primary and secondary metabolites showed the presence of protein, reducing sugar and starch in all plant parts Anatomy of all parts of Eichhornia crassipes while lipid was found only on leaves. Among the secondary (Mart.) Solms viz., root, rhizome, petiole and leaf metabolites studied, only phenols were present while sections were studied using hand sections stained with alkaloids and flavonoids were absent. Proteins were Safranin and measured by micrometry. Microscopic localized on the vascular tissues while starch on the characters of the leaf such as stomatal type, stomatal palisade tissues in leaf and cortex in other parts. Reducing index on the upper epidermis and lower epidermis, sugar were present in the cortex. Lipid was present as thick cuticle on the leaf surface. Phenols were localized stomatal frequency, palisade ratio and features such in most tissues of all parts of the plant. A preliminary as Calcium crystals, sclerids and trichomes were understanding about the anatomical characters and studied. The values were found out using the formulae histochemistry of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Wallis, 1997): helps one to find out any variations that occurred in them S X 100 by environmental or anthropogenic factors such as pollution. Stomatal Index = ————— Key Words Eichhornia crassipes, Anatomy, E+S Histochemistry Stomatal frequency = Stomatal frequency was calculated by multiplying the number of stomata by Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, commonly the field area of 0.0346 mm2. known as water hyacinth, belonging to the family Palisade ratio = Average number of palisade Pontederiaceae is an aquatic plant (Plate 1A) native cells beneath one epidermal cell, using four contiguous to the Amazon basin (Brazil), and is often considered epidermal cells for the count. a highly problematic invasive species outside its native range. One of the fastest growing plants known, E. The localization of various phytochemicals such crassipes reproduces primarily by way of runners or as primary and secondary metabolites in the various stolon, which eventually form daughter plants. Each parts of plant tissues were carried out by taking the plant can produce thousands of seeds each year, and hand sections of the plant tissues viz., root, rhizome, these seeds can remain viable for more than 28 years. petiole and leaf, followed by their staining in suitable When not controlled, water hyacinth will cover lakes stains viz., Coomassie Brilliant Blue (Protein), and ponds entirely. This dramatically impacts water Dragendorff’s reagent (alkaloids), Fehling’s reagent flow, blocks sunlight from reaching native aquatic (reducing sugar), 5% alcoholic Ferric chloride SADANANDAN et al., Studies on the Anatomy and Histochemistry of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms 1119 (phenols), Iodine solution (starch), Lead acetate absent. The mesophyll is differentiated into palisade (flavonoids), Sudan III (oil, cuticle and suberin) and spongy mesophyll. Palisade layer is present in both upper and lower side of the epidermis. The mesophyll RESULTS AND DISCUSSION consist of a large number of air spaces surrounded by ANATOMY STUDIES thin walls of chloroplast. Smaller and larger vascular bundles are present in both upper and lower epidermis ROOT side. Each vascular bundle is collateral with xylem Root epidermis consisted of single layered towards the lower epidermis side and phloem towards compactly arranged rectangular cells (4.0µm). There the upper epidermis side (Plate 1E). Vascular bundles is no cuticle on the outside of the root epidermis. are surrounded by bundle sheath of parenchyma cells. Hypodermis is composed of 1 – 2 layers of thick walled Numerous raphides and sclereids are observed in the cells (3.5 µm). Beneath the hypodermis cortex is palisade layer (Plate 1H and 1I). differentiated into outer and inner cortex. The outer The stomatal type of Eichhornia crassipes was cortex is composed of 3 – 4 layered parenchymatous Anomocytic, i.e. the size of the subsidiary cells and cells (4.0 µm). Each air space (7.0 µm) has trabeculae. epidermal cells are equal (4 µm) . The average size of The inner cortex consists of 6~10 layers of guard cells was calculated to be 7 µm×4 µm, while parenchymateous cells. There is no sclerenchyma cell the average size of the stomatal pore was 4 µm×4 µm in the cortex. The stele is surrounded on the outside on both upper and lower epidermis (Plate 1F) by single layered endodermis (3.5 µm). Endodermis is .Comparison of average Stomatal Indices on the lower followed by a single layered pericycle. The stele and upper epidermis of the leaves showed that the consists of 7 to 10 xylem bundles alternating with leaf is Amphistomatic i.e. there is equal distribution of phloem bundles (3.5 µm). Each vascular bundle consist stomata on both epidermis (approx. 47) with an of a single metaxylem vessel (7.0 µm), surrounded by average of 47.15 on lower epidermis and 47.09 on smaller vessels. The root center is occupied by upper epidermis. This is due to the upright position of sclerified parenchyma cells (4.0 µm)(Plate 1B). the leaves above the water level, allowing equal distribution of sunlight on both surfaces of the leaf. RHIZOME The frequency of stomata on the upper and lower The single layered epidermis is made of epidermis are almost the same, i.e., 1.6 mm2 ( 1.631 compactly arranged rectangular cells (4.0 µm). The mm2 and 1.629 mm2on lower epidermis and upper cortex beneath the epidermis consists of 4 – 6 layered epidermis respectively). The average number of outer cortical cells (3.8 µm) having different size palisade cells per epidermal cell (palisade ratio) is four vascular bundles with patch of sclerenchyma to the (Plate 1G). outside of each bundle. Air space (3.4 µm) is also present in cortical region. Raphides are present in air HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION spaces. Xylem (5 µm) is V shaped. Phloem is present ROOT in between the arms of xylem. There is an inner portion of large air spaces separated from each other by a Presence of protein in the epidermis and stelar single cell layer of parenchyma. Air space are region. Reducing sugar was concentrated in the spherical. Vascular bundles are also present in the endodermis and inner cortex while starch was center. (Plate 1C). concentrated in the outer cortex and outside metaxylem. Presence of phenol was confirmed PETIOLE throughout the section viz., epidermis, hypodermis, Single layered epidermis composed of outer and inner cortex and stele. Alkaloid was present parenchyma cells (3.5 µm). Cuticle is absent. Vascular in the hypodermis. Flavonoids and lipids were totally bundles are embedded in outer parenchyma cells. absent (Plate 2 A-G). Each vascular bundle has a bundle cap of RHIZOME sclerenchyma cells. Hexagonal air spaces (47 µm ) are surrounded by bands of single layered parenchyma The stelar region showed the presence of protein cells. Raphides are present in aerenchyma. (Plate 1D) and Reducing sugar was observed throughout. Starch was concentrated to the ground tissue inner to cortex. LEAF Among the secondary metabolites phenol was present Epidermis consist of cuticle. Trichomes are in the vascular tissues while the others studied viz., 1120 Trends in Biosciences 11 (7), 2018 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Plate 1.A- Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, B- Root T.S., C- Rhizome T.S., D- Petiole –T.S, E- Leaf- T.S, F- Anomocytic stomata, G – Palisade tissue, H – Raphides, I- Sclerides, J- P:Histochemical localization in leaf alkaloids, flavonoids and lipids were absent (Plate 2 LEAF H-N). Presence of protein in the upper and lower PETIOLE epidermis, stele and palisade tissues. Reducing sugar was concentrated in mesophyll parenchyma while The presence of protein was found in stellar starch was observed in the upper and lower palisade region of the petiole.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2. EICHHORNIA Kunth, Eichhornia, 3. 1842, Nom. Cons. 凤眼蓝属 Feng Yan Lan Shu Piaropus Rafinesque, Nom
    Flora of China 24: 41–42. 2000. 2. EICHHORNIA Kunth, Eichhornia, 3. 1842, nom. cons. 凤眼蓝属 feng yan lan shu Piaropus Rafinesque, nom. rej. Herbs annual or perennial, aquatic, floating or creeping, rooting from nodes. Leaves rosulate or alternate; petiole long, rarely in- flated; leaf blade cordate, broadly ovate-rhomboidal, or linear-lanceolate. Inflorescences terminal, erect during anthesis but then re- flexed, pedunculate, spiciform or paniculate, 2- to many flowered. Flowers zygomorphic or subactinomorphic. Stamens 6, inserted on proximal part of perianth, often 3 longer and 3 shorter; filaments filiform, hairy; anthers dorsifixed, oblong. Ovary sessile, 3- loculed; ovules numerous per locule. Style filiform, curved; stigma slightly dilated or very shortly 3- or 6-lobed. Capsule ovoid, oblong, or linear-fusiform, included in marcescent perianth tube; pericarp membranous. Seeds numerous, longitudinally winged, cross striate. Seven species: mainly in tropical America, one species in tropical Africa; one species (introduced) in China. 1. Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms in A. de Candolle & C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 4: 527. 1883. 凤眼蓝 feng yan lan Pontederia crassipes Martius, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 1: 9. 1823; Eichhornia speciosa Kunth; Heteranthera formosa Miquel. Herbs floating, 0.3–2 m. Roots many, long, fibrous. Stems very short; stolons greenish or purplish, long, apically produc- ing new plants. Leaves radical, rosulate; petiole yellowish green to greenish, 10–40 cm, spongy, usually very much swollen at or below middle; leaf blade orbicular, broadly ovate, or rhomboi- dal, 4.5–14.5 × 5–14 cm, leathery, glabrous, densely veined, base shallowly cordate, rounded, or broadly cuneate. Inflores- cences bracteate, spirally 7–15-flowered; peduncle 35–45 cm.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes (Mart.) Solms)
    Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) Gray Turnage, M.S., Research Associate III, Mississippi State University Problems: Forms dense mats of floating vegetation (Figure 1) that inhibit growth of native plant species and reduce the water quality of habitat utilized by aquatic fauna. Mats can also inhibit recreational uses of waterbodies, commercial navigation, hydro power generation, clog irrigation pumps, and worsen flood events. Water hyacinth is often called “the world’s worst aquatic weed” due to its presence on every continent (except Antarctica) and its rapid growth rate. Regulations: None in MS. Description: Water hyacinth a free-floating, perennial plant that is often confused with the native American frogbit. The primary characteristic used to distinguish hyacinth from frogbit is the presence of a ‘bulbous’ structure at the base of the hyacinth leaves. Hyacinth can grow to approximately a meter in height (referred to as ‘bull hyacinth’ at this stage) and produces large, showy, purple flowers throughout the growing season (Figure 1). Dispersal: A popular water-gardening plant, water hyacinth is native to South America but has been found throughout many states in the U.S. and is very common in MS (Figure 2; Turnage and Shoemaker 2018; Turnage et al. 2019). Water hyacinth primarily spreads through daughter plants and seeds (Figure 2). Each rosette is capable of producing multiple daughter plants per growing season. In optimal growing conditions, water hyacinth can double in biomass in 5-6 days. Control Strategies: Physical-summer drawdown may control water hyacinth but will likely cause negative impacts to fish populations. Mechanical-hand removal of small patches and individual rosettes may be effective; mechanical mowers can provide short term relief but usually cause further spread through plant fragmentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Chevroned Water Hyacinth Weevil Neochetina Bruchi Hustache (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae)1 Eutychus Kariuki and Carey Minteer2
    EENY-741 Chevroned Water Hyacinth Weevil Neochetina bruchi Hustache (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae)1 Eutychus Kariuki and Carey Minteer2 The Featured Creatures collection provides in-depth profiles albiguttalis; and a planthopper, Megamelus scutellaris, of insects, nematodes, arachnids, and other organisms which were introduced into the United States in 1972, 1977, relevant to Florida. These profiles are intended for the use of and 2010, respectively (Tipping et al. 2014, Cuda and Frank interested laypersons with some knowledge of biology as well 2019). as academic audiences. Although larvae and pupae of chevroned water hyacinth Introduction weevil and mottled water hyacinth weevil are similar in appearance and behavior and can be difficult to differentiate Neochetina bruchi Hustache is commonly referred to as the by casual observation (Deloach and Cordo 1976), adult chevroned water hyacinth weevil and is a weed biological stages of the two species of water hyacinth weevils can be control agent used to manage water hyacinth, Pontederia distinguished relatively easily based on the color patterns crassipes Mart. [formerly Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms on their elytra (hardened forewings) (see below). (Pellegrini et al. 2018)], in more than 30 countries (Winston et al. 2014). Imported from Argentina, the insect was first introduced into the United States in Florida in 1974 and Description later released in Louisiana in 1974 (Manning 1979), Texas Adults in 1980, and California from 1982 to 1983 (Winston et al. The adults of chevroned water hyacinth weevil are 3.5 to 2014). Chevroned water hyacinth weevils currently occur 4.5 mm (males) and 4.1 to 5.0 mm (females) in length throughout the Gulf Coast States (Winston et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Monographs on Invasive Plants in Europe N°2:Eichhornia Crassipes
    BOTANY LETTERS, 2017 VOL. 164, NO. 4, 303–326 https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2017.1381041 MONOGRAPHS ON INVASIVE PLANTS IN EUROPE N° 2 Monographs on invasive plants in Europe N° 2: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Julie A. Coetzeea, Martin P. Hillb, Trinidad Ruiz-Téllezc , Uwe Starfingerd and Sarah Brunele aBotany Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; bDepartment of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; cGrupo de Investigación en Biología de la Conservación, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain; dJulius Kühn-Institut,Institute for National and International Plant Health, Braunschweig, Germany; eEuropean and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, Paris, France ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Eichhornia crassipes is notorious as the world’s worst aquatic weed, and here we present Received 10 July 2017 all aspects of its biology, ecology and invasion behaviour within the framework of the new Accepted 14 September 2017 series of Botany Letters on Monographs on invasive plants in Europe. Native to the Amazon in KEYWORDS South America, the plant has been spread around the world since the late 1800s through the water hyacinth; invasion; ornamental plant trade due to its attractive lilac flowers, and is established on every continent management; legislation except Antarctica. Its distribution is limited in Europe to the warmer southern regions by cold winter temperatures, but it has extensive ecological and socio-economic impacts where it invades. Its reproductive behaviour, characterised by rapid vegetative spread and high seed production, as well as its wide physiological tolerance, allows it to proliferate rapidly and persist in a wide range of environments. It has recently been regulated by the EU, under Regulation No.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Hyacinth & Water Lettuce
    South Carolina Noxious Weed List WATER HYACINTH Eichhornia crassipes Alligatorweed Alternanthera philoxeroides Brazilian elodea Egeria densa Common reed Phragmites australis Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum Hydrilla * Hydrilla verticallata Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria Slender naiad Najas minor Water chestnut Trapa natans Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes Water lettuce Pistia stratiotes Water primrose Ludwigia hexapetala African oxygen weed * Lagarosiphon major Ambulia * Limnophila sessiltjlora Arrowhead * Sagittaria sagittifolia Arrow-leaved monochoria * Monochoria hastata Duck-lettuce * Ottelia alismoides Exotic bur reed * Sparganium erectum Preventing the occurrence and Giant salvinia * Salvinia molesta, S. biloba, S. herzogii, S. auriculata spread of aquatic weed infestations in Mediterranean caulerpa * Caulerpa taxifolia South Carolina waters can save Melaleuca * Melaleuca quinquenervia Miramar weed * Hygrophila polysperma millions of public and private dollars Pickerel weed * Monochoria vaginalis each year in avoided control costs. Mosquito fern * Azolla pinnata Rooted water hyacinth * Eichhornia azurea Water spinach * Ipomoea aquatica WATER LETTUCE Wetland nightshade * Solanum tampicense Pistia stratiotes * Also on the Federal Noxious Weed List IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS OR JUST NEED MORE INFORMATION CONTACT US AT: http://www.dnr.state.sc.us/water/envaff/aquatic/index.html E-mail: pagec@dnr. sc.gov Aquatic Nuisance Species Program Aquatic Nuisance Species Program South Carolina Department of Natural Resources 2730 Fish Hatchery Road 2730 Fish Hatchery Road West Columbia, SC 29172 West Columbia, SC 29172 Phone (803)755-2836 Phone (803)755-2836 Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) How you can help! This free-floating plant from Brazil reaches up to 3 feet in height. Leaves are thick, leathery, and elliptic to ovate in shape and emerge Aquatic weed problems are caused from the plant base.
    [Show full text]
  • Wetland Plants of the Townsville − Burdekin
    WETLAND PLANTS OF THE TOWNSVILLE − BURDEKIN Dr Greg Calvert & Laurence Liessmann (RPS Group, Townsville) For Lower Burdekin Landcare Association Incorporated (LBLCA) Working in the local community to achieve sustainable land use THIS PUBLICATION WAS MADE POSSIBLE THROUGH THE SUPPORT OF: Burdekin Shire Council Calvert, Greg Liessmann, Laurence Wetland Plants of the Townsville–Burdekin Flood Plain ISBN 978-0-9925807-0-4 First published 2014 by Lower Burdekin Landcare Association Incorporated (LBLCA) PO Box 1280, Ayr, Qld, 4807 Graphic Design by Megan MacKinnon (Clever Tangent) Printed by Lotsa Printing, Townsville © Lower Burdekin Landcare Association Inc. Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted under the Copyright Act, reproduction by whatever means is prohibited without prior permission of LBLCA All photographs copyright Greg Calvert Please reference as: Calvert G., Liessmann L. (2014) Wetland Plants of the Townsville–Burdekin Flood Plain. Lower Burdekin Landcare Association Inc., Ayr. The Queensland Wetlands Program supports projects and activities that result in long-term benefits to the sustainable management, wise use and protection of wetlands in Queensland. The tools developed by the Program help wetlands landholders, managers and decision makers in government and industry. The Queensland Wetlands Program is currently funded by the Queensland Government. Disclaimer: This document has been prepared with all due diligence and care, based on the best available information at the time of publication. The authors and funding bodies hold no responsibility for any errors or omissions within this document. Any decisions made by other parties based on this document are solely the responsibility of those parties. Information contained in this document is from a number of sources and, as such, does not necessarily represent government or departmental policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Eichhornia Azurea A
    Aquatic Plant Anchored water hyacinth; Rooted water hyacinth I. Current Status and Distribution Eichhornia azurea a. Range Global/Continental Wisconsin Native Range South America, Central America, and Mexico1,2,3 Not recorded in Wisconsin6 Figure 1: U.S and Canada Distribution Map4 Several populations also reported from Southern Indiana5 Abundance/Range Widespread: Undocumented Not applicable Locally Abundant: Undocumented Not applicable Sparse: Puerto Rico, Southern Indiana3,4,5; India, Iran2; Florida3,7; Japan3 Not applicable Range Expansion Date Introduced: 1980s(3) Not applicable Rate of Spread: Undocumented Not applicable Density Risk of Monoculture: Can produce biomass up to 900 g/m2 (3) Undocumented Facilitated By: Nutrient enriched waters3 Undocumented b. Habitat Rivers, lakes, ponds, marshes, canals, reservoirs2,8 Tolerance Chart of tolerances: Increasingly dark color indicates increasingly optimal range Preferences Sandy, acidic, clay or alkaline soils9; larger leaves produced in lotic and high nutrient environments3,10; larger plants produced in deep-water habitats11 c. Regulation Noxious/Regulated4: Federal Noxious Weed List; AL, AZ, CA, FL, MA, NC, OR, SC, TZ, VT Minnesota Regulations: Not regulated Michigan Regulations: Not regulated Washington Regulations: Not regulated Page 1 of 5 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – Aquatic Invasive Species Literature Review II. Establishment Potential and Life History Traits a. Life History Perennial aquatic plant with submerged and emersed leaves2; usually rooted in mud but occasionally free-floating8 Fecundity High Reproduction Importance of Seeds: Can reproduce by seed2,3,8 Vegetative: Can reproduce by whole plants and stem fragments2,3,8 Hybridization Undocumented Overwintering Winter Tolerance: Undocumented Phenology: Flowers from June to October3,7,8 b.
    [Show full text]
  • China: a Rich Flora Needed of Urgent Conservationprovided by Digital.CSIC
    Orsis 19, 2004 49-89 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE China: a rich flora needed of urgent conservationprovided by Digital.CSIC López-Pujol, Jordi GReB, Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Author for correspondence (E-mail: [email protected]) Zhao, A-Man Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, The People’s Republic of China. Manuscript received in april 2004 Abstract China is one of the richest countries in plant biodiversity in the world. Besides to a rich flora, which contains about 33 000 vascular plants (being 30 000 of these angiosperms, 250 gymnosperms, and 2 600 pteridophytes), there is a extraordinary ecosystem diversity. In addition, China also contains a large pool of both wild and cultivated germplasm; one of the eight original centers of crop plants in the world was located there. China is also con- sidered one of the main centers of origin and diversification for seed plants on Earth, and it is specially profuse in phylogenetically primitive taxa and/or paleoendemics due to the glaciation refuge role played by this area in the Quaternary. The collision of Indian sub- continent enriched significantly the Chinese flora and produced the formation of many neoen- demisms. However, the distribution of the flora is uneven, and some local floristic hotspots can be found across China, such as Yunnan, Sichuan and Taiwan. Unfortunately, threats to this biodiversity are huge and have increased substantially in the last 50 years.
    [Show full text]
  • WATER HYACINTH Eichhornia Crassipes
    New Invasive Plants of the Midwest Fact Sheet WATER HYACINTH Eichhornia crassipes Description: Water hyacinth is a free‐floating aquatic herb. Thick, waxy leaves are entire, and form in rosettes that reach up to 3 feet above water surface. Leaf blades are round to kidney‐shaped and are 1.5‐5 inches across. Water hyacinth has striking inflated petioles that enable it to float on the water surface. Feathery, blue‐black to dark purple roots are dense near the root crown and heavily branched. Flowers are showy; clusters of 8‐15 form in 1.5‐6 inch panicles. Flowers are light purple with 6 petals, 2‐3 inches in diameter. Fruit is a 3‐celled capsule that contains up to 450 seeds. New plants develop vegetatively, as new rosettes form on floating stolons. Ecological threat: Water hyacinth is considered invasive in 56 countries. It spreads exceedingly quickly and is able to double its population in just 6‐18 days. One acre of water hyacinth can weigh up to 200 tons. It forms large, dense mats that degrade water quality and clog waterways. These dense mats prevent air and light diffusion, altering and even killing native plant and animal communities. Water hyacinth is sold in the aquatic plant trade. Native Range: Amazon basin Current North American Range: Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin, southeastern states, north to Virginia, and west to Arizona and California. Current Midwest Distribution, including Ontario For up‐to‐date management options, see Not Known Isolated http://aquaplant.tamu.edu/management‐options/water‐ Locally Abundant Widespread hyacinth. Photo Credits: Vic Ramey, University of Florida/IFAS; Forest & Kim Starr, Starr Environmental, Bugwood.org; Karen Brown, University of Florida, Bugwood.org Early detection and rapid response can help stop the spread!.
    [Show full text]
  • Monochoria Angustifolia (G. X. Wang) Boonkerd & Tungmunnithum, The
    Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 42 (4), 747-752, Jul. - Aug. 2020 Original Article Monochoria angustifolia (G. X. Wang) Boonkerd & Tungmunnithum, the new species of the genus Monochoria from Thailand Duangjai Tungmunnithum1, 2*, Norio Tanaka2, and Thaweesakdi Boonkerd3 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand 2 Department of Botany, Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo, Tsukuba, 305-0005 Japan 3 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand Received: 8 May 2018; Revised: 15 February 2019; Accepted: 5 April 2019 Abstract Monochoria C. Presl is a genus member of the aquatic plant family Pontederiaceae which exhibits high morphological variations. The populations of Monochoria vaginalis exhibit extreme variations in their morphology. Previous morphological and phenetic studies suggested that M. vaginalis s.l. in Thailand contained cryptic species. In this recent study, the molecular data from DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 50 living plants from 10 populations of M. vaginalis with 3 outgroups using 5 regions from both cpDNA and nuclear DNA were intensely investigated. The results showed a similar trend as in previous studies that M. vaginalis populations should be separated into 2 species. The new species, M. angustifolia (G. X. Wang) Boonkerd & Tungmunnithum, is also described in this work. Keywords: Monochoria, new species, molecular data, Pontederiaceae, Thailand 1. Introduction M. vaginalis (Burm.f.) C.Presl is an aquatic flowering plant in the Pontederiaceae family occurring in According to the World Checklist of Selected Plant standing water bodies of tropical and subtropical regions Families (http://wcsp.science.kew.org/home.do), the genus (Chayamarit, 2005; Solms, 1883; Tungmunnithum, Boonkerd, Monochoria consists of 7 species worldwide: M.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Hyacinth in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia
    Management of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) using bioagents in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia Firehun Yirefu Gebregiorgis Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr P.C. Struik Professor of Crop Physiology Wageningen University & Research Co-promotors Dr E.A. Lantinga Associate professor, Farming Systems Ecology Group Wageningen University & Research Dr Taye Tessema Lecturer Plant Sciences Ambo University, Ethiopia Other members Prof. Dr D. Kleijn, Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr J.J.A. van Loon, Wageningen University & Research Dr G.E. van Halsema, Wageningen University & Research Dr C. Kempenaar, Wageningen University & Research This research was conducted under the auspices of the C.T. de Wit Graduate School for Production Ecology and Resource Conservation Management of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) using bioagents in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia Firehun Yirefu Gebregiorgis Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Friday 31 March 2017 at 1.30 p.m. in the Aula. Firehun Yirefu Gebregiorgis Management of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) using bioagents in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia, 174 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2017) With references, with summary in English ISBN 978-94-6343-056-2 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/401611 Abstract Firehun Yirefu Gebregiorgis (2017). Management of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) using bioagents in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Eichhornia Crassipes Global Invasive
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Eichhornia crassipes Eichhornia crassipes System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Liliopsida Liliales Pontederiaceae Common name water hyacinth (English), wota haisin (English, Papua New Guinea), jacinthe d'eau (French), floating water hyacinth (English), bung el ralm (Palauan), bung el ralm (English, Palau), mbekambekairanga (Fijian), water orchid (English), wasserhyazinthe (German), jal khumbe (English, Fiji), jacinto-aquatico (Portuguese), lechuguilla (Spanish), jal kumbhi (Hindi, India), jacinto de agua (English, Puerto Rico), lila de agua (English, Dominican Repbulic), riri vai (English, Cook Islands), bekabe kairanga (English, Fiji), lirio acuatico (English), aguapé (Portuguese, Brazil) Synonym Pontederia crassipes , Mart. (basionym) Eichhornia speciosa , Kunth Piaropus crassipes , (Mart.) Raf. Heteranthera formosa Piaropus mesomelas Similar species Limnobium spongia Summary Originally from South America, Eichhornia crassipes is one of the worst aquatic weeds in the world. Its beautiful, large purple and violet flowers make it a popular ornamental plant for ponds. It is now found in more than 50 countries on five continents. Water hyacinth is a very fast growing plant, with populations known to double in as little as 12 days. Infestations of this weed block waterways, limiting boat traffic, swimming and fishing. Water hyacinth also prevents sunlight and oxygen from reaching the water column and submerged plants. Its shading and crowding of native aquatic plants dramatically reduces biological diversity in aquatic ecosystems. view this species on IUCN Red List Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2021. Species profile Eichhornia crassipes. Pag. 1 Available from: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=70 [Accessed 07 October 2021] FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Eichhornia crassipes Species Description E.
    [Show full text]