Conservation Priorities Based on Current Conditions of Wooden Monasteries in Myanmar
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九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository Conservation Priorities Based on Current Conditions of Wooden Monasteries in Myanmar Ei Thandar Kyaw Environment and Heritage Design Course, Department of Design, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University INOUE, Tomo Department of Environmental Design, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University https://doi.org/10.15017/4372252 出版情報：芸術工学研究. 34, pp.37-72, 2021-03-10. Faculty of Design, Kyushu University バージョン： 権利関係： （※掲載決定後に編集委員会で記載） 研究報告 受付日：2020 年 11 月 3 日、受理日：2021 年 3 月 1 日 研究報告 受付日：20**年**月**日、受理日：20**年**月**日 Conservation Priorities Based on Current Conditions of Wooden Monasteries Conservation Priorities Based on Current Conditions of Wooden Monas- in Myanmar teries in Myanmar イータンダージョーイータンダージョー11 井上朝雄 2 井上朝雄 2 Ei Thandar Kyaw Ei Thandar Kyaw INOUE Tomo INOUE Tomo Abstract 1. Introduction ミャンマーは敬虔な仏教国であり、ミャンマー全土 Throughout the history of Myanmar where has been home には遺跡も含めて数多くの寺院が点在してる。ミャンマ to diverse ethnic groups that migrated to the region as well as ーにおける仏教寺院はミャンマーの文化を語るうえでと the stage for the rise and fall of many kingdoms. Therefore, a ても重要であるが、経済発展の波の中でいくつかの寺院 large number of precious cultural properties and heritage sites は消滅の危機に瀕している。とくに木造の僧院はその構 exist that embody the history of ancient cultures. In Myanmar, 造的な特徴から、一度メンテナンスが放棄されると老朽 there are essentially three kinds of Buddhist structures: (1) stu- 化が加速し、一挙に廃墟になりかねない危険性をはらん pas (bell-shaped structures with Holy Buddha relics) (2) tem- でいる。この研究の上位の目標は、ミャンマーの木造僧 ples (place of worship), and (3) monasteries (religious build- 院の保全のためのガイドラインを作成することにあるが、 ings where monks reside and meditate). Among them, this re- まずは本報において、その現状を報告し、ガイドライン port will concentrate on the conservation prioritization for 作成のための課題を整理した。 wooden monasteries. These are very important not only as prominent symbols of Burmese history but also should be pre- served for future generations to maintain the national and cul- tural identity of Myanmar. However, there is no systematic policy for the preventive conservation of built cultural heritage in Myanmar. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the conservation priorities for pro- tecting the cultural attributes of the wooden monasteries in My- anmar. This research will focus on the main structure of phys- ical places to identify issues that need to be prioritised in con- servation efforts. This approach is based on evaluating and us- ing combinations of the attributes to define and implement the priorities for structural conditions and place-based conserva- Corresponding Author：井上朝雄，[email protected] 九州大学大学院芸術工学府芸術工学専攻環境·遺産デザインコース 1連絡先：井上朝雄，[email protected] tion actions. 1 九州大学大学院芸術工学府芸術工学専攻環境Environment and Heritage Design Course, Department · 遺産デザインコース of Design, Graduate Conservation prioritisation is about decision support for Environment and Heritage Design Course, Department of Design, School of Design, Kyushu University Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University conservation planning. It aims to answer questions about when, 2 九州大学大学院芸術工学研究院 准教授 博士（工学） 2 九州大学大学院芸術工学研究院環境デザイン部門 Department of Environmental Design, Faculty of Design, Kyushu UniversityAssociate Prof., Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Dr. Eng. where, and how we can efficiently achieve conservation goals. 芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 37 Conservation prioritisation utilizes assessment tools and anal- 1.2. Original Points of the Research yses that are relevant for conservation actions for future con- The main characteristics of the research are the possible servation management plan.1 Generally, three main steps are conservation interventions to tackle current and local conserva- involved in assigning conservation priorities: (i) acquisition tion priorities. The priorities were selected based on past expe- and assessment of information on the existing baseline building riences and recorded after modifying them to comply with con- and on potential impacts, (ii) assignment of values to the struc- servation ethics and regulations. The current study highlights tural components concerned and integration of these overall the importance of recognising the authentic value of architec- values for alternative possible conservation targets, and (iii) in- tural heritage and spreading awareness about conservation pri- corporation of legal considerations to determine the practical orities and strategies that would target the urgent and important priorities based on the problems of heritage conservation.2 problem areas and help prolong the life of wooden monasteries Based on the literature on these immediate challenges for con- in Myanmar. Basic strengthening measures can be applied to servation, many conservation professionals and organizations theses wooden monasteries as per priority and grading level as- have recognised that greater cohesion, connection, and integra- sessment. The principal objective is to help preserve Myanmar’s tion are needed in the conservation field. Therefore, the con- cultural hub of traditional wooden monasteries using inspired servation priorities are the basic essential key step to imple- conservation efforts and best management practices. ment the actions to be taken before the next steps on heritage 1.3. Problem Statement protection policies, management plan, and intervention. This The problem statements in this research will be formulated key step in this research ought to be integrated better and em- by determining the major measurable impacts of heritage con- bedded with the relevant fundamental contexts for monitoring servation, including heritage tourism, cultural industries, center a broader operational category of systematic conservation ap- city revitalisation, and cultural values for religious properties. proach. The research focus is on how to conserve the cultural properties For these reasons, high-priority strategies and projects of vernacular structures that could also regenerate the city’s ur- should have significant scope for the impact on threats affect- ban fabric without destroying or neglecting it. ing wooden monasteries, which may have significant impacts 1.4. Method of Analysis on many areas of conservation prospects. It is necessary to de- The research methodology is composed of three main re- termine the conservation priorities and examine whether the search processes: review, discovery, and utilization mainly current potential strategies abate the threats at multiple conser- based on verified documents on cultural and historical signifi- vation sites based on the scope of common problems and issues. cances, the conditions of religious buildings in Myanmar, and By evaluating the impact of problems-based priorities, it will maintenance of current evidences and structural typologies to be easier to prescribe further key points for conservation pro- congregate the fundamental strategies of preventive approaches. cesses in terms of how to make legislative protection with rel- evant policy and management plans for the next upcoming pro- cedures. Moreover, it will enhance the strategies of minimal intervention processes particularly for future sustainability of the conservation monasteries as well. 1.1. Purpose - To define the heritage values of the monasteries with verified documents and survey resources for physical evidence. - To make the inventory survey as the hidden heritage collec- tions of wooden monasteries in Myanmar. - To highlight the critical need of conservation priorities by identifying on these religious structures based on heritage val- Review Discovery Utilization ues and assessments. Fig.1.1. Diagram of Research Methodology 38 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design According to this diagram 1.1, cultural heritage assets It involves positive intervention to keep wooden monaster- shouldAccording be followed to this with diagram providing1.1 the, cultural wooden heritagemonasteries assets in ies asIt involvesclose to theirpositive original intervention conditionto keepfor as wooden long as monaster- possible. shouldselected be survey followed data with collection providing in different the wooden parts monasteries of Myanmar. in iesWith as an closehonest to theirapproach original to conservation, condition for the as initiallong as stage possible. starts selectedThe analysis survey underline data collections the critical in different approac hparts of inventory of Myanmar. plan Withwith deansignatihonestng approach priority tolevelsconservation, to the heritage the initial structures stage beingstarts Theas foremost analysis with underline the publics the ,critical which approacmay serveh of in inventory a straightfor- plan withconserved designati in woodenng priority monasteries levels to thein differentheritage structuresregions of being My- asward foremost, honest with evaluation the public for ,integrating which may theserve contrast in a dimensionsstraightfor- conservedanmar. This in may wooden lead tomonasteries the discovery in differentof diverse regions characteristics of My- wardof conservation, honest evaluation methodology for integrating depends on the the contrast local current dimensions con- anmarof monasteries. This may corresponding lead to the discovery to the diverse of diverse ethnic characteristics cultures and ofditions. conservation methodology depends on the local current con- ofcommunities monasteries across corresponding the nation to. the diverse ethnic cultures and ditions.2. Background History and Influencing Factors of Wooden communities2.1. Architectural across C theharacteristics nation. of a Wooden Monastery