Conservation Priorities Based on Current Conditions of Wooden Monasteries in Myanmar

九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository

Ei Thandar Kyaw Environment and Heritage Design Course, Department of Design, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University

INOUE, Tomo Department of Environmental Design, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University

https://doi.org/10.15017/4372252

出版情報：芸術工学研究. 34, pp.37-72, 2021-03-10. Faculty of Design, Kyushu University バージョン：権利関係：（※掲載決定後に編集委員会で記載）研究報告受付日：2020 年 11 月 3 日、受理日：2021 年 3 月 1 日研究報告受付日：20**年**月**日、受理日：20**年**月**日

Conservation Priorities Based on Current Conditions of Wooden Monasteries Conservation Priorities Based on Current Conditions of Wooden Monas- in Myanmar teries in Myanmar

イータンダージョーイータンダージョー11 井上朝雄 2 井上朝雄 2

Ei Thandar Kyaw Ei Thandar Kyaw INOUE Tomo INOUE Tomo

Abstract 1. Introduction ミャンマーは敬虔な仏教国であり、ミャンマー全土 Throughout the history of Myanmar where has been home には遺跡も含めて数多くの寺院が点在してる。ミャンマ to diverse ethnic groups that migrated to the region as well as ーにおける仏教寺院はミャンマーの文化を語るうえでと the stage for the rise and fall of many kingdoms. Therefore, a ても重要であるが、経済発展の波の中でいくつかの寺院 large number of precious cultural properties and heritage sites は消滅の危機に瀕している。とくに木造の僧院はその構 exist that embody the history of ancient cultures. In Myanmar, 造的な特徴から、一度メンテナンスが放棄されると老朽 there are essentially three kinds of Buddhist structures: (1) stu- 化が加速し、一挙に廃墟になりかねない危険性をはらん pas (bell-shaped structures with Holy Buddha relics) (2) tem- でいる。この研究の上位の目標は、ミャンマーの木造僧 ples (place of worship), and (3) monasteries (religious build- 院の保全のためのガイドラインを作成することにあるが、 ings where monks reside and meditate). Among them, this re- まずは本報において、その現状を報告し、ガイドライン port will concentrate on the conservation prioritization for 作成のための課題を整理した。 wooden monasteries. These are very important not only as prominent symbols of Burmese history but also should be preserved for future generations to maintain the national and cultural identity of Myanmar. However, there is no systematic policy for the preventive conservation of built cultural heritage in Myanmar. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the conservation priorities for protecting the cultural attributes of the wooden monasteries in My- anmar. This research will focus on the main structure of physical places to identify issues that need to be prioritised in conservation efforts. This approach is based on evaluating and using combinations of the attributes to define and implement the priorities for structural conditions and place-based conserva- Corresponding Author：井上朝雄，[email protected] 九州大学大学院芸術工学府芸術工学専攻環境·遺産デザインコース 1連絡先：井上朝雄，[email protected] tion actions. 1 九州大学大学院芸術工学府芸術工学専攻環境Environment and Heritage Design Course, Department · 遺産デザインコース of Design, Graduate Conservation prioritisation is about decision support for Environment and Heritage Design Course, Department of Design, School of Design, Kyushu University Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University conservation planning. It aims to answer questions about when, 2 九州大学大学院芸術工学研究院准教授博士（工学） 2 九州大学大学院芸術工学研究院環境デザイン部門 Department of Environmental Design, Faculty of Design, Kyushu UniversityAssociate Prof., Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Dr. Eng. where, and how we can efficiently achieve conservation goals.

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 37 Conservation prioritisation utilizes assessment tools and anal- 1.2. Original Points of the Research yses that are relevant for conservation actions for future con- The main characteristics of the research are the possible servation management plan.1 Generally, three main steps are conservation interventions to tackle current and local conserva- involved in assigning conservation priorities: (i) acquisition tion priorities. The priorities were selected based on past expe- and assessment of information on the existing baseline building riences and recorded after modifying them to comply with con- and on potential impacts, (ii) assignment of values to the struc- servation ethics and regulations. The current study highlights tural components concerned and integration of these overall the importance of recognising the authentic value of architec- values for alternative possible conservation targets, and (iii) in- tural heritage and spreading awareness about conservation pri- corporation of legal considerations to determine the practical orities and strategies that would target the urgent and important priorities based on the problems of heritage conservation.2 problem areas and help prolong the life of wooden monasteries Based on the literature on these immediate challenges for con- in Myanmar. Basic strengthening measures can be applied to servation, many conservation professionals and organizations theses wooden monasteries as per priority and grading level as- have recognised that greater cohesion, connection, and integra- sessment. The principal objective is to help preserve Myanmar’s tion are needed in the conservation field. Therefore, the con- cultural hub of traditional wooden monasteries using inspired servation priorities are the basic essential key step to imple- conservation efforts and best management practices. ment the actions to be taken before the next steps on heritage 1.3. Problem Statement protection policies, management plan, and intervention. This The problem statements in this research will be formulated key step in this research ought to be integrated better and em- by determining the major measurable impacts of heritage con- bedded with the relevant fundamental contexts for monitoring servation, including heritage tourism, cultural industries, center a broader operational category of systematic conservation ap- city revitalisation, and cultural values for religious properties. proach. The research focus is on how to conserve the cultural properties For these reasons, high-priority strategies and projects of vernacular structures that could also regenerate the city’s ur- should have significant scope for the impact on threats affect- ban fabric without destroying or neglecting it. ing wooden monasteries, which may have significant impacts 1.4. Method of Analysis on many areas of conservation prospects. It is necessary to de- The research methodology is composed of three main re- termine the conservation priorities and examine whether the search processes: review, discovery, and utilization mainly current potential strategies abate the threats at multiple conser- based on verified documents on cultural and historical signifi- vation sites based on the scope of common problems and issues. cances, the conditions of religious buildings in Myanmar, and By evaluating the impact of problems-based priorities, it will maintenance of current evidences and structural typologies to be easier to prescribe further key points for conservation pro- congregate the fundamental strategies of preventive approaches. cesses in terms of how to make legislative protection with relevant policy and management plans for the next upcoming procedures. Moreover, it will enhance the strategies of minimal intervention processes particularly for future sustainability of the conservation monasteries as well. 1.1. Purpose - To define the heritage values of the monasteries with verified documents and survey resources for physical evidence. - To make the inventory survey as the hidden heritage collections of wooden monasteries in Myanmar. - To highlight the critical need of conservation priorities by identifying on these religious structures based on heritage val- Review Discovery Utilization ues and assessments. Fig.1.1. Diagram of Research Methodology

38 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design According to this diagram 1.1, cultural heritage assets It involves positive intervention to keep wooden monaster- shouldAccording be followed to this with diagram providing1.1 the, cultural wooden heritagemonasteries assets in ies asIt involvesclose to theirpositive original intervention conditionto keepfor as wooden long as monaster- possible. selectedshould be survey followed data with collection providing in different the wooden parts monasteries of Myanmar. in iesWith as an closehonest to theirapproach original to conservation, condition for the as initiallong as stage possible. starts Theselected analysis survey underline data collections the critical in different approac hparts of inventory of Myanmar. plan Withwith deansignatihonestng approach priority tolevelsconservation, to the heritage the initial structures stage beingstarts asThe foremost analysis with underline the publics the ,critical which approacmay serveh of in inventory a straightfor- plan withconserved designati in woodenng priority monasteries levels to thein differentheritage structuresregions of being My- wardas foremost, honest with evaluation the public for ,integrating which may theserve contrast in a dimensionsstraightfor- conservedanmar. This in may wooden lead tomonasteries the discovery in differentof diverse regions characteristics of My- ofward conservation, honest evaluation methodology for integrating depends on the the contrast local current dimensions con- anmarof monasteries. This may corresponding lead to the discovery to the diverse of diverse ethnic characteristics cultures and ditions.of conservation methodology depends on the local current con- ofcommunities monasteries across corresponding the nation to. the diverse ethnic cultures and 2.ditions. Background History and Influencing Factors of Wooden communities2.1. Architectural across C theharacteristics nation. of a Wooden Monastery 2. MBackgroundonasteries inHistory Myanmar and Influencing Factors of Wooden 2.1. TheArchitectural monastery Cexharacteristicshibits the use of of a many Wooden traditional Monastery Bur- MMostonasteries religions in inMyanmar Myanmar are mainly relied on Buddhism; meseThe style monasterys having exancienthibits theartistic use, ofcultural many, traditionaland traditional Bur- therefore,Most religionsthe Buddhist in Myanmar monasteries are mainly feature relied prominently on Buddhismamong; mesevalue. styleThe smonastery having ancient is an attractive artistic, traditionalcultural, andwoodentraditional build- thetherefore,religiousthe structures. Buddhist monasteries In the old times, feature the prominently monasteriesamong were value.ing, one The of monastery the few types is an ofattractive historical traditional buildings wooden to have build- sur- highlythe religious elaborated structures. to depict In thethe oldadvancement times, the ofmonasteries traditional wereMy- ingvived, one until of nowthe .few It consists types of of historical many impressive buildings woodcarvings to have sur- anmarhighly artelaborated and architecture. to depict theThis advancement is one of the of reasons traditional why My- the vivedand contains until now a number. It consists of admirable of many worksimpressive of art woodcarvingsand architec- woodenanmar art monasteries and architecture. are very This mean is ingfulone of and the preciousreasons whyfor My- the andture. contains a number of admirable works of art and architec- anmarwooden citizens monasteries; they arenot very only mean haveingfulreligious and precioussignificance for My-but ture.There were four main apartment divisions in a traditional anmaralso represent citizens;the they developmentnot only have of Myanmarreligious’s significance architecturebut in woodenThere monastery were four. Generally, main apartment it consist divisionss of a principal in a traditional shrine alsohistory represent and epitomizethe development Myanmar’s of Myanmarown architectural’s architecture dignity in, woodenroom, an monastery adjoining. Generally,intermediate it consistarea whichs of a mayprincipal serve shrine as a whichhistory deserves and epitomizeto be respected, Myanmar’s honoredown, andarchitectural valued. Therefore, dignity, room,room foran theadjoining abbot or intermediate as a passageway area betweenwhich may the serveshrine asand a thewhich 18 thdeservesand 19thtocenturies be respected, were honored the most, and developed valued. Therefore,period of roomthe cavernous for the abbot main or room as a passageway(including the between eastern the and shrine western and monasticthe 18th and architecture 19th centuries in Myanmar were the, mostlymost developed known forperiodwoodenof thepart s),cavernous and a smaller main roomapartment(including at the westernthe eastern end ,and which western usu- structuresmonastic .architecture in Myanmar, mostly known for wooden partally s),serve ands asa smaller a store room.apartment The edificeat the western was usually end, surroundedwhich usu- structuresTherefore,. it could be assumed that the traditional Myan- allyby a servewides veranda as a storewhere room. monks The edifice perform was their usually daily surrounded exercises. mar Therefore,art and architecture it could be mainly assumed flourished that the intraditional these eras Myan-.3 For byTo aemphasi wide verandase the hallowedwhere monks nature perform of the building,their daily each exercise apart-s. marthis reason,art and consideringarchitecture the mainly cultural flourished properties in ofth ewoodense eras. mon-3 For mentTo emphasi is markedse th externallye hallowed as nature a set ofof thedistinctive building, multi each-storied apart- asteriesthis reason, is necessary considering for thethe cultural conservation properties priority of wooden scheme mon-as it mentroofs. is Historically,marked externally most of as the a woodenset of distinctive monasteries multi in- storiedMyan- willasteries help is tonecessary conserve for them the inconservation the appropriate priority way scheme. Thus,asthe it roofs.mar were Historically, only one stormosty highof the as wooden in form monasteries.3 The most importantin Myan- integritywill help andto conserve authenticity them of in woodenthe appropriate monasteries way . shouldThus, thebe partmar ofwere the onlybuilding one isstor locy atedhigh at as its in symbolic form.3 The centr moste - it important is a large integrityconserved and systematically authenticityfor of thewooden future monasteriessustainability should of tangi- be partrectangular of the building hall divided is loc intoated two at its square symbolic rooms centr by ea -partitioning it is a large conservedble heritage systematically structures. for the future sustainability of tangi- rectangularwall. hall divided into two square rooms by a partitioning ble heritage structures. wall.

Fig.2.1. A Typical Plan Layout of Wooden Monastery*1 Fig.2.2. General Burmese Monastic Architectural Concept*2 Fig.2.1. A Typical Plan Layout of Wooden Monastery*1 Fig.2.2. General Burmese Monastic Architectural Concept*2

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 39 The room nearest to the eastern entrance is a public space sub-human existence, including walls, windows, doors, pillars, The room nearest to the eastern entrance is a public space sub-human existence, including walls, windows, doors, pillars, where a Buddha image is displayed and rituals involving both and balustrades, and (3) the lower parts characterise the subter- where a Buddha image is displayed and rituals involving both and balustrades, and (3) the lower parts characterise the subter- monks and laymen are celebrated. The western room is re- ranean world, that is, the part below the balustrades, including monks and laymen are celebrated. The western room is re- ranean world, that is, the part below the balustrades, including served for activities in which only monks are involved. To the short supporters, stairs, and the ground decorative elements of served for activities in which only monks are involved. To the short supporters, stairs, and the ground decorative elements of west beyond the main hall, a storeroom is situated that may be a monastery3. west beyond the main hall, a storeroom is situated that may be a monastery3. attached or unattached to the main structure. The entire struc- 2.2. Weather Effect Based on Climatic Conditions of attached or unattached to the main structure. The entire struc- 2.2. Weather Effect Based on Climatic Conditions of ture is visually unified by the continuous horizontal terraces Wooden Monasteries ture is visually unified by the continuous horizontal terraces Wooden Monasteries and eaves of the various roofs, as seen in figure 2.3. This section will discuss the effect of weather on the mon- and eaves of the various roofs, as seen in figure 2.3. This section will discuss the effect of weather on the mon- Generally, the structural composition of a wooden monas- asteries. It is also important to identify that the main building Generally, the structural composition of a wooden monas- asteries. It is also important to identify that the main building tery can be divided into three parts as seen in figure 2.3: (1) the material is wood, which is a challenging building material. It tery can be divided into three parts as seen in figure 2.3: (1) the material is wood, which is a challenging building material. It upper parts symbolise the realm of the heavens, including roof- burns, it decays, its strength varies depending on the way the upper parts symbolise the realm of the heavens, including roof- burns, it decays, its strength varies depending on the way the ing, tiered roofs, sculptures, and traditional roof decorative el- grain is oriented, and it is very sensitive to the weather condi- ing, tiered roofs, sculptures, and traditional roof decorative el- grain is oriented, and it is very sensitive to the weather condi- ements; (2) the middle parts represent the realm of mortal and tions such as temperature and humidity. Generally, wooden ements; (2) the middle parts represent the realm of mortal and tions such as temperature and humidity. Generally, wooden structures have cracks or loose joints caused by temperature structures have cracks or loose joints caused by temperature variation. Most of the wooden monasteries situated in the cen- variation. Most of the wooden monasteries situated in the central dry zone of Myanmar in the circle area of figure 2.4 have tral dry zone of Myanmar in the circle area of figure 2.4 have been ruined because of the extremely dry climate, which pulls been ruined because of the extremely dry climate, which pulls moisture out, causing cracking or warping. moisture out, causing cracking or warping. As most of the wooden monasteries were built in the cen- As most of the wooden monasteries were built in the central dry zone, the most challenging factors are high-temperature tral dry zone, the most challenging factors are high-temperature Fig.2.3. Structural Composition of a Monastery *3 variation and severe rain. According to the field survey results, Fig.2.3. Structural Composition of a Monastery *3 variation and severe rain. According to the field survey results, most of the structural components of wooden buildings are se- most of the structural components of wooden buildings are se- verely damaged by the lack of weatherproofing, regular treat- verely damaged by the lack of weatherproofing, regular treat- ments, and maintenance. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse ments, and maintenance. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse extreme events and review the key climate processes applying extreme events and review the key climate processes applying the structural risk information; for example, roof deterioration, the structural risk information; for example, roof deterioration, cracking on the wooden pillars and moisturisation directly from cracking on the wooden pillars and moisturisation directly from the ground may damage the ground floor’s short supporters and the ground may damage the ground floor’s short supporters and long pillars particularly. long pillars particularly. Thus, conservation efforts must decide the priority level of Thus, conservation efforts must decide the priority level of each action and determine how to help the monastery survive each action and determine how to help the monastery survive the weather by conducting local vulnerability assessments and the weather by conducting local vulnerability assessments and adaptation planning activities that are necessary for weather- adaptation planning activities that are necessary for weatherproofing and treatment procedures on these vernacular monas- proofing and treatment procedures on these vernacular monasteries. teries. 2.3. Types of Tree Species Used in Wooden Monasteries 2.3. Types of Tree Species Used in Wooden Monasteries In the history of Burmese traditional architecture, wooden In the history of Burmese traditional architecture, wooden buildings occupy an important place, with the most popular buildings occupy an important place, with the most popular building material being teak wood, a tropical hardwood tree building material being teak wood, a tropical hardwood tree species. Myanmar, also known as Burma, is one of the Asian species. Myanmar, also known as Burma, is one of the Asian countries where the overwhelming majority of buildings are countries where the overwhelming majority of buildings are wooden and also their architectural and ornamental quality is wooden and also their architectural and ornamental quality is Fig.2.4. Myanmar's Eight Physiographic Regions*6 very high.4 Fig.2.4. Myanmar's Eight Physiographic Regions*6 very high.4

40 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design

Owing to the current high cost of teak wood across the and diversity that continues to this day, and a number of its world,Owing it is difficultto the current to obtain high large cost quantit of teakies ofwood teak across wood thefor culturaland diversity artefacts that can continues be said to representthis day, andthe culturala number heritage of its replacingworld, it is old difficult wood toin obtainrestoration large projects, quantities especially of teak wood for his- for ofcultural the entire artefacts Southeast can be Asia. said to represent the cultural heritage toricreplacing conservation. old wood Minost restoration of the surveyed projects, monasteries especially forin his-this of theHowever, entire Southeast under the Asia. political and social circumstances in studytoric conservation.were built from M teakost of wood the insurveyed ancient monasteriestimes. At that in time, this MyanmarHowever, after under independence, the political measures and social for circumstancescultural heritage in Myanmarstudy were was built rich from in teakforest wood resources in ancient and times. the type At thofat woodtime, protectionMyanmar remainedafter independence, insufficient measures for a long for time. cultural This isheritage part of usedMyanmar for building was rich structures in forest represented resources andthe rankthe type and statusof wood of theprotection reason remainedwhy some insufficient proposed forsites a longonly time. in Myanmar This is part have of theused owner for building. However, structures nowadays represented most of thethe rankmonasteries and status built of beenthe reason inscribed why on some the proposedWorld Heritage sites only List, in even Myanmar though have the ofthe teak owner wood. However, are endangered nowadays due mostto the of lack the of monasteries maintenance built or countrybeen inscribed is home on to the some World of the Heritage world’s List, most even famous though monu- the unsympatheticof teak wood are restorations, endangered an due issue to the emphasi lack ofs edmaintenance by the rare- or mentscountry and is ishome a member to some of theof theWorld world’s Heritage most Convention. famous monu-5 nessunsympathetic and high cost restorations, of teak wood an ,issue and the emphasi loss ofs edcraftsmanship. by the rare- mentsThe and table is a 2.1member shows of the Worldlist of Heritagesurvey regions Convention. into 5two nessWithout and high proper cost of restoration teak wood, , theand art theistic loss wood of craftsmanship. carvings on parts;The August table 20182.1 shows and April the list2019. of surveyThese regionsregions possessinto two a the monasteriesWithout proper would restoration be lost ,and the itart wouldistic wood be impossible carvings onto richparts historical; August background2018 and April and 2019.highly Tuniquehese regions cultural possess heritage a reconstructthe monasteries the traditionalwould be lostfeatures. and itTherefore, would be impossibleowing to the to properties.rich historical The background above survey and regions highly make unique the culturalphysical heritage assess- scarcityreconstruct and thehigh traditional cost of teak features. wood, some Therefore, wooden owing buildings to the in mentproperties. of wooden The above monasteries’ survey regions criteria makebased theon dataphysical acquisition assess- restorationscarcity and projects high cost are of mendedteak wood, using some other wooden tree speciesbuildings like in andment monastic of wooden structural monasteries’ behavior. criteria Then, based each on data region acquisition is de- hardwoodrestoration types;projects Pyin are- Kamended-Doe (usingxylia xylocarpa);other tree species a kind like of scribedand monastic by the stnameructural of thebehavior. monastery, Then, construction each region year, is de-the ironwoodhardwood treetypes;; and Pyin Ingyin-Ka (shorea-Doe (xylia siamensis) xylocarpa);, a kind aof kind tall in-of presentscribed byconditions the name, and of thefunctions monastery, of the construction wooden monastery year, the digenousironwood tree. tree ; and Ingyin (shorea siamensis), a kind of tall in- whpresentich may conditions be: adaptive, and reusefunctions, occupied of the by woodenmonks, vacantmonastery, de- 2.4.digenous Site S tree.election for Surveyed Monasteries terioratedwhich may, ruined be: adaptive, burnt down,reuse, occupiedor neglected. by monk s, vacant, de- 2.4. TheSite site Selection selection for for Surv theeyed physical Monasteries field survey is a very im- teriorated , ruined, burnt down, or neglected. portantThe part site selectionof this research for the physicalbecause fiwoodeneld survey monasteries is a very im-are Table 2.1. Survey area of wooden monasteries in Myanmar very rare nowadays in every region of Myanmar. The idea of portant part of this research because wooden monasteries are Survey year Survey area Physiography No. of survey monasteries sitevery selection rare nowadays came from in every the literature region of on Myanmar the evolutiona. The ideary his- of Mandalay Central dry zone 15 Innwa Central dry zone 1 torysite selectionof the monasteries came from, most the literature of which on is relatedthe evolutiona to the historyry his- Amarapura Central dry zone 1 2018 August Bagan Central dry zone 6 oftory Myanmar of the monasteries Kingdom,, wheremost ofin whichthe last is Kingdom related to Palacethe history was Sa-le Central dry zone 5 Inle Lake Eastern Hilly 10 establishedof Myanmar in Kingdom the central, where part inof theMyanmar. last Kingdom In that Palace era, espe- was Nyaung-Shwe Eastern Hilly 2 Mandalay Central dry zone 3 cially the 18th and 19th centuries, the donation of Buddhist mon- Sagaing Central dry zone 1 established in the central part of Myanmar. In that era, espe- 2019 April Hsipaw Eastern Hilly 5 th th Monywa Central dry zone 5 asterycially thewas 18 favored. and 19 Moreover, centuries, thethe buildingdonation characteristicsof Buddhist mon- of Pakkoku Central dry zone 7 theaster monasteryy was favored. including Moreover, skillful the construction building characteristics techniques, ma- of Total no. of monasteries 63 terials,the monast architecturalery including features skillful, and constructionmonastic ornamentation techniques,, ma-had According to the list of 63 monasteries in these survey re- toterials, be varied architectural depending features on the, and status monastic of the ornamentationdonor. This is, onehad gions,According it can be to extracted the list ofto 63study monasteries the specific in thesesurveys survey particu- re- ofto thebe variedinteresting depending points onto bethe studied status ofin ththeose donor. area. This is one gions,larly in it this can central be extracted region toof studyMyanmar the specific where havesurveys been particu- lots of of theHence, interesting this research points tofocus be studieded on survey in thoseing area.the current con- larlywooden in this built central heritages region developed. of Myanmar where have been lots of ditionsHence, of wooden this research monasteries focused, mainly on survey in theing different the current regions con- wooden2.5. Restoration built heritages Project developed. of Shwe -Nan-Daw Monastery ofditions Myanmar of wooden where monasteries has enriched, mainly of old i nwooden the different monasteries regions. 2.5. TRhisestoration section will Project conduct of Shwe a case-Nan study-Daw on one M onasteryof the wooden Thereforeof Myanmar, the where survey has was enriched mainly of done old intowooden two monasteriestimes, espe-. monasteryThis section restoration will conduct projects a case in Mandalay. study on one Shwe of the-Nan wooden-Daw ciallyTherefore in the, the central survey area was of Myanmarmainly do wherene into a twolarge times number, espe- of monasterymonastery wasrestoration originally projects part ofin theMandalay. Royal Palace Shwe -inNan Amara--Daw traditionalcially in the wooden central monasteriesarea of Myanmar are located where. Owinga large tonumber its loca- of mpuraonastery, which was was originally the capital part of Myanmarof the Royal twice Palace (1783 in-1821 Amara- and tiontraditional between wooden India andmonasteries China, Myanmar are located has. Owing nurtured to itsa diver- loca- pura1842, -which1859) duringwas the t hecapital Konbaung of Myanmar period twice(1752 11-1885) (1783. When-1821 sifiedtion between identity. India It is andcultural China, hub Myanmar where people has nurtured of various a diver- eth- andthe capital1842- 1859)city was during moved the to KonbaungMandalay, theperiod building (1752 was-1885) dis-. nicitiessified identity. and races It ishave cultural come hub and wheregone. peopleThis cultural of various heritage, eth- Whenmantled, the transported capital city to was Mandalay moved from to Mandalay, a former capitalthe building Ama- innicities particular, and races is a physical have come proof and of Myanmar’sgone. This cultural cultural heritage,richness wasrapura dimantled,, and rebuil transportedt there as part to Mandalay of the new from all teak a former Royal capitalPalace in particular, is a physical proof of Myanmar’s cultural richness in 1857. King Mindon (1853-1878) used the building for his

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 41

Amarapura, and rebuilt there as part of the new all teak Royal chaeology, Mandalay; and the World Monuments Fund have Palace in 1857. King Mindon (1853-1878) used the building been conducting this restoration project since 2014. The struc- for his personal living quarters in the compound of the palace. tural problems found especially on the southern and western After King Mindon passed away in 1878, his son King Thibaw end of the buildings were caused by the following main issues (1878-1885) 12 decided to dismantle and rebuild it as a monas- that are necessary for priority restoration. They are the water tery in order to commemorate his father. For this reason, King drainage system around the monastery and the replacement of Thibaw relocated the building to its current location outside of old pillars and floors. Additionally, it is necessary to conserve the palace grounds, where it was converted into a monastery in the Kongbaung era’s artwork, particularly woodcarving sculp- 1880. The form and space composition of Shwe-Nan-Daw tures on the balustrades. The water drainage system was man- monastery gives a symmetrical effect with a simple rectangular aged systematically to create a drainage outlet with an appro- plan. The concept of this monastery was the form and space priate design around the monastery. composition of the hierarchical concept and idea as the conti- The prime focus of this project was on restoration; condi- nuity in the arrangement of plan layout precisely into a single tional assessment of the pillars that had deteriorated were per- linear composition.6 Even though it was a single chamber, formed, especially in the south-west parts where the subterra- which was different from other monastery’s characteristics, it nean ornamentation such as the Nayar (Dragon-Serpent) sculp- features artistic and powerful ornamentation of great historical tures, as seen figure 2.8 are relatively in the stage of very ad- value as it was commissioned by a King. vanced deterioration, physically weakened, and structurally The National Museum, Mandalay; the Department of Ar- compromised.

■ Reception Hall ■ Shrine Hall ■ Main Hall

Fig.2.5. Layout Plan of Shwe-Nan-Daw Monastery*8 Fig.2.6. Shwe-Nan-Daw Monastery*7

Fig.2.7. Elevation of Shwe-Nan-Daw Monastery*8 Fig.2.8. Repairing of Dragon- Fig.2.9. Replacement of New Serpent (Nayar) sculptures*3 Teak Wood Pillar*5

42 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design

The teak pillars covered with the marble cap had been dam- prised of local craftsmen trained on conservation practice and aged by termites - which are white ants that feed mostly on cel- site management skills; including traditional carpentry crafts, lulose (wood), as shown in figure 2.10, leading to structural traditional timber framing, water damage treatment, and pro- problems and severe rain. Moreover, these teak pillars were di- tective measures against fire. This endeavor runs in partnership rectly exposed to the moisture-laden ground due to the weak with local communities and Myanmar's government.7 maintenance of the foundation. The floor adjacent to the ve- Therefore, a conservation study was conducted on the tra- randa has also been damaged by Mandalay’s hot and dry ditional building technologies employed at the site to gain an weather due to the lack of proper conservation. The Kongbaung understanding of the deterioration and threats to the building’s era’s woodcarving artwork will also be restored to its original primary building material, teak wood, in the tropical environ- state by famous and expert carpenters. ment. Based on these activities, emergency structural, founda- The pillar replacement in this project uses the following re- tion, and drainage repairs were undertaken. Then, the subse- placement techniques; (1) total replacement, (2) partial replace- quent work focused on water management upgrades, repair of ment, and (3) infill replacement. This restoration project aims the monument’s staircases, and a comprehensive program tar- at the conservation of the monastery and revitalising its sur- geting the monastery’s veranda, where a first floor-level walk- rounding area, in addition to developing a work force com- way surrounds the building.8

Fig.2.10. Deterioration found on the Termite Issues*9 Fig.2.11. Shwe-Nan-Daw Monastery’s Restoration Works*10

Fig.2.12. Details of Pillar Restoration in Shwe-Nan-Daw Moastery*9

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 43

3. Current Conditions of Wooden Monasteries orates that do not require refurbishment works but need mainte- In Myanmar, wooden monasteries are one of the greatest nance works, 2 – good condition or small deteriorates in the ensembles of religious structures where may explore traditional structure that do not require immediate actions for conservation Burmese art and architecture. Such kind of buildings are but regularly require superficial repairs works, 3 – moderate mainly necessary to consider as the historical assets for multi- condition or relevant deteriorates with unavoidable danger but ple levels of priorities depending on the status of the current require appropriate interventions to reinforce the structure, and conditions. Accordingly, the following 63 wooden monasteries 4 – poor condition or major deteriorates whereas the monaster- will state that most of them were built in Konbaung dynasty ies are newly constructed or old and new materials are in mixed (1752-1885) at least over 100 years old structures with the de- conditions and also unstable structural problems and urgently scriptions of survey lists and individual information. Then, the require reinforcement actions and adaptation of critical safety heritage value assessment has conducted according to the sig- measures for appropriate conservation respectively. In these nificance values found on the wooden monasteries by different following tables, Kyaung means monastery in Myanmar terms. disciplines to the problems of conservation planning and local The result of grading levels of wooden monasteries is pro- conditions relatively.9 ceeded according to the significance values of history, building The physical field survey was mainly done on the structural age, architecture, maintenance system. It is also necessary to assessment with development plan into; (1) protection status, consider the conservation capacity based on the limited conser- (2) brief description of the monastery, and (3) sketch plan and vation resources and situations of Myanmar as developing recorded photos on site. For protection status, it is designated country. In this study, the criteria for the conservation grades for protected monastery or proposed protected monastery or make on the qualitative content analysis was used to evaluate not. Concerning about the descriptions which may include with the relationship between the monastic architectural heritage history, the construction year, materials, façade ornamentation and conservation conditions. It can be concluded that the con- and environmental settlements. Finally, it is also necessary to servation system can be investigated and analyzed at the four check the fire safety level and conservation priorities level. grades by the cultural value, economic value, historical value 3.1. Physical Assessment of Wooden Monasteries and identity greatly influence the local evaluation to develop To find out the priority level of conservation, the criteria of the priorities for its conservation of those architectural heritage. this research mainly based on the physical conservation or According to the above data, the criteria for physical as- maintenance of current conditions heritage value assessment. sessment of these monasteries are mainly figured out into struc- Specifically, it has been addressing on the building age, the sta- tural behaviors and current conservation conditions and tus of the current use for example which is original or new ones maintenance systems. However, the fire assessment which is depends on its architectural features and functionality. Moreo- surprisingly found out nearly 0% of fire protection in most of ver, there is another important perspective to be noticed that it the wooden monasteries. Moreover, the following pie chart is is fire safety because the structure of the building was mainly the explanation of the grading level assessment differentiated built in wood and it is necessary to investigate the conditions on the priority levels of wooden monasteries in different re- of electricity supply for fire prevention measures and fire as- gions of Myanmar. sessment for providing the fire safety basic level or not; for in- Grade 1: Outstanding monasteries, to be systematically in- stance, is there any preparing of fire extinguisher or accommo- spected and preserved in perfect condition (G-1) – 8% dating water resources like water buckle as in be ready condi- Grade 2: Exceptional monasteries, to be regularly inspected, tions just in case of fire. maintained and repaired (G-2) – 27% Finally, it comes to the important part of the field survey to Grade 3: Important monasteries, to be periodically inspected, establish the priority level based on the physical deterioration maintained and repaired when urgently needed (G-3) – 36% assessment and structural failure. The four priority levels can Grade 4: Miscellaneous groups which are newly constructed or be categorized into; 1 – excellent condition or minimal deteri- old and new materials mixed (G-4) – 29%

44 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design

methods in some regions are very drained because of the local TheThelocal above abovethe of percentages percentagesbecause for fordrained each eachvery grade gradeare show showregions the thesome analytical analyticalanalyticalin methods methods methodsmethods in ininanalytical some somesomethe regions regionsregionsshow arearegrade are veryvery veryeach draineddrained for drained because becausepercentages of of theabove the local The local surveysurvey surveyold based basedthe to on on the thetaken current currentare condition conditionsconditionrecords sthese s of, of wooden woodenTherefore monasteries monasteriesmonasteries intervention. intervention. intervention.intervention.monasteries ThereforeThereforeThereforewooden of , , ,s thesethesethese recordsrecordsrecordscondition arearearecurrent takentakenthe taken on tototo thethebased the oldoldsurvey focusingfocusing focusing on on conservation conservationphotographs, by years management management100 over plan.least plan. at These TheseThese tables tablestablesmonasteries show showshow wooden wooden woodenwoodenshow monasteries monasteriesmonasteriestables These at atat plan. least leastleast over overover 100 100100management years yearsyears by by photographs, conservation photographs, on focusing thethe the of old oldold wooden woodenwoodensome monasteries’ monasteries’collected and structures structuresmeasurements nowadays nowadaysground are arearesome very veryveryand ru- ru-ru-drone dronedronedroneru- and andandvery some somesomeare ground groundgroundnowadays measurements measurementsmeasurementsstructures andand and collected collectedcollectedmonasteries’ some wooden some old of ofthe inedinedined andpro- and and destroyed destroyedreferences by bydata the the natural naturalfurther for and and by bybybooks the thetheold people peoplpeopleand e misunder- misunder-misunder-documents the thethethe documents documentsdocumentsmisunder- and andandpeople old oldoldthe books booksby books and for forfor further furtherfurthernatural the data databy data referencesreferences referencesdestroyed and pro- pro-ined standingstandingstanding maintenancemaintenance systems.systems. Moreover,Moreover, thethe conservatconservationconservat ionion ductively. ductively. ductively.ductively.ion conservat the Moreover, systems. maintenance standing

TableTableTable 3 3.13.1.1 P hysicalPhysicalhysical assessment assessmentmonasteries of of wooden woodenwooden of monasteries monasteriesassessment hysical P 3.2 Table TableTableTable 3.2 3.23.2 P PPhysicalhysicalhysical assessment assessment assessmentmonasteries ofof of woodenwooden woodenwooden of monasteriesmonasteries monasteriesassessment hysical P .1 3 Table

Priority Priority Fire Electricity Electricity Fire Priority Status ElectricityYear Electricity Built FireFire Name Region Region NameFire BuiltElectricity Year Status Electricity Fire Priority RegionRegion Level NameName Assessment BuiltBuilt YearSupply Year StatusStatus PriorityPriority level level Regionlevel Priority Name Built Year StatusStatus Year SupplyBuilt AssessmentName Level Region SupplySupply AssessmentAssessment Assessment Supply Supply Assessment Level th th 1 Nat-TaungNat-Taung Kyaung KyaungNo 19No 19th C C MonasteryMonasteryMonastery Yes1860 Yes NoKyaung No Shwe-Kyin 2 2 2 Shwe-KyinShwe-Kyin KyaungNo Kyaung 1860Yes 1860 MonasteryMonasteryMonastery C No19 No NoKyaung No Nat-Taung 1 1

th th DakinawunDakinawun Kyaung Kyaung 1919th C C MonasteryMonasteryMuseum(Ada- YesYes NoNo Shwe-Nan-Daw 2 2 2 Shwe-Nan-DawShwe-Nan-DawNo Yes Museum(Ada-Museum(Ada-Monastery C 19 Kyaung Dakinawun 1 No No 1878-83 1878-831878-83 NoNo NoNo 1 1 ptive reuse) ptive Kyaung KyaungKyaung ptiveptive reuse) reuse) Taung-Bi Kyaung th Kyaung Taung-Bi Taung-Bi Kyaung 19th th C Vacant No No 2 2 No No Vacant C 19 (Eastern) 19 C VacantRemains, No No Taik-Taw 2 Taik-TawTaik-Taw Remains,Remains, (Eastern) 4 (Eastern) - - 1857 18571857 - - - - 4 4 Bagan Ruins Monastery MonasteryMonastery RuinsRuins Bagan Bagan Nyaung-UNyaung-U Yoke Yoke KonbaungKonbaung Konbaung Yoke Nyaung-U 2 No Yes MonasteryMonasteryMonastery Yes1870s Yes NoNoKyaung Yamethin 3 3 3 Yamethin KyaungNo Yes 1870s MonasteryMonastery Yes No 2 SoneSone Kyaung Kyaung PeriodPeriod Yamethin Kyaung 1870s Monastery YesPeriod No Kyaung Sone 2 Konbaung Konbaung Nat Nyaung-U 3 Nyaung-UNyaung-U Nat NatNo KonbaungKonbaungYes Monastery 1871-75 Kyaung Kaung Moe MoeMoe Kaung Kaung Kyaung Kyaung 1871-751871-75 MonasteryMonastery YesYes NoNo 3 3 MonasteryMonastery YesYes NoNo 3 3 3 No Yes Monastery DauntDaunt Kyaung Kyaung PeriodPeriod Period Kyaung Daunt 2 No Yes Monastery 1875 Kyaung Kye-Myin Kye-MyinKye-Myin Kyaung Kyaung 18751875 MonasteryMonastery YesYes NoNo 2 2 Hman-KyaungHman-Kyaung AroundAround 1870 1870FiredFired in in 2017 2017 - - - - 4 4 4 - - 2017 in Fired 1870 Around Hman-Kyaung 80% 80% Sa-Daw-Wun-Min Sa-Daw-Wun-Min 80% 3 No No 1878-1885 Sa-Daw-Wun-Min 1878-1885 80%Museum(Ada- No No 3 Museum(Ada-Museum(Ada-Ruination Kyaung 1 No 1878-1885No 1882 No NoKyaung Yoke-Sone 3 Yoke-SoneYoke-Sone Kyaung Kyaung 18821882 NoNo NoNo 1 1 KyaungKyaung reuse) Ruination Ruinationptive ptiveptive reuse) reuse) 3 No Yes Monastery 1861 Kyaung Thin-Gaza Thin-Gaza Kyaung 1861 Monastery Yes No 3 2 Thin-Gaza KyaungNo 1861Yes MonasteryMonastery Yes1870 No Kyaung Lei-Tha 3 Lei-ThaLei-Tha Kyaung Kyaung 18701870 MonasteryMonastery YesYes NoNo 2 2 Shwe-In-Bin Shwe-In-Bin Shwe-In-Bin 1 No Yes Monastery 1895 Shwe-In-Bin 1895 Monastery Yes No Mahar-Gandawun 1 Mahar-GandawunMahar-Gandawun th Kyaung 1895 Monastery th Yes No 1 Sa-le Sa-le 19th C Monastery Yes No 4 4 Kyaung No Yes Monastery C 19 Sa-le Kyaung 19 C Monastery Yes No 4 Kyaung Kyaung Kyaung Remains, Mya-Daung 3 - - 1884 Mya-DaungMya-Daung Remains,Remains, Kyauk-Sa-Yon Kyauk-Sa-YonKyauk-Sa-Yon Ruins Monastery 3 No 1884Yes 1884 Monastery 1888 - - - - 3 3 18881888 MonasteryMonastery YesYes NoNo 3 3 MonasteryMonastery RuinsRuins Kyaung KyaungKyaung 2 No No Vacant 1879 Kyaung Thakawun Thakawun Kyaung 1879 Vacant No No 2 3 Thakawun KyaungNo 1879Yes VacantMonastery 1858 No No Kyaung Thein 2 TheinThein Kyaung Kyaung 18581858 MonasteryMonastery YesYes NoNo 3 3 2 No Yes Monastery 1820 Kyaung Bha-Mo Bha-Mo Kyaung 1820 Monastery Yes No 2 Nga-Phe-Chaung Bha-Mo Kyaung 1820 Monastery Yes No Nga-Phe-Chaung 2 Nga-Phe-Chaung 1843 Monastery Yes No 2 2 No Yes Monastery 1843 Kyaung 1843 Monastery Yes No Mahar-Min-Htin 2 Manda- Mahar-Min-Htin Kyaung 3 Kyaung No Yes Monastery 1878 Manda-Manda-Mahar-Min-Htin 1878 Monastery Yes No 3 Kyaung lay Kyaung 1878 Monastery Yes No 3 Kyaung-Ni Kyaung 1846 Monastery Yes No 4 laylay4 Kyaung No Yes Monastery 1846 Kyaung Kyaung-Ni Kyaung-Ni Kyaung 1846 Monastery Yes No Ashoka-Yama-Taik, 4 Remains, Remains, Ashoka-Yama-Taik,Ashoka-Yama-Taik, 3 - - 1787-1790 Yadana-Bon-Kyaw 4 No Yes Remains,Remains,Monastery 1973 Kyaung Bago BagoBago Kyaung Kyaung 19731973 MonasteryMonasteryRuins YesYes NoNo 4 4 Yadana-Bon-KyawYadana-Bon-Kyaw 1787-17901787-1790 - - - - 3 3 Monastery RuinsRuins MonasteryMonastery A-Nauk-Shwe A-Nauk-ShweA-Nauk-Shwe 4 No Yes Monastery 1940s 1940s1940s MonasteryMonastery YesYes NoNo 4 4 Kyaung 2 KyaungKyaung No Yes Monastery 1878-1885 Monastery Pin-Thar Pin-TharPin-Thar Monastery Monastery 1878-18851878-1885 MonasteryMonastery YesYes NoNo 2 2 Patama-Taik Around 1846 Monastery Yes No 4 4 No Yes Monastery 1846 Around Patama-Taik In-le Patama-Taik Around 1846 Monastery Yes No 4 In-le In-le Kyaung, Medaw Lake Thar-Lay-Taung Remains, MedawMedaw Kyaung, Kyaung, Thar-Lay-Taung Lake Lake 3 Thar-Lay-Taung- - 1832 Monastery 1842 Yes No Mother’s Queen 4 4 No Yes Remains,Remains,Monastery 1832 Kyaung 1832 MonasteryRuins Yes No 4 QueenQueen Mother’s Mother’s 18421842 - - - - Kyaung 3 3 Kyaung Monastery RuinsRuins MonasteryMonastery Bein-Daw Kyaung 1925 Monastery Yes No 4 4 No Yes Monastery 1925 Kyaung Bein-Daw Bein-Daw Kyaung 1925 Monastery Yes No Thameedaw 4 Remains, Remains, ThameedawThameedaw Myay-Ni-Gone 3 Myay-Ni-GoneMyay-Ni-Gone- - 1842 The Kyaung, 4 No Yes Remains,Remains,Monastery 1851 18511851 MonasteryMonasteryRuins YesYes NoNo 4 4 Kyaung,Kyaung, The The 18421842 - - - - Kyaung 3 3 KyaungKyaung Monastery Princess RuinsRuins PrincessPrincess Monastery Monastery Nyaung-Oak Nyaung-Oak 3 No Yes Monastery 1832 Around Nyaung-Oak Around 1832 Monastery Yes No Pyi-Min-Thar 3 Kyaung 2 Kyaung No AroundYes 1832 MonasteryMonastery Yes1839 No 3 Pyi-Min-TharPyi-Min-Thar Kyaung Kyaung 18391839 MonasteryMonastery YesYes NoNo 2 2 4 KyaungKyaung No Yes Monastery 1924 Kyaung Shwe ShweShwe Kyaung Kyaung 19241924 MonasteryMonasteryMuseum(Ada- YesYes NoNo Bagaya Innwa 4 4 2 No No 1834 Innwa Bagaya Museum(Ada- ptive reuse) ptive Kyaung 4 Innwa BagayaNo Yes 1834 Museum(Ada-Monastery 1903 No Kyaung No Nam Tate 2 Tate Nam Kyaung 1903 Monastery Yes No 4 Kyaung 1834 ptive reuse) No No 2 Nyaung- Nyaung- Tate Nam Kyaung 1903 Monastery Yes No 4 Kyaung ptive reuse) Nyaung- Innwa Ariya-Wun-Tha Shwe-Yan-Pyay Shwe Shwe2 Shwe-Yan-PyayNo Yes Monastery 2 Ariya-Wun-ThaNo InnwaYes Innwa Monastery 1888 Shwe Shwe-Yan-Pyay 1888 Monastery Yes No Kyaung 2 Ariya-Wun-Tha Monastery Yes No Kyaung 2 Kyaung 1888 Monastery YesPeriod No 2 Kyaung Monastery Yes No 2 Kyaung Kyaung PeriodPeriod New with with New Museum(Ada- Museum(Ada-Museum(Ada- Bagaya Amarapura 1 No No New with 1886 Kyaung Pakhangyi 4 PakhangyiPakhangyi Kyaung KyaungNo 1886Yes 1886 brick NoNo1782-83 NoNo 1 1 Amarapura Bagaya reuse) New withptive ptiveptive reuse) reuse) Kyaung Amarapura Bagaya 1782-83 brick Yes No 4 Yesagyo YesagyoYesagyo structure Kyaung 1782-83 brickRemains. Yes No 4 Remains. 3 Kyaung No No structure 1864 Kyaung Pakhannge Pakhannge Kyaung 1864 Remains. No No 3 structureRuins 3 Pakhannge KyaungNo 1864Yes RuinsMonastery No1891 No Kyaung Bo-Daw 3 Ruins Bo-DawBo-Daw Kyaung Kyaung 18911891 MonasteryMonasteryTwo period YesYesBagan NoNo 3 3 BaganBagan period period TwoTwo Maha-Nanda- Taw-Way-Kan 2 Taw-Way-KanTaw-Way-KanNo Yes Monastery 1848 3 Maha-Nanda-Maha-Nanda-No Yes Monasteries 13th – (11th (11th(11th – 13th– 13th MonasteriesMonasteries YesYes NoNo Kyaung Kantha 3 3 18481848 MonasteryMonastery YesYes NoNo Kyaung 2 2 KyaungKyaung KanthaKantha Kyaung Kyaung one in C) C)C) inin one one Maddayar-Shwe Hsipaw 3 No Yes Monastery 1863 Hsipaw Maddayar-Shwe Vacant, Vacant, Kyaung Hsipaw Maddayar-Shwe 1863 Monastery Yes Shwe No Ohn-Don-Bin 3 Ohn-Don-Bin Shwe Vacant, 2 Kyaung No 1863No Monasterymaintained Yes1738 No 3 Ohn-Don-Bin Shwe 1738 maintained No No 2 Kyaung Kyaung 3 Kyaung No 1738Yes maintainedMonastery No1774 NoKyaung Kyin-Thee 2 monk the by Kyaung by the monk Kyin-TheeKyin-Thee Kyaung Kyaung 17741774 MonasteryMonastery YesYes NoNo 3 3 3 No Yes by the monkMonastery 1893 Kyaung Yayhaw Yayhaw Kyaung 1893 Monastery Yes No Atula-Mingalarthiri 3 4 Yayhaw KyaungNo 1893Yes MonasteryMonastery th Yes No 3 3 Atula-MingalarthiriAtula-MingalarthiriNo No th Ruin Vacant, 1936 Kyaung Sagumaw C 19 Pakkoku 19th C Monastery Yes No 4 Kyaung Pakkoku Kyaung 19 C Monastery Yes No 4 SagumawSagumaw Kyaung Kyaung 19361936 Vacant,Vacant, Ruin Ruin NoNo NoNo 3 3 Pakkoku Kyaung Taing-Tayar 3 No No Ruin Vacant, 1896 Taing-TayarTaing-Tayar th Khan-Taw-Taung Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung 3 No 1896Yes 1896 Vacant,Vacant,Monastery Ruin RuinC No19 No NoNo 3 3 Khan-Taw-Taung th th Kyaung Kyaung 1919 C C MonasteryMonastery YesYes NoNo Mahar-Zawtika- 3 3 Kyaung KyaungKyaung th 4 No Yes Monastery 1894 Monywa 4 Mahar-Zawtika-- - 1989 in Fired C 19 Kyaung A-Neint th Taik Yama MonywaMahar-Zawtika- A-Neint Kyaung 19th C Fired in 1989 - - 4 Monywa 18941894 MonasteryMonastery YesYes NoNo 4 4 A-Neint Kyaung 19 C Fired in 1989 - - 4 YamaYama Taik Taik 3 No Yes Monastery 1375 Kyaung Min-Ye 4 - - 1957 in Fired C th 19 Kyaung Yoke-Sone th th Min-YeMin-Ye Kyaung Kyaung 13751375 MonasteryMonastery YesYes NoNo 3 3 Yoke-SoneYoke-Sone Kyaung Kyaung 1919 C C FiredFired in in Monastery, 1957 1957 - - - - 4 4 3 No Yes 1858 Kyaung Bon-Pyan Ruin 2 No Yes Monastery,Monastery,Monastery 1907 Taik Mandalay Mandalay Taik 1907 Monastery Yes No 2 Bon-PyanBon-Pyan Kyaung Kyaung 18581858 YesYes NoNo 3 3 Mandalay Taik 1907 Monastery Yes No 2 RuinRuin

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 45 3.2. Bagan tury for 200 years in Bagan. The balustrades and the few re- The following monasteries are extricable tied to conserva- maining carvings are older and probably came from an earlier tion’s primary objective in Bagan region. Kyaung means mon- building. But the current conditions have found that some in- astery in Myanmar terms. tervention in roofing area in the entrance of western style ma- 3.2.1. Nat-Taung Kyaung sonry staircases and it was refurbished as the original restora- This elegant Nat-Taung Kyaung is possibly known as the tion in 1996 for the basic necessity’s enhancement of the struc- oldest monastery in the Taung-Bi area also called Mya-Taung ture. It is now maintained by the monks. (See fig 3.3 – 3.5) taik (monastic compound). Concerning the founding of the 3.2.3. Taung-Bi Kyaung (Eastern) th main monastery around 19th century dating back to about 200 This large monastery is close to the town of Bagan which th years ago. The monastery has been refurbished time by time is locally known as Taung-Bi monastery in 19th century around because of the monastic antiquity design is very detailed and 200 years old. It was refurbished in 1991 and dismantled under ornamentation especially in the majority of wood-carvings. the supervision of the Department of Archaeology. This mon- The current conditions of this monastery is regularly repaired astery has been vacant from 1998 to until now and it has also and maintained by the monks. (See fig 3.1 – 3.2) plan to settle the monks over there because the structural con- 3.2.2. Dakinawun Kyaung dition is very well to reside and it is necessary to maintain the This monastery is situated in the same compound of Hman traditional monastic architecture for future perspectives as her- th Kyaung and had been stood as a monastic site around 19th cen- itage in UNESCO world heritage zone. (See fig 3.6 – 3.8)

Fig.3.1. Plan of Nat-Taung Kyaung*8 Fig.3.3. Plan of Dakinawun Kyaung*8 Fig.3.1. Plan of Nat-Taung Kyaung*8 Fig.3.3. Plan of Dakinawun Kyaung*8

. *4 *8 *4 Fig.3.2. Nat-Taung Kyaung Fig.3.4. Dakinawun Kyaung in 1998 Fig.3.5. Dakinawun Kyaung . Fig.3.2. Nat-Taung Kyaung*4 Fig.3.4. Dakinawun Kyaung in 1998*8 Fig.3.5. Dakinawun Kyaung*4

*4 *4 *4 Fig.3.6. Taung-Bi Kyaung (Eastern) Fig.3.7. Taung-Bi Kyaung (Eastern) Fig.3.8. Taung-Bi Kyaung (Eastern) Fig.3.6. Taung-Bi Kyaung (Eastern) *4 Fig.3.7. Taung-Bi Kyaung (Eastern) *4 Fig.3.8. Taung-Bi Kyaung (Eastern) *4

46 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design 3.2.4. Nyaung-U Yoke-Sone Kyaung of local people. It has the characteristics of Kon-baung monas- 3.2.4. Nyaung-U Yoke-Sone Kyaung of local people. It has the characteristics of Kon-baung monas- This monastery dates to the Kon-Baung period. It was re- tic composition and architectural elements are simple linear This monastery dates to the Kon-Baung period. It was re- tic composition and architectural elements are simple linear furbished in 1998 and inhabited by the monks where is located composition expressing the traditional Burmese art and archi- furbished in 1998 and inhabited by the monks where is located composition expressing the traditional Burmese art and archi- in Nayung-U township, Bagan. It is surrounded by the new mo- tecture. There has also found out some interventions for origi- in Nayung-U township, Bagan. It is surrounded by the new mo- tecture. There has also found out some interventions for origi- nastic compound and the original monastery is maintained by nal structural enhancement. (See fig 3.12 – 3.15) nastic compound and the original monastery is maintained by nal structural enhancement. (See fig 3.12 – 3.15) the chief monk. There has found out some interventions for 3.2.6. Hman Kyaung the chief monk. There has found out some interventions for 3.2.6. Hman Kyaung original structural enhancement. But the structural condition Hman Kyaung is located within the precincts of the Ananda original structural enhancement. But the structural condition Hman Kyaung is located within the precincts of the Ananda has deflection on west and south side of this monastery. (See Temple at Bagan. It was built around 1870 and in 1998, the has deflection on west and south side of this monastery. (See Temple at Bagan. It was built around 1870 and in 1998, the fig 3.9 – 3.11) monastery was in a most perilous state of repair. But after this, fig 3.9 – 3.11) monastery was in a most perilous state of repair. But after this, 3.2.5. Nyaung-U Nat-Daunt Kyaung the original structure was unfortunately fired in 2017 and now 3.2.5. Nyaung-U Nat-Daunt Kyaung the original structure was unfortunately fired in 2017 and now Nayung-U Nat-Daunt Kyaung is also the compact monas- this monastic compound is newly constructed with brick struc- Nayung-U Nat-Daunt Kyaung is also the compact monas- this monastic compound is newly constructed with brick struc- tery in its compound dating back to the Kon-Baung period. It ture monasteries and the remains of the original building can- tery in its compound dating back to the Kon-Baung period. It ture monasteries and the remains of the original building can- has been occupied by the monks and maintained with the help not be seen in this compound. (See fig 3.16 – 3.17) has been occupied by the monks and maintained with the help not be seen in this compound. (See fig 3.16 – 3.17)

*8 *4 *4 Fig.3.9. Plan of Nyaung-U Kyaung*8 Fig.3.10. Nyaung-U Yoke-Sone Kyaung*4 Fig.3.11. Nyaung-U Yoke-Sone Kyaung*4 Fig.3.9. Plan of Nyaung-U Kyaung*8 Fig.3.10. Nyaung-U Yoke-Sone Kyaung*4 Fig.3.11. Nyaung-U Yoke-Sone Kyaung*4

*4 *4 *4 Fig.3.12. Nyaung-U Nat-Daunt Kyaung*4 Fig.3.13. Nyaung-U Nat-Daunt Kyaung*4 Fig.3.14. Old Furniture in Nyuang-U Kyaung*4 Fig.3.12. Nyaung-U Nat-Daunt Kyaung*4 Fig.3.13. Nyaung-U Nat-Daunt Kyaung*4 Fig.3.14. Old Furniture in Nyuang-U Kyaung*4

Fig.3.15. Interior of Nyaung-U Kyaung*4 Fig.3.15. Interior of Nyaung-U Kyaung*4 Fig.3.16. Former Plan of Fig.3.17. New Monastic Compound of Fig.3.15. Interior of Nyaung-U Kyaung Fig.3.16. Former Plan of Fig.3.17. New Monastic Compound of Hman Kyaung*4 Hman Kyaung*4 Hman Kyaung *4 Hman Kyaung*4 Hman Kyaung Hman Kyaung

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 47 3.3. Sa-Le 3.3.3. Mahar-Gandawun Kyaung 3.3. Sa-Le 3.3.3. Mahar-Gandawun Kyaung The following monasteries are extricable tied to conserva- Mahar-Gandawun Kyaung is located in Sa-Le region and The following monasteries are extricable tied to conserva- Mahar-Gandawun Kyaung is located in Sa-Le region and th tion’s primary objective in Sa-Le region. Kyaung means mon- built in 19th century monastic building. There is no exactly rec- tion’s primary objective in Sa-Le region. Kyaung means mon- built in 19th century monastic building. There is no exactly rec- astery in Myanmar terms. ords of this monastery but the remains of staircase and the ar- astery in Myanmar terms. ords of this monastery but the remains of staircase and the ar- 3.3.1. Yoke-Sone Kyaung chitectural features show the linear composition of late Kon- 3.3.1. Yoke-Sone Kyaung chitectural features show the linear composition of late Kon- This monastery, which is famous for its fine wood-carvings, Baung era. The remaining stairs is the original styles and some This monastery, which is famous for its fine wood-carvings, Baung era. The remaining stairs is the original styles and some is located in Sa-Le, an important town during the Bagan period parts are replaced with new materials especially found on the is located in Sa-Le, an important town during the Bagan period parts are replaced with new materials especially found on the (1044-1287). It was built in 1882 and now it is reused as the main roof and the additional roof on stairway area. The current (1044-1287). It was built in 1882 and now it is reused as the main roof and the additional roof on stairway area. The current museum of traditional monastery building but it has been stolen condition of this monastery is maintained by the monks. (See museum of traditional monastery building but it has been stolen condition of this monastery is maintained by the monks. (See many wooden carvings and into a state of disrepair. In the fig 3.23 – 3.24) many wooden carvings and into a state of disrepair. In the fig 3.23 – 3.24) 1970s, the structure was refurbished what was left of the build- 3.3.4. Kyauk Sa-Yon Kyaung, Shin-Pin-Sar-Gyo Monastic 1970s, the structure was refurbished what was left of the build- 3.3.4. Kyauk Sa-Yon Kyaung, Shin-Pin-Sar-Gyo Monastic ing and placed it on a concrete slab. It is now under the conser- Compound ing and placed it on a concrete slab. It is now under the conser- Compound vation by the Department of Archaeology. (See fig 3.18– 3.20) This monastery is towards the rear or western entrance of vation by the Department of Archaeology. (See fig 3.18– 3.20) This monastery is towards the rear or western entrance of 3.3.2. Lei-Tha Kyaung Shin-Pyin-Saw-Gyo monastic complex, founded in 1888. It is 3.3.2. Lei-Tha Kyaung Shin-Pyin-Saw-Gyo monastic complex, founded in 1888. It is Lei-Tha monastery is located Sa-Le nearby the Yoke-sone resembled like a Burmese house of the colonial era. This has Lei-Tha monastery is located Sa-Le nearby the Yoke-sone resembled like a Burmese house of the colonial era. This has monastery. It was built around 1870 donated by the farmer cou- also some intervention on the ground façade with fences for the monastery. It was built around 1870 donated by the farmer cou- also some intervention on the ground façade with fences for the ple during the reign of King Min Don. Fortunately, some de- prevention of animals and theft. It is quite far from Sa-Le city ple during the reign of King Min Don. Fortunately, some de- prevention of animals and theft. It is quite far from Sa-Le city tails regarding its founding have been preserved for posterity and the whole compound is constructed with pagoda, wooden tails regarding its founding have been preserved for posterity and the whole compound is constructed with pagoda, wooden in the monastery library. In 1998, the monastery underwent monasteries, ordination hall and rest shelters for the pilgrims or in the monastery library. In 1998, the monastery underwent monasteries, ordination hall and rest shelters for the pilgrims or renovations by the Department of Archaeology, Bagan. (See in case of flood victims from nearby regions. (See fig 3.25 – renovations by the Department of Archaeology, Bagan. (See in case of flood victims from nearby regions. (See fig 3.25 – fig 3.21 – 3.22) 3.26) fig 3.21 – 3.22) 3.26)

*8 *4 *4 Fig.3.18. Plan of Yoke-Sone Kyaung*8 Fig.3.19. Yoke-Sone Kyaung*4 Fig.3.20. Yoke-Sone Kyaung*4 Fig.3.18. Plan of Yoke-Sone Kyaung*8 Fig.3.19. Yoke-Sone Kyaung*4 Fig.3.20. Yoke-Sone Kyaung*4

*8 *4 *4 Fig.3.21. Plan of Lei-Tha Kyaung*8 Fig.3.22. Lei-Tha Kyaung*4 Fig.3.23. Mahar-Gandawun Kyaung*4 Fig.3.21. Plan of Lei-Tha Kyaung*8 Fig.3.22. Lei-Tha Kyaung*4 Fig.3.23. Mahar-Gandawun Kyaung*4

*8 Fig.3.24. Original Brick Stairs of Fig.3.25. Plan of Kyauk Fig.3.26. Kyauk Sa-Yon Kyaung*8 Fig.3.24. Original Brick Stairs of Fig.3.25. Plan of Kyauk Fig.3.26. Kyauk Sa-Yon Kyaung*8 Fig.3.24. Original Brick Stairs of *4 Fig.3.25. Plan of Kyauk*8 Fig.3.26. Kyauk Sa-Yon Kyaung Mahar - Gandawun Kyaung *4 Sa-Yon Kyaung*8 Mahar-Gandawun Kyaung*4 Sa-Yon Kyaung*8

48 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design 3.3.5. Thein Kyaung, Shin-Pin-Sar-Gyo Monastic Com- 3.4.1. Nga-Phe-Chaung Kyaung pound This large spacious Nga-Phe-Chaung Kyaung is also This monastery in Shin-Pin-Sar-Gyo large monastic com- known as jumping cat monastery was built around 1843 from pound is located about 16km to the south of Sa-Le city. The village donations in Ywa-ma, In-Le Lake. The vicinities of this tradition asserts that the first monastery there was founded in monastery are bordered by the lake and maintained by the local 1338 during the early Ava period and other buildings have been people and the monks. It is necessary to consider the humidity added from time to time. However, the current buildings are and moisture to the structure because it is constructed in the dating back from 1858. The compound has also numerous rest lake. In Shan states, the monasteries are slightly difference houses to accommodate for visiting pilgrims and in the sea- from Burmese culture according to Shan traditional style of sonal flooding period, these are like refugee camp for the local their ethnic and regional characteristics. (See fig 3.29 – 3.30) people from neighboring villages. This monastic complex can 3.4.2. Kyaung-Ni Kyaung be found pagoda, wooden monasteries, ordination hall and rest Kyaung-Ni Kyaung is constructed in 1846 and donated shelters for the pilgrims or in case of flood victims from nearby with the help of local villagers. In Shan monasteries, the mo- regions. (See fig 3.27 – 3.28) nastic ornamentation is simple and less. It is constructed in the 3.4. Inle-Lake and Nyaung Shwe lake and there is necessary for careful conservation approaches The following monasteries are extricable tied to conserva- for restoration of Shan monasteries. Furthermore, the current tion’s primary objective in Inle-Lake and Nyaung Shwe re- condition is regularly maintained by the monks and local vil- gions in Shan State. Kyaung means monastery in Myanmar lagers but there is less knowledge of conservation plan for the terms. restoration of original structure. (See fig 3.31 – 3.32)

*4 *4 *8 Fig.3.27. Thein Kyaung*4 Fig.3.28. Thein Kyaung*4 Fig.3.29. Plan of Nga-Phe-Chaung Kyaung*8

*4 *8 *4 Fig.3.30. Nga-Phe-Chaung Kyaung*4 Fig.3.31. Kyaung-Ni Kyaung*8 Fig.3.32. Plan of Kyaung-Ni Kyaung*4

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 49 3.4.3. Bago Kyaung 3.4.5. Pahtama Taik 3.4.3. Bago Kyaung 3.4.5. Pahtama Taik This edifice Bago Kyaung in In-Le lake has long supported Also called ‘first monastery’ located in Ywa-ma village, This edifice Bago Kyaung in In-Le lake has long supported Also called ‘first monastery’ located in Ywa-ma village, a monastic building built by public donations in 1973. But the the special architectural interest is colonial style covered ve- a monastic building built by public donations in 1973. But the the special architectural interest is colonial style covered ve- monk and the local people maintained the original style of the randahs and telescopic roofing different from other monaster- monk and the local people maintained the original style of the randahs and telescopic roofing different from other monaster- basic layout remained unchanged. Therefore, this giant wooden ies. The monastery built in 1846 by public donations and there basic layout remained unchanged. Therefore, this giant wooden ies. The monastery built in 1846 by public donations and there two-storyed monastery is very precious for Shan people and has been occupied by the monks in current conditions. (See fig two-storyed monastery is very precious for Shan people and has been occupied by the monks in current conditions. (See fig they believe with their ethnic and culture for future persistence. 3.37 – 3.39) they believe with their ethnic and culture for future persistence. 3.37 – 3.39) The functional composition of Shan monastery is mainly em- 3.4.6. Thar-Lay-Taung Kyaung The functional composition of Shan monastery is mainly em- 3.4.6. Thar-Lay-Taung Kyaung ployed for the main hall especially for the teaching for the nov- This ancient Thar-Lay-Taung Kyuangg is located in In-Le ployed for the main hall especially for the teaching for the nov- This ancient Thar-Lay-Taung Kyuangg is located in In-Le ices and spacious expression. (See fig 3.33 – 3.34) Lake. It was built in 1832. The monastic characteristics is sim- ices and spacious expression. (See fig 3.33 – 3.34) Lake. It was built in 1832. The monastic characteristics is sim- 3.4.4. A-Nauk-Shwe Kyaung ilar to the Konbaung monastic characteristics in central region 3.4.4. A-Nauk-Shwe Kyaung ilar to the Konbaung monastic characteristics in central region This monastery is similar in plan to Kyaung-Ni Kyaung of Myanmar. The conservation plan has not well developed yet This monastery is similar in plan to Kyaung-Ni Kyaung of Myanmar. The conservation plan has not well developed yet built in the 1940s from public donations. The current condition but regularly checked and maintained the deterioration parts of built in the 1940s from public donations. The current condition but regularly checked and maintained the deterioration parts of is very new building because most of them are more than con- the structure with the help of local villagers and public dona- is very new building because most of them are more than con- the structure with the help of local villagers and public dona- servative intervention such as modern color and decorative el- tions. This monastery is now maintained by the monk (See fig servative intervention such as modern color and decorative el- tions. This monastery is now maintained by the monk (See fig ements. (See fig 3.35 – 3.36) 3.40 – 3.41) ements. (See fig 3.35 – 3.36) 3.40 – 3.41)

Fig.3.33. Plan of Bago Kyaung*8 Fig.3.34. Bago Kyaung*4 Fig.3.35. Plan of A-Nauk Shwe Kyaung*8 *8 *4 *8 Fig.3.33. Plan of Bago Kyaung*8 Fig.3.34. Bago Kyaung*4 Fig.3.35. Plan of A-Nauk Shwe Kyaung*8

Fig.3.36. A-Nauk Shwe Kyaung*4 Fig.3.37. Plan of Pahtama Taik*16 Fig.3.38. Pahtama Taik*4 *4 *16 *4 Fig.3.36. A-Nauk Shwe Kyaung*4 Fig.3.37. Plan of Pahtama Taik*16 Fig.3.38. Pahtama Taik*4

Fig.3.39. Pahtama Taik*4 Fig.3.40. Plan of Thar-Lay-Taung Kyaung*16 Fig.3.41. Thar-Lay-Taung Kyaung*4 *4 *16 *4 Fig.3.39. Pahtama Taik*4 Fig.3.40. Plan of Thar-Lay-Taung Kyaung*16 Fig.3.41. Thar-Lay-Taung Kyaung*4

50 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design 3.4.7. Bein-Daw Kyaung 3.4.7. Bein-Daw Kyaung 3.4.7. Bein-Daw Kyaung 3.4.7.It isBein situated-Daw inKyaung Ywa-Ma village in In-Le lake. It was do- It is situated in Ywa-Ma village in In-Le lake. It was do- It is situated in Ywa-Ma village in In-Le lake. It was do- natedIt byis situatedU Toe Lone, in Ywa a wealthy-Ma village Teak in trader, In-Le in lake. 1925 It AD. was This donated by U Toe Lone, a wealthy Teak trader, in 1925 AD. This nated by U Toe Lone, a wealthy Teak trader, in 1925 AD. This isnated the onlyby U twoToe- storiedLone, a monastery wealthy Teak built trader, on stilt in among 1925 AD. the sam-This is the only two-storied monastery built on stilt among the sam- is the only two-storied monastery built on stilt among the sam- isples. the It only is said two to-storied be built monastery by the builders built on from stilt Lower among Myanmar. the samples. It is said to be built by the builders from Lower Myanmar. ples. It is said to be built by the builders from Lower Myanmar. Theples. construction It is said to be techniquesbuilt by the and builders the use from of materials Lower Myanmar. show this The construction techniques and the use of materials show this Themonastery construction as a modernized techniques buildingand the useamong of materials the others show built this in monastery as a modernized building among the others built in monastery as a modernized building among the others built in *16 themonastery same period. as a modernized Some alterations building such among as replacing the others wire built net- in Fig.3.42. Ground Floor Plan of Bein-Daw Kyaung*16 themonastery same period. as a modernized Some alterations building such among as replacing the others wire built net- in Fig.3.42. Ground Floor Plan of Bein-Daw Kyaung*16 the same period. Some alterations such as replacing wire net- Fig.3.42. Ground Floor Plan of Bein-Daw Kyaung*16 the same period. Some alterations such as replacing wire net- Fig.3.42. Ground Floor Plan of Bein-Daw Kyaung*16 the same period. Some alterations such as replacing wire net- Fig.3.42. Ground Floor Plan of Bein-Daw Kyaung*16 tingthe same with period.glass panels Some in alterations the windows such on as the replacing roof neck wire to pre-net- Fig.3.42. Ground Floor Plan of Bein-Daw Kyaung ting with glass panels in the windows on the roof neck to pre- ting with glass panels in the windows on the roof neck to pre- ventting withfrom glass bailing panels rain waterin the andwindows addition on ofthe two roof entrance neck to brick pre- vent from bailing rain water and addition of two entrance brick vent from bailing rain water and addition of two entrance brick staircasesvent from withbailing multi rain-tiered water roofsand additioncan be ofseen. two The entrance monastery brick staircases with multi-tiered roofs can be seen. The monastery staircases with multi-tiered roofs can be seen. The monastery isstaircases well maintained with multi by- tieredthe monks roofs andcan it be is seen.very traditionalThe monastery Shan is well maintained by the monks and it is very traditional Shan is well maintained10 by the monks and it is very traditional Shan styleis well monastery. maintained10 (Seeby the fig monks 3.42 – and 3.4 3)it is very traditional Shan style monastery.10 (See fig 3.42 – 3.43) style monastery.10 (See fig 3.42 – 3.43) style monastery.10 (See fig 3.42 – 3.43) style3.4.8. monastery. Myay-Ni-Gone(See Kyaung fig 3.42 – 3.43) 3.4.8. Myay-Ni-Gone Kyaung 3.4.8.This Myay monastery-Ni-Gone is locatedKyaung in the Myay-Ni-Gone village on This monastery is located in the Myay-Ni-Gone village on This monastery is located in the Myay-Ni-Gone village on *16 In-LeThis lake monastery which was is builtlocated in 1851 in the AD. Myay It was-Ni -donatedGone village by local on Fig.3.43. First Floor Plan of Bein-Daw Kyaung*16 In-LeThis lake monastery which was is builtlocated in 1851 in the AD. Myay It was-Ni -donatedGone village by local on Fig.3.43. First Floor Plan of Bein-Daw Kyaung*16 In-Le lake which was built in 1851 AD. It was donated by local Fig.3.43. First Floor Plan of Bein-Daw Kyaung*16 In-Le lake which was built in 1851 AD. It was donated by local Fig.3.43. First Floor Plan of Bein-Daw Kyaung*16 In-Le lake which was built in 1851 AD. It was donated by local Fig.3.43. First Floor Plan of Bein-Daw Kyaung*16 peopleIn-Le lake of this which period. was Atbuilt the in present, 1851 AD. the It monastery was donated is sincerely by local Fig.3.43. First Floor Plan of Bein-Daw Kyaung people of this period. At the present, the monastery is sincerely people of this period. At the present, the monastery is sincerely guardedpeople of by this the period. villagers At forthe itspresent, considerable the monastery number is of sincerely antique guarded by the villagers for its considerable number of antique guarded by the villagers for its considerable number of antique Buddhaguarded images.by the villagers In order forto maintain its considerable the original number superstructure of antique Buddha images. In order to maintain the original superstructure Buddha images. In order to maintain the original superstructure ofBuddha the old images. building, In order the floorto maintain was lowered the original approximately superstructure one of the old building, the floor was lowered approximately one of the old building, the floor was lowered approximately one meterof the below.old building, No evidence the floor of originalwas lowered building approximately except the Bud- one meter below. No evidence of original building except the Bud- meterdha hall below. is left. No The evidence very new of extendedoriginal building shrine was except built the in 2000Bud- dha hall is left. The very new extended shrine was built in 2000 dha hall 10 is left. The very new extended shrine was built in 2000 *16 AD.dha hall 10 (See is left. fig The3.44 very) new extended shrine was built in 2000 Fig.3.44. Plan of Myay-Ni-Gone Kyaung*16 AD.dha hall 10 (See is left. fig The3.44 very) new extended shrine was built in 2000 Fig.3.44. Plan of Myay-Ni-Gone Kyaung*16 AD. 10 (See fig 3.44) Fig.3.44. Plan of Myay-Ni-Gone Kyaung*16 AD. 10 (See fig 3.44) Fig.3.44. Plan of Myay-Ni-Gone Kyaung*16 AD. 10 (See fig 3.44) Fig.3.44. Plan of Myay-Ni-Gone Kyaung*16 3.AD.4.9. Nyaung(See fig- 3.Oak44) Kyaung Fig.3.44. Plan of Myay-Ni-Gone Kyaung 3.4.9. Nyaung-Oak Kyaung 3.4.9. Nyaung-Oak Kyaung 3.4.9.Th Nyaungis monastery-Oak isKyaung located in Inn-dein village on the south- This monastery is located in Inn-dein village on the south- This monastery is located in Inn-dein village on the southern bankThis ofmonastery Bilu Chaung is located Creek. in It Inn is situated-dein village beside on the the covered southern bank of Bilu Chaung Creek. It is situated beside the covered ern bank of Bilu Chaung Creek. It is situated beside the covered ernwalkway bank ofwhich Bilu Chaungleads to Creek. the famous It is situated Shwe beside Inndein the coveredPagoda walkway which leads to the famous Shwe Inndein Pagoda walkway which leads to the famous Shwe Inndein Pagoda groupwalkway of Inlewhich lake. leads Facing to towardsthe famous Bilu ShweChaung Inndein Creek, Pagodait is an group of Inle lake. Facing towards Bilu Chaung Creek, it is an group of Inle lake. Facing towards Bilu Chaung Creek, it is an oldgroup monastery of Inle lake. of which Facing the towards construction Bilu Chaungtime and Creek, the donor it is are an old monastery of which the construction time and the donor are old monastery of which the construction time and the donor are notold monasteryclearly known. of which It is thesaid construction to be constructed time and long the before donor theare not clearly known. It is said to be constructed long before the not clearly known. It is said to be constructed long before the Japanesenot clearly Occupation known. It isperiod. said to However, be constructed according long to before the built the Japanese Occupation period. However, according to the built evidences,Japanese Occupation it is taken asperiod. the earliest However, built monasteryaccording into Southernthe built evidences, it is taken as the earliest built monastery in Southern evidences, it 10 is taken as the earliest built monastery in Southern *16 Shanevidences, states. it 10 is(See taken fig as 3. the45 earliest) built monastery in Southern Fig.3.45. Plan of Nyaung-Oak Kyaung*16 Shanevidences, states. it 10 is(See taken fig as 3. the45 earliest) built monastery in Southern Fig.3.45. Plan of Nyaung-Oak Kyaung*16 Shan states. 10 (See fig 3.45) Fig.3.45. Plan of Nyaung-Oak Kyaung*16 Shan states. 10 (See fig 3.45) Fig.3.45. Plan of Nyaung-Oak Kyaung*16 3.Shan4.10 states.. Shwe 10 Kyaung(See fig 3.45) Fig.3.45. Plan of Nyaung-Oak Kyaung*16 3.4.10. Shwe Kyaung 3.4.10. Shwe Kyaung 3.4.10Shwe. Shwe Kyaung, Kyaung with the meaning of golden monastery is Shwe Kyaung, with the meaning of golden monastery is Shwe Kyaung, with the meaning of golden monastery is locatedShwe in YwaKyaung,-Thit with included the meaning in Ywar Tharof golden village monastery tract on the is located in Ywa-Thit included in Ywar Thar village tract on the located in Ywa-Thit included in Ywar Thar village tract on the westlocated of Nyaungin Ywa--ThitShwe included township. in YwarIt was Tharconstructed village intract 1924 on AD.the west of Nyaung-Shwe township. It was constructed in 1924 AD. west of Nyaung-Shwe township. It was constructed in 1924 AD. Uwest Klyana, of Nyaung the -firstShwe abbot township. of Shwe It was Kyaung, constructed supervised in 1924 AD.the U Klyana, the first abbot of Shwe Kyaung, supervised the U Klyana, the first abbot of Shwe Kyaung, supervised the constructionU Klyana, the with first common abbot donations.of Shwe Kyaung, The original supervised monastery the construction with common donations. The original monastery construction with common donations. The original monastery wasconstruction later extended with common in 1953 donations. AD. Most Theparts original of the monastery was later extended in 1953 AD. Most parts of the monastery wasare extensions later extended and onlyin 1953 Buddha AD. hallMost shows parts the of theoriginal monastery struc- are extensions and only Buddha hall shows the original struc- are extensions 10 and only Buddha hall shows the original struc- *16 ture.are extensions 10 (See fig and 3.46 only) Buddha hall shows the original struc- Fig.3.46. Plan of Shwe Kyaung*16 ture.are extensions 10 (See fig and 3.46 only) Buddha hall shows the original struc- Fig.3.46. Plan of Shwe Kyaung*16 ture. 10 (See fig 3.46) Fig.3.46. Plan of Shwe Kyaung*16 ture. 10 (See fig 3.46) Fig.3.46. Plan of Shwe Kyaung*16 ture. 10 (See fig 3.46) Fig.3.46. Plan of Shwe Kyaung*16

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 51 3.4.11. Tate-Nam Kyaung 3.4.12. Shwe-Yan-Pyay Kyaung The monastery is located in one of the busiest area of This famous Shwe-Yan-Pyay Kyaung is located in Nyaung-Shwe township which is the quay side to the villages Nyaung-Shwe. This is the gem of the mixture of Shan-Burmese around Inle Lake. Tate-Nam Kyaung means the monastery at religious architecture built in 1888 by Nyaung-Shwe Saopha the quay. It was constructed in 1903AD. It was supposed to be (Shan Kingdom). Not only the exterior but the interior is very common donations since the name of the donors are inscribed ornamented with glass mosaic and architectural interest in style on the columns. Only Buddha Hall and Abbot’s room show the of oval-shaped window in that era as to enhance the dignity and original structures. The alterations in reception hall vary from power of donors. Now this is under the protection of Depart- the normal way of extensions among the samples. It is main- ment of Archaeology, Nyaung-Shwe township. (See fig 3.48 – 10 tained by the monks and local villagers. 10 (See fig 3.47) 3.53)

*16 *8 Fig.3.47. Plan of Tate-Nam Kyaung*16 Fig.3.48. Plan of Shwe-Yan-Pyay Kyaung*8

*17 *17 Fig.3.49. South Elevation of Shwe-Yan-Pyay Kyaung*17 Fig.3.50. East Elevation of Shwe-Yan-Pyay Kyaung*17

*4 *4 Fig.3.51. Shrine Area of Shwe -Yan - Fig.3.52. Shwe-Yan-Pyay Kyaung*4 Fig.3.53. Shwe-Yan-Pyay Kyaung*4 *4 Pyay Kyaung*4 Pyay Kyaung

52 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design 3.5. Mandalay 3.5.2. Shwe-Nan-Daw Kyaung 3.5. Mandalay 3.5.2. Shwe-Nan-Daw Kyaung 3.5.3.5. TheMandalay Mandalay following monasteries are extricable tied to conserva- 3.5.3.5.2.Shwe2. Shwe Shwe-Nan-Nan-Nan-Daw-Daw-Daw Kyaung Kyaung Kyaung is very famous for its intricacy ar- The following monasteries are extricable tied to conserva- Shwe-Nan-Daw Kyaung is very famous for its intricacy ar- TheThe following following monasteries monasteries are are extricable extricable tied tied to to conserva- conserva- ShweShwe-Nan-Nan-Daw-Daw Kyaung Kyaung is is very very famous famous for for its its intricacy intricacy ar- ar- tion’s primary objective in Mandalay division. Kyaung means chitectural details and donated by the last Kon-Baung Kingdom tion’s primary objective in Mandalay division. Kyaung means chitectural details and donated by the last Kon-Baung Kingdom tion’stion’s primary primary objective objective in in Mandalay Mandalay division. division.KyaungKyaungmeansmeans chitecturalchitectural details details and and donated donated by by the the last last Kon Kon-Baung-Baung Kingdom Kingdom monastery in Myanmar terms. of Myanmar in 1878-1883 in Mandalay. It is the most signifi- monastery in Myanmar terms. of Myanmar in 1878-1883 in Mandalay. It is the most signifi- monasterymonastery in in Myanmar Myanmar terms. terms. ofof Myanmar Myanmar in in 1878 1878-1883-1883 in in Mandalay. Mandalay. It It is is the the most most signifi- signifi- 3.5.1. Shwe-Kyin Kyaung cant of Mandalay's historic buildings, since this monastery re- 3.5.1. Shwe-Kyin Kyaung cant of Mandalay's historic buildings, since this monastery re- cantcant of of Mandalay's Mandalay's historic historic buildings, buildings, since since this this m monasteryonasteryre-re- 3.3.5.1.5.1.Shwe Shwe Shwe-Kyin-Kyin-Kyin Kyaung Kyaung Kyaung originally founded in 1860 by the King mains the sole major survivor of the former wooden Royal Pal- Shwe-Kyin Kyaung originally founded in 1860 by the King mains the sole major survivor of the former wooden Royal Pal- ShweShwe-Kyin-Kyin Kyaung Kyaung originally originally founded founded in in 1860 1860 by by the the King King mainsmains the the s olesole major major survivor survivor of of the the former former wooden wooden Royal Royal Pal- Pal- Min-Don located in the northern slopes of Mandalay hill. This ace built by King Mindon in the mid 19th C. This is also only Min-Don located in the northern slopes of Mandalay hill. This ace built by King Mindon in the mid 19th C. This is also only MinMin-Don-Don located located in in the the northern northern slopes slopes of of Mandalay Mandalay hill. hill. This This aceace built built by by King King Mindon Mindon in in the the mid mid1919thth C C. .This This is is also also only only monastery has positively intervention on the posts, roof deco- the remaining structure of original royal palace of Myanmar. monastery has positively intervention on the posts, roof deco- the remaining structure of original royal palace of Myanmar. monasterymonastery has has positively positively intervention intervention on on the the posts, posts, roof roof deco- deco- thethe remaining remaining structure structure of of original original royal royal palace palace of of Myanmar. Myanmar. ration profuse than the original. In 1993, as part of the govern- This is now national property and it is going to be registered to ration profuse than the original. In 1993, as part of the govern- This is now national property and it is going to be registered to rationration profuse profuse tha thann the the original. original.InIn 1993, 1993, as as part part of of the the govern- govern- ThisThis is is now now national national property property and and it it is is going going to to be be registered registered to to ment renovation program, it was restored as the original glory the UNESCO world heritage after conservation with the aid of ment renovation program, it was restored as the original glory the UNESCO world heritage after conservation with the aid of mentment renovation renovation program, program, it it was was restored restored as as the the original original glory glory thethe UNESCO UNESCO world world h heritageeritage after after conservation conservation with with the the aid aid of of of monastic elements and well-preserved for the wooden herit- world monument fund and Japanese organization for some res- of monastic elements and well-preserved for the wooden herit- world monument fund and Japanese organization for some res- ofof monastic monastic elements elements and and well well-preserved-preserved for for the the wooden wooden herit- herit- worldworld monument monument fund fund and and Japanese Japanese organization organization for for some some res- res- age for the long run persistence. (See fig 3.54 – 3.56) toration works. (See fig 3.57 – 3.61) age for the long run persistence. (See fig 3.54 – 3.56) toration works. (See fig 3.57 – 3.61) ageage for for the the long long run run persistence. persistence.(See(See fig fig 3. 3.5454 – – 3.56 3.56) ) torationtoration works. works.(See(See fig fig 3. 3.5757 – – 3.61) 3.61)

Fig.3.54. Plan of Shwe-Kyin Kyaung*8 Fig.3.55. Shwe-Kyin Kyaung*5 Fig.3.56. Shwe-Kyin Kyaung*5 Fig.3.54. Plan of Shwe-Kyin Kyaung*8 Fig.3.55. Shwe-Kyin Kyaung*5 Fig.3.56. Shwe-Kyin Kyaung*5 Fig.3.Fig.3.5454. .Plan Plan of of Shwe Shwe-Kyin-Kyin Kyaung Kyaung*8*8 Fig.3.55Fig.3.55. .Shwe Shwe-Kyin-Kyin Kyaung Kyaung*5*5 Fig.3.56Fig.3.56. .Shwe Shwe-Kyin-Kyin Kyaung Kyaung*5*5

Fig.3.57. Plan of Shwe-Nan-Daw Kyaung*4 Fig.3.58. Interior of Shwe - Fig.3.59. Shwe-Nan-Daw Kyaung*4 Fig.3.57. Plan of Shwe-Nan-Daw Kyaung*4 Fig.3.58. Interior of Shwe - Fig.3.59. Shwe-Nan-Daw Kyaung*4 Fig.3.57Fig.3.57. .Plan Plan of of Shwe Shwe-Nan-Nan-Daw-Daw Kyaung Kyaung*4*4 Fig.3.58. Fig.3.58. Nan - Daw Interior Interior Kyaung of of Shwe Shwe *8 - - Fig.3.Fig.3.5959. .Shwe Shwe-Nan-Nan-Daw-DawKyaungKyaung*4*4 Nan-Daw Kyaung *8 *8 *8 NanNan-Daw- Daw Kyaung Kyaung

Fig.3.60. East Elevation of Shwe-Nan-Daw Kyaung*11 Fig.3.61. Section of Shwe-Nan-Daw Kyaung*11 Fig.3.60. East Elevation of Shwe-Nan-Daw Kyaung*11 Fig.3.61. Section of Shwe-Nan-Daw Kyaung*11 Fig.Fig.3.3.6060. .East East Elevation Elevation of of Shwe Shwe-Nan-Nan-Daw-Daw Kyaung Kyaung*11*11 Fig.Fig.3.3.6161. .Section Section of of Shwe Shwe-Nan-Nan-Daw-Daw Kyaung Kyaung*11*11

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 53 3.5.3. Taik-Taw Kyaung meet the colonial appearance of its staircases and telescopic 3.5.3. Taik-Taw Kyaung meet the colonial appearance of its staircases and telescopic 3.5.3. Taik-Taw Kyaung meet the colonial appearance of its staircases and telescopic Taik-Taw Kyaung built in 1857 and one of the famous and roofing system and its facia board decoration and the interior Taik-Taw Kyaung built in 1857 and one of the famous and roofing system and its facia board decoration and the interior largestTaik monasteries-Taw Kyaung donatedbuilt in by 1857 the andKing. one But of the nowadays famous andthe ofroofing wall partition system andwith its glass facia mosaics. board decorationIn this monastic and the compound, interior largest monasteries donated by the King. But nowadays the of wall partition with glass mosaics. In this monastic compound, largest monasteries donated by the King. But nowadays the of wall partition with glass mosaics. In this monastic compound, whole structure of this monastery had been already disappeared there is small business of car workshop running and this may whole structure of this monastery had been already disappeared there is small business of car workshop running and this may andwhole only structure four brick of this staircases monastery where had beencan seealready in yellow disappeared circle effectthere isto smallthe structure businessof of the car monastery workshop in running the long and run. this(See may fig and only four brick staircases where can see in yellow circle effect to the structure of the monastery in the long run. (See fig and only four brick staircases where can see in yellow circle effect to the structure of the monastery in the long run. (See fig area of figure 3.36 are remained in its original location main- 3.65 – 3.67) area of figure 3.36 are remained in its original location main- 3.65 – 3.67) tainedarea of by figure the local 3.36 monks.are remained(See figin 3. its62 original – 3.64) location main- 3.5.3.655. – Moe3.67 )Kaung Kyaung tained by the local monks. (See fig 3.62 – 3.64) 3.5.5. Moe Kaung Kyaung tained by the local monks. (See fig 3.62 – 3.64) 3.5.5. Moe Kaung Kyaung 3.5.4. Yamethin Kyaung Moe-Kaung Kyaung is located next to Yamethin Kyaung 3.5.4. Yamethin Kyaung Moe-Kaung Kyaung is located next to Yamethin Kyaung 3.5.4.Yamethin Yamethin Kyaung Kyaungwas initially built in the 1870s donated and Moeoriginally-Kaung built Kyaung in 1871 is- 75located by the next Governor to Yamethin of Moe -KyaungKaung. Yamethin Kyaung was initially built in the 1870s donated and originally built in 1871-75 by the Governor of Moe-Kaung. Yamethin Kyaung was initially built in the 1870s donated and originally built in 1871-75 by the Governor of Moe-Kaung. by the minor queen, the Governor of Yamethin’s daughter. In It is also similar to the colonial style and externally refurbished by the minor queen, the Governor of Yamethin’s daughter. In It is also similar to the colonial style and externally refurbished 1898,by the the minor monastery queen, wasthe Governormoved to theof Yamethin’scurrent location daughter. of Man-In inIt is1998. also Nowsimilar it isto maintained the colonial by style the andmonks externally in its original refurbished com- 1898, the monastery was moved to the current location of Man- in 1998. Now it is maintained by the monks in its original com- 1898, the monastery was moved to the current location of Man- in 1998. Now it is maintained by the monks in its original com- dalay. Over the years ago, it has been remodeled many times to pound. (See fig 3.68 – 3.70) dalay. Over the years ago, it has been remodeled many times to pound. (See fig 3.68 – 3.70) dalay. Over the years ago, it has been remodeled many times to pound. (See fig 3.68 – 3.70)

*8 *5 Fig.3.62. Plan of Former Taik-Taw Kyaung*8 Fig.3.63. Old Photo of Site Plan of Fig.3.64. Remains of Brick Stairs*5 Fig.3.62. Plan of Former Taik-Taw Kyaung*8 Fig.3.63. Old Photo of Site Plan of Fig.3.64. Remains of Brick Stairs*5 Fig.3.62. Plan of Former Taik-Taw Kyaung*8 Fig.3.63. Old Photo of*13 Site Plan of Fig.3.64. Remains of Brick Stairs*5 *8 Taik -Taw Kyaung *13 *5 Fig.3.62. Plan of Former Taik-Taw Kyaung Fig.3.63. Taik - TawOld PhotoKyaung of*13 Site Plan of Fig.3.64. Remains of Brick Stairs Taik -Taw Kyaung*13 Taik -Taw Kyaung*13 Taik -Taw Kyaung

*8 *14 *5 Fig.3.65. Plan of Yamethin Kyaung*8 Fig.3.66. Yamethin Kyaung*14 Fig.3.67. Yamethin Kyaung*5 *8 *14 *5 Fig.3.65. Plan of Yamethin Kyaung*8 Fig.3.66. Yamethin Kyaung*14 Fig.3.67. Yamethin Kyaung*5 Fig.3.65. Plan of Yamethin Kyaung*8 Fig.3.66. Yamethin Kyaung*14 Fig.3.67. Yamethin Kyaung*5 Fig.3. 65 . Plan of Yamethin Kyaung Fig.3.66. Yamethin Kyaung Fig.3.67. Yamethin Kyaung

*8 *14 *5 Fig.3.68. Plan of Moe-Kaung Kyaung*8 Fig.3.69. Moe-Kaung Kyaung*14 Fig.3.70. Moe-Kaung Kyaung*5 Fig.3.68. Plan of Moe-Kaung Kyaung*8 Fig.3.69. Moe-Kaung Kyaung*14 Fig.3.70. Moe-Kaung Kyaung*5 Fig.3.68. Plan of Moe-Kaung Kyaung*8 Fig.3.69. Moe-Kaung Kyaung*14 Fig.3.70. Moe-Kaung Kyaung*5 Fig.3.68. Plan of Moe-Kaung Kyaung*8 Fig.3.69. Moe-Kaung Kyaung*14 Fig.3.70. Moe-Kaung Kyaung*5

54 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design 3.5.6. Kye-Myin Kyaung for it and now it is a neglected and vacant building. (See fig 3.5.3.5.6.6. Kye Kye--MyinMyin Kyaung Kyaung forfor itit andand nownow itit isis aa neglectedneglected andand vacantvacant building.building.(See(See figfig Kye-Myin Kyaung is close to Moe-Kaung Kyaung built by 3.74 – 3.76) KyeKye--MyinMyin Kyaung Kyaung is is close close to to Moe Moe--KaungKaung Kyaung Kyaungbuiltbuilt by by 3.3.7474 – – 3. 3.76)76) minor queen of King Mindon and donated in 1875. It is also 3.5.8. Thin-Gaza Kyaung minorminor queenqueen ofof KingKing MindonMindon andand donateddonated inin 1875.1875. ItIt isis alsoalso 3.5.3.5.8.8. Thin Thin--GazaGaza Kyaung Kyaung similar to the colonial style and externally refurbished in 1998. Thin-Gaza Kyaung is also one of the famous monastic similarsimilar to to the the colonial colonial style style and and externally externally refurbished refurbished in in 1998. 1998. ThinThin--GazaGaza KyaungKyaung isis alsoalso oneone ofof thethe famousfamous monasticmonastic Now it is maintained by the monks in its original compound. spired roofing styles located in the Deiwun quarter of Manda- NowNow itit isis maintainedmaintained by by thethe monksmonks inin itsits original original compound.compound. spiredspired roofing roofing styles styles located located in in the the Deiwun Deiwun quarter quarter of of Manda- Manda- (See fig 3.71 – 3.73) lay. It was built in 1861. It is currently used as a monastery and (See(See fig fig 3. 3.7171 – – 3.73 3.73)) lay.lay. It It was was built built in in 1861. 1861.ItIt is is currently currently used used as as a a monastery monastery and and 3.5.7. Sa-Daw-Wun Min Kyaung accommodated. However, the structural composition is very 3.5.3.5.7.7. Sa Sa--DawDaw--WunWun Min Min Kyaung Kyaung accommodated.accommodated. However,However, thethe structuralstructural compositioncomposition isis veryvery This is very old monastery built during the reign of King vulnerable because of larger and spacious structure with many ThisThis isis veveryry old old monasterymonastery builtbuilt during during thethe reignreign of of KingKing vulnerablevulnerable because because of of larger larger and and spacious spacious structure structure with with many many Thibaw (1878-1885). It underwent several relocations before rooms are very in a perilous state without proper maintenance. ThibawThibaw (1878(1878--1885).1885). ItIt underwentunderwent severalseveral relocationsrelocations beforebefore roomsrooms are are very very in in a a perilous perilous state statewithoutwithout proper proper maintenance maintenance. . being reassembled at its present site. The current condition of In the western end of this monastery is very deflection into one beingbeing reassembled reassembled at at its its present present site. site.TheThe current current condition condition of of InIn the the western western end end of of this this monastery monastery is is very very deflection deflection into into one one this monastery is totally ruined inside and outside in the per- direction and ruined parts need extensive repairs. (See fig 3.77 thisthis monasterymonastery isis totallytotally ruinedruined insideinside andand outsideoutside inin thethe per-per- directiondirection and and ruined ruined parts parts need need extensive extensive repairs. repairs.(See(See fig fig 3. 3.7777 centage 90 out of 100. But there has not yet conservation plan – 3.79) centagecentage 90 90 out out of of 100. 100.ButBut there there has has not not yet yet conservation conservation plan plan –– 3. 3.79)79)

*8 *14 *5 Fig.3.71. Plan of Kye-Myin Kyaung Fig.3.72. Kye-Myin Kyaung Fig.3.73. Kye-Myin Kyaung Fig.3.71. Plan of Kye-Myin Kyaung*8 Fig.3.72. Kye-Myin Kyaung*14 Fig.3.73. Kye-Myin Kyaung*5 Fig.Fig.3.713.71. .Plan Plan of of Kye Kye-Myin-Myin Kyaung Kyaung*8*8 Fig.Fig.3.723.72. .Kye Kye-Myin-Myin Kyaung Kyaung*14*14 Fig.Fig.3.3.7373. .Kye Kye-Myin-Myin Kyaung Kyaung*5*5

Fig.3.74. Plan of Sa-Daw-Wun Min Kyaung*8 Fig.3.75. Deterioration of Thin-Gaza Kyaung*5 Fig.3.76. Sa-Daw-Wun Min Kyaung*5 Fig.3.74. Plan of Sa-Daw-Wun Min Kyaung*8 Fig.3.75. Deterioration of Thin-Gaza Kyaung*5 Fig.3.76. Sa-Daw-Wun Min Kyaung*5 *8*8 *5*5 *5*5 Fig.3.Fig.3. 7474 . .Plan Plan of of Sa Sa-Daw-Daw-Wun-Wun Min Min Kyaung Kyaung Fig.3.7Fig.3.755. .Deterioration Deterioration of of Thin Thin-Gaza-Gaza Kyaung Kyaung Fig.3.Fig.3.7676. .Sa Sa-Daw-Daw-Wun-Wun Min Min Kyaung Kyaung

*8 *5 *5 Fig.3.77. Plan of Thin-Gaza Kyaung Fig.3.78. Thin-Gaza Kyaung Fig.3.79. Thin-Gaza Kyaung Fig.3.77. Plan of Thin-Gaza Kyaung*8 Fig.3.78. Thin-Gaza Kyaung*5 Fig.3.79. Thin-Gaza Kyaung*5 Fig.3.77.Fig.3.77. Plan Plan of of Thin Thin-Gaza-Gaza Kyaung Kyaung*8*8 Fig.3.78Fig.3.78. .Thin Thin-Gaza-Gaza Kyaung Kyaung*5*5 Fig.3.Fig.3.7979. .Thin Thin-Gaza-Gaza Kyaung Kyaung*5*5

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 55 3.5.9. Shwe-In-Bin Kyaung 3.5.10. Myadaung Kyaung

3.5.9.Shwe Shwe-In--InBin-Bin Kyaung Kyaung is situated in quiet compound of Dei- 3.5.10Myadaung. Myadaung Kyaung Kyaung, the last wooden monastery of enor- wunShwequarter-In- inBin Mandalay. Kyaung isIt situatedwas donated in quiet by compoundChinese merchant of Dei- mousMyadaung scale built Kyaung in 1885, the donated last wooden by King monastery Thibaw. Thisof enor- was inwun 1895quarter and onein Mandalay. of the Burmese It was classical donated monasteryby Chinese in merchant its elab- mousalso the scale last builtmonastery in 1885 built donated by the monarchsby King Thibaw. of Myanmar. This Thewas inoration. 1895 andThe onespecial of the architectural Burmese classical interest monasteryis its connecting in its elab- pas- alsocurrent the statuslast monastery of this monastery built by theis already monarchs disappeared of Myanmar. and onlyThe oration.sage way The with special the arch architectural-covered interestwall which is its cannot connecting be found pas- currentremained status two of brick this monastery staircases isand already in this disappeared original andlocation only sageout in way other with monasteries the arch- coveredfrom Mandalay. wall which In 1998,cannot the be monas- found remainedwhere other two new brick modern staircases monastery and arein thislocated. original(See locationfig 3.85 outtery inwas other renovated monasteries for tourist from attraction.Mandalay.(See In 1998, fig 3. 80the – monas- 3.84) –where 3.87) other new modern monastery are located. (See fig 3.85 tery was renovated for tourist attraction. (See fig 3.80 – 3.84) – 3.87)

Fig.3.80. Plan of Shwe-In-Bin Kyaung*8 Fig.3.81. Arched Connecting Passage- Fig.3.82. Wooden Balustrades of *8 *4 *4 Fig.3.80. Plan of Shwe-In-Bin Kyaung*8 Fig.3.81.way of Arched Shwe- ConnectingIn-Bin Kyaung Passage- Fig.3.82.Shwe -WoodenIn-Bin Kyaung Balustrades of Fig.3.80. Plan of Shwe-In-Bin Kyaung Fig.3.81. Arched Connecting Passage- Fig.3.82. Wooden Balustrades of *4 *4 way of Shwe - In -Bin Kyaung*4 Shwe-In-Bin Kyaung*4 way of Shwe - In -Bin Kyaung Shwe-In-Bin Kyaung

Fig.3.83. East Elevation of Shwe-In-Bin Kyaung*11 Fig.3.84. Section of Shwe-In-Bin Kyaung*11 Fig.3.83. East Elevation of Shwe-In-Bin Kyaung*11 Fig.3.84. Section of Shwe-In-Bin Kyaung*11 Fig.3.83. East Elevation of Shwe-In-Bin Kyaung*11 Fig.3.84. Section of Shwe-In-Bin Kyaung*11

Fig.3.85. Old Photo Record of Myadaung Kyaung*13 Fig.3.86. Current Existing Site Fig.3.87. Old Photo Record of *13 *5 *13 Fig.3.85. Old Photo Record of Myadaung Kyaung*13 Fig.3.86. Plan of Current Myadaung Existing Kyaung Site Fig.3.87.Myadaung Old Photo Kyaung Record of Fig.3.85. Old Photo Record of Myadaung Kyaung Fig.3.86. Current Existing Site Fig.3.87. Old Photo Record of *5 *13 Plan of Myadaung Kyaung*5 Myadaung Kyaung*13 Plan of Myadaung Kyaung Myadaung Kyaung

56 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design 3.5.11. Thakawun Kyaung relocated to the current area of Mandalay in 1857. The monas- 3.5.11. Thakawun Kyaung relocated to the current area of Mandalay in 1857. The monas- Thakawun Kyaung built in 1879 by Kin-Wun-Min-Gyi, a tery was repaired in 1993 by the Department of Archaeology. Thakawun Kyaung built in 1879 by Kin-Wun-Min-Gyi, a tery was repaired in 1993 by the Department of Archaeology. 13 senior minister 13, is located in the Deiwun quarter of Mandalay. The storeroom was added in the western end later to fulfill the senior minister 13, is located in the Deiwun quarter of Mandalay. The storeroom was added in the western end later to fulfill the He has visited as a Burmese envoy to Europe during the last traditional monastic layout and also as per the functional re- He has visited as a Burmese envoy to Europe during the last traditional monastic layout and also as per the functional re- years of Kon-Baung dynasty. And he learnt and saw the ad- quirement. Now the current status is well-maintained by Bha- years of Kon-Baung dynasty. And he learnt and saw the ad- quirement. Now the current status is well-maintained by Bha- vances in industry and the architectural achievements of the Mo Sayadaw Phayagyi (chief monk). (See fig 3.91 – 3.93) vances in industry and the architectural achievements of the Mo Sayadaw Phayagyi (chief monk). (See fig 3.91 – 3.93) foreign countries. Therefore, this is one of the rare unique 3.5.13. Mahar-Min-Din Kyaung foreign countries. Therefore, this is one of the rare unique 3.5.13. Mahar-Min-Din Kyaung wooden monasteries with inner storeys because the minister in- Mahar-Min-Htin Kyaung was originally constructed in wooden monasteries with inner storeys because the minister in- Mahar-Min-Htin Kyaung was originally constructed in tended to design this monastery into the combination style with 1852 at Ava. With the changing of the capital, it was relocated tended to design this monastery into the combination style with 1852 at Ava. With the changing of the capital, it was relocated Italian, French and other European elements for fine Euro-Bur- to Mandalay donated by the minister during the King Mn-don Italian, French and other European elements for fine Euro-Bur- to Mandalay donated by the minister during the King Mn-don mese wood carving. (See fig 3.88 – 3.90) in 1878. It is also very magnificent monastery and therefore, mese wood carving. (See fig 3.88 – 3.90) in 1878. It is also very magnificent monastery and therefore, 3.5.12. Bha-Mo Kyaung the conservation plans have yet to be drawn up by the Depart- 3.5.12. Bha-Mo Kyaung the conservation plans have yet to be drawn up by the Depart- Bha-Mo Kyaung is located in the Bodhi-gon quarter of ment of Archaeology, Mandalay for the desirability of preserv- Bha-Mo Kyaung is located in the Bodhi-gon quarter of ment of Archaeology, Mandalay for the desirability of preserv- Mandalay. The original was built at Amarapura and then it was ing this monastery. (See fig 3.94 – 3.96) Mandalay. The original was built at Amarapura and then it was ing this monastery. (See fig 3.94 – 3.96)

*8 *4 *4 Fig.3.88. Plan of Thakawun Kyaung*8 Fig.3.89. Thakawun Kyaung*4 Fig.3.90. Thakawun Kyaung*4 Fig.3.88. Plan of Thakawun Kyaung*8 Fig.3.89. Thakawun Kyaung*4 Fig.3.90. Thakawun Kyaung*4

*8 *5 *5 Fig.3.91. Plan of Bha-Mo Kyaung*8 Fig.3.92. Bha-Mo Kyaung*5 Fig.3.93. Store room of Bha-Mo Kyaung*5 Fig.3.91. Plan of Bha-Mo Kyaung Fig.3.92. Bha-Mo Kyaung Fig.3.93. Store room of Bha-Mo Kyaung Fig.3.91. Plan of Bha-Mo Kyaung*8 Fig.3.92. Bha-Mo Kyaung*5 Fig.3.93. Store room of Bha-Mo Kyaung*5

*8 *4 *4 Fig.3.94. Plan of Mahar- Min-Htin Kyaung*8 Fig.3.95. Mahar-Min-Htin Kyaung*4 Fig.3.96. Mahar-Min-Htin Kyaung*4 Fig.3.94. Plan of Mahar- Min-Htin Kyaung*8 Fig.3.95. Mahar-Min-Htin Kyaung*4 Fig.3.96. Mahar-Min-Htin Kyaung*4

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 57 3.5.14. Ashoka-Yama-Taik, Yadana-Bon-Kyaw Kyaung as the monastery and also maintained by the monks. (See fig 3.5.14. Ashoka-Yama-Taik, Yadana-Bon-Kyaw Kyaung as the monastery and also maintained by the monks. (See fig 3.5.14. Ashoka-Yama-Taik, Yadana-Bon-Kyaw Kyaung as the monastery and also maintained by the monks. (See fig Ashoka-Yama-Taik also called Yadana-Bon-Kyaw 3.100 – 3.101) Ashoka-Yama-Taik also called Yadana-Bon-Kyaw 3.100 – 3.101) Ashoka-Yama-Taik also called Yadana-Bon-Kyaw 3.100 – 3.101) Kyaung constructed during 1787-1790 with massive monas- 3.5.16. Medaw Kyaung: Queen Mother’s Monastery Kyaung constructed during 1787-1790 with massive monas- 3.5.16. Medaw Kyaung: Queen Mother’s Monastery Kyaung constructed during 1787-1790 with massive monas- 3.5.16. Medaw Kyaung: Queen Mother’s Monastery tery type in this era and it is still located in its original location. The Queen Mother’s monastery which was one of the im- tery type in this era and it is still located in its original location. The Queen Mother’s monastery which was one of the im- tery type in this era and it is still located in its original location. The Queen Mother’s monastery which was one of the im- There can be seen the remaining 10 brick staircase and main- pressive wooden monasteries, built in 1842 donated by the There can be seen the remaining 10 brick staircase and main- pressive wooden monasteries, built in 1842 donated by the There can be seen the remaining 10 brick staircase and main- pressive wooden monasteries, built in 1842 donated by the tained as the original ruins of these staircases by the monks King’s step-mother. The monastery was known for its immense tained as the original ruins of these staircases by the monks King’s step-mother. The monastery was known for its immense tained as the original ruins of these staircases by the monks King’s step-mother. The monastery was known for its immense without any reconstruction. (See fig 3.97 – 3.99) beauty which won the attention, admiration and attribution of without any reconstruction. (See fig 3.97 – 3.99) beauty which won the attention, admiration and attribution of without any reconstruction. (See fig 3.97 – 3.99) beauty which won the attention, admiration and attribution of 3.5.15. Pin-Thar Kyaung Myanmar traditional art and craft advancement. Unfortunately, 3.5.15. Pin-Thar Kyaung Myanmar traditional art and craft advancement. Unfortunately, 3.5.15. Pin-Thar Kyaung Myanmar traditional art and craft advancement. Unfortunately, Pin-Thar Kyaung was built during the reign of King Thi- it was bombed during the second world war and now it can only Pin-Thar Kyaung was built during the reign of King Thi- it was bombed during the second world war and now it can only Pin-Thar Kyaung was built during the reign of King Thi- it was bombed during the second world war and now it can only baw and the original function of this monastery was the Yada- see the existing great walls of entrance brick gate of this mon- baw and the original function of this monastery was the Yada- see the existing great walls of entrance brick gate of this mon- baw and the original function of this monastery was the Yada- see the existing great walls of entrance brick gate of this mon- narbon Style resident of Prince Pin-Thar. Therefore, after do- astery and other parts were already burnt out by the fire. (See narbon Style resident of Prince Pin-Thar. Therefore, after do- astery and other parts were already burnt out by the fire. (See narbon Style resident of Prince Pin-Thar. Therefore, after do- astery and other parts were already burnt out by the fire. (See nated by the prince, it has been accommodated by the monks fig 3.102 – 3.104) nated by the prince, it has been accommodated by the monks fig 3.102 – 3.104) nated by the prince, it has been accommodated by the monks fig 3.102 – 3.104)

Fig.3.97. Plan of Remaining 10 Brick Staircases of Ashoka- Fig.3.98. Current Existing Site Plan Fig.3.99. Old Photo Record of Fig.3.97. Plan of Remaining 10 Brick Staircases of Ashoka- Fig.3.98. Current Existing Site Plan Fig.3.99. Old Photo Record of Fig.3.97. Plan of Remaining 10 Brick Staircases*5 of Ashoka- Fig.3.98. Current Existing *5Site Plan Fig.3.99. Old Photo Record*12 of Fig.3.97. Plan of Remaining 10 Brick Staircases*5 of Ashoka- Fig.3.98. Current Existing *5Site Plan Fig.3.99. Old Photo Record*12 of Yama - Taik, Yadana-Bon-Kyaw Kyaung*5 of Ashoka-Yama-Taik*5 Ashoka-Yama-Taik*12 Yama - Taik, Yadana-Bon-Kyaw Kyaung*5 of Ashoka-Yama-Taik*5 Ashoka-Yama-Taik*12 Yama -Taik, Yadana-Bon-Kyaw Kyaung*5 of Ashoka-Yama-Taik*5 Ashoka-Yama-Taik*12 Yama -Taik, Yadana -Bon-Kyaw Kyaung of Ashoka-Yama-Taik Ashoka-Yama-Taik

*8 *8 Fig.3.100. Plan of Pin-Thar Kyaung*8 Fig.3.102. Former Plan of Medaw Kyaung: Fig.3.100. Plan of Pin-Thar Kyaung*8 Fig.3.102. Former Plan of Medaw Kyaung: Fig.3.100. Plan of Pin-Thar Kyaung Fig.3.102. Former Plan of Medaw*15 Kyaung: Fig.3.100. Plan of Pin-Thar Kyaung Fig.3.102. Former Plan of Medaw*15 Kyaung: Queen Mother’s Monastery*15 Queen Mother’s Monastery*15 Queen Mother’s Monastery*15

*5 Fig.3.101. Pin-Thar Kyaung*5 Fig.3.101. Pin-Thar Kyaung*5 Fig.3.103. Old Photo Record of Medaw Fig.3.104. Existing Brick Gate of Medaw Fig.3.101. Pin-Thar Kyaung*5 Fig.3.103. Old Photo Record of Medaw Fig.3.104. Existing Brick Gate of Medaw Fig.3.101. Pin-Thar Kyaung Fig.3.103. Old Photo Record of Medaw *13 *5 Fig.3.101. Pin-Thar Kyaung Fig.3.103. Old Photo Record of Medaw *13 Fig.3.104. Existing Brick Gate of Medaw*5 Kyaung: Queen Mother’s Monastery*13 Kyaung: Queen Mother’s Monastery*5 Kyaung: Queen Mother’s Monastery*13 Kyaung: Queen Mother’s Monastery*5 Kyaung: Queen Mother’s Monastery*13 Kyaung: Queen Mother’s Monastery*5 Kyaung: Queen Mother’s Monastery Kyaung: Queen Mother’s Monastery

58 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design 3.5.17. Thameedaw Kyaung: The Princess Monastery Traces of the original wood-carving are still evident along the 3.5.17. Thameedaw Kyaung: The Princess Monastery Traces of the original wood-carving are still evident along the The Princess monastery built in 1842 and adorned one of badly weathered balustrade and the well preserved previously. The Princess monastery built in 1842 and adorned one of badly weathered balustrade and the well preserved previously. the finest wooden monasteries of Burma. Around the original In 1988, the monastery was repaired especially the verandah the finest wooden monasteries of Burma. Around the original In 1988, the monastery was repaired especially the verandah location of its monastery, it has newly constructed by modern and maintained under the Mandalay Department of Archaeol- location of its monastery, it has newly constructed by modern and maintained under the Mandalay Department of Archaeol- monastery and Nun school as the interventions. Therefore, the ogy. (See fig 3.107 – 3.108) monastery and Nun school as the interventions. Therefore, the ogy. (See fig 3.107 – 3.108) existing entrance walls and brick staircases are remained. (See 3.5.19. Innwa Bagaya Kyaung existing entrance walls and brick staircases are remained. (See 3.5.19. Innwa Bagaya Kyaung fig 3.105 – 3.106) Bagaya monastery was founded during the reign of King fig 3.105 – 3.106) Bagaya monastery was founded during the reign of King 3.5.18. Pyi-Min-Thar Kyaung Min Hkaung (1401-1422) in Ava dynasty. It was rebuilt in 3.5.18. Pyi-Min-Thar Kyaung Min Hkaung (1401-1422) in Ava dynasty. It was rebuilt in Pyi-Min-Thar Kyaung is located near Tagun-Taing viallge 1698 by the King Min-Ye-Kyaw-Htin. It is ornamentally sim- Pyi-Min-Thar Kyaung is located near Tagun-Taing viallge 1698 by the King Min-Ye-Kyaw-Htin. It is ornamentally sim- currently occupies the original site of the San-Kyaung taik ple and very authentic Ava monastery. Then, it was refurbished currently occupies the original site of the San-Kyaung taik ple and very authentic Ava monastery. Then, it was refurbished complex. The present monastery is combination of two monas- again in 1991 by the Mandalay Archaeology Department and complex. The present monastery is combination of two monas- again in 1991 by the Mandalay Archaeology Department and teries; one of which was built prior to 1846 by Pyi-Min-Thar restored as the museum of functional adaptive reuse. (See fig teries; one of which was built prior to 1846 by Pyi-Min-Thar restored as the museum of functional adaptive reuse. (See fig (the Prince) and the other part built by the uncle of the prince. 3.109 – 3.112) (the Prince) and the other part built by the uncle of the prince. 3.109 – 3.112)

Fig.3.105. Former Plan of Thameedaw Fig.3.106. Old Photo Record of Thameedaw Fig.3.107. Pyi-Min-Thar Kyaung*5 Fig.3.105. Former Plan of Thameedaw Fig.3.106. Old Photo Record of Thameedaw Fig.3.107. Pyi-Min-Thar Kyaung*5 *15 *13 Kyaung: Princess Monastery*15 Kyaung: The Princess Monastery*13 Kyaung: Princess Monastery Kyaung: The Princess Monastery

Fig.3.108. Plan of Pyi-Min- Thar Kyaung*8 Fig.3.109. Plan of Bagaya Kyaung (Innwa) *8 Fig.3.110. Bagaya Kyaung (Innwa) *5 Fig.3.108. Plan of Pyi-Min- Thar Kyaung*8 Fig.3.109. Plan of Bagaya Kyaung (Innwa) *8 Fig.3.110. Bagaya Kyaung (Innwa) *5

Fig.3.111. North Elevation of Bagaya Kyaung (Innwa)*11 Fig.3.112. Section of Bagaya Kyaung (Innwa) *11 Fig.3.111. North Elevation of Bagaya Kyaung (Innwa)*11 Fig.3.112. Section of Bagaya Kyaung (Innwa) *11

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 59 3.5.20. Ariya-Wun-Tha Kyaung 3.5.21. Amarapura Bagaya Kyaung 3.5.20. Ariya-Wun-Tha Kyaung 3.5.21. Amarapura Bagaya Kyaung Ariya-Wun-Tha Kyaung which is also called Sagaing The original structure of Amarapura Bagaya Kyaung was Ariya-Wun-Tha Kyaung which is also called Sagaing The original structure of Amarapura Bagaya Kyaung was Yoke-Sone Kyaung located on the Sagaing hills individually constructed in 1782-83 by King Bo-Daw-Hpaya located in Yoke-Sone Kyaung located on the Sagaing hills individually constructed in 1782-83 by King Bo-Daw-Hpaya located in and in a very quiet and peaceful place. This little gem of mo- Amarapura. This monastery was fired in two times; one in 1821 and in a very quiet and peaceful place. This little gem of mo- Amarapura. This monastery was fired in two times; one in 1821 nastic architecture was convinced as a place of meditation for and again in 1866. Therefore, this new structure of Amarapura nastic architecture was convinced as a place of meditation for and again in 1866. Therefore, this new structure of Amarapura a single monk. The original component parts are during the late Bagaya monastery was completely rebuilt again with using re- a single monk. The original component parts are during the late Bagaya monastery was completely rebuilt again with using re- Ava period and dismantled structure from the capital to the hills. inforced concrete for the whole building and now it is not used Ava period and dismantled structure from the capital to the hills. inforced concrete for the whole building and now it is not used It was refurbished in late 1970s by the Department of Archae- by the monks as the function of the monastery. It is preserved It was refurbished in late 1970s by the Department of Archae- by the monks as the function of the monastery. It is preserved ology and has been settled by a single monk and open to the in the adaptive reuse as the museum for public pilgrims. (See ology and has been settled by a single monk and open to the in the adaptive reuse as the museum for public pilgrims. (See public visit. (See fig 3.113 – 3.118) fig 3.119 – 3.121) public visit. (See fig 3.113 – 3.118) fig 3.119 – 3.121)

*8 Fig.3.113. Plan of Ariya-Wun-Tha Kyaung*8 Fig.3.114. Shrine Room of Ariya- Fig.3.115. Ornamented Door of Fig.3.113. Plan of Ariya-Wun-Tha Kyaung*8 Fig.3.114. Shrine Room of Ariya- Fig.3.115. Ornamented Door of *5 *5 Wun-Tha Kyaung*5 Ariya-Wun-Tha Kyaung*5 Wun -Tha Kyaung *5 Ariya-Wun-Tha Kyaung*5

*5 Fig.3.116. Ariya-Wun-Tha Kyaung*5 Fig.3.117. Ariya - Wun - Tha Kyaung’s Fig.3.118. Ariya-Wun-Tha Kyaung’s Fig.3.116. Ariya-Wun-Tha Kyaung*5 Fig.3.117. Ariya - Wun - Tha Kyaung’s Fig.3.118. Ariya-Wun-Tha Kyaung’s *5 *5 Meditation Room*5 Balustrades Ornamentation*5 Meditation Room*5 Balustrades Ornamentation*5

*5 *5 Fig.3.119. Current Existing Site Fig.3.120. Bagaya Kyaung (Amarapura) *5 Fig.3.121. Bagaya Kyaung (Amarapura) *5 Fig.3.119. Current Existing Site Fig.3.120. Bagaya Kyaung (Amarapura) *5 Fig.3.121. Bagaya Kyaung (Amarapura) *5 *12 Plan of Bagaya Kyaung *12 Plan of Bagaya Kyaung *12

60 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design 3.6. Hsipaw is long corridor way and covered with spired roof. This type of 3.6. Hsipaw is long corridor way and covered with spired roof. This type of The following monasteries are extricable tied to conserva- monastery did not remain in other areas of Northern Shan state. The following monasteries are extricable tied to conserva- monastery did not remain in other areas of Northern Shan state. tion’s primary objective in Hsipaw area in Shan State. Kyaung It is under the protection of the Department of Archaeology. tion’s primary objective in Hsipaw area in Shan State. Kyaung It is under the protection of the Department of Archaeology. means monastery in Myanmar terms. (See fig 3.125 – 3.127) means monastery in Myanmar terms. (See fig 3.125 – 3.127) 3.6.1. Bo-Daw Kyaung 3.6.3. Maddayar-Shwe Kyaung 3.6.1. Bo-Daw Kyaung 3.6.3. Maddayar-Shwe Kyaung This monstery was donated by Saopha (Shan Kingdom) in Maddayar-Shwe Kyaung is also the ancient monastery in This monstery was donated by Saopha (Shan Kingdom) in Maddayar-Shwe Kyaung is also the ancient monastery in 1891 at Pangthein-Taung quarter of Hsipaw. The main monas- Hsipaw and the interview with the older people, this was also 1891 at Pangthein-Taung quarter of Hsipaw. The main monas- Hsipaw and the interview with the older people, this was also tery building is splendid but only the skeleton structure re- donated by Saopha (Shan Kingdom). This monastery was built tery building is splendid but only the skeleton structure re- donated by Saopha (Shan Kingdom). This monastery was built mained and the wall is repaired with brick. It is maintained by in 1863 located in the new village of Hsipaw. In current, it is mained and the wall is repaired with brick. It is maintained by in 1863 located in the new village of Hsipaw. In current, it is the local villagers. (See fig 3.122 – 3.124) maintained by the chief monk and local people. The structural the local villagers. (See fig 3.122 – 3.124) maintained by the chief monk and local people. The structural 3.6.2. Maha-Nanda-Kantha Kyaung conditions of this monastery is in good conditions and it should 3.6.2. Maha-Nanda-Kantha Kyaung conditions of this monastery is in good conditions and it should Maha-Nanda-Kantha Kyaung is located in the new village be regularly maintained and checked with proper maintenance Maha-Nanda-Kantha Kyaung is located in the new village be regularly maintained and checked with proper maintenance of Hsipaw donated by Saopha at 1848. Its distinctive features plan. (See fig 3.128 – 3.130) of Hsipaw donated by Saopha at 1848. Its distinctive features plan. (See fig 3.128 – 3.130)

*18 *18 *5 Fig.3.122. Plan of Bo-Daw Kyaung*18 Fig.3.123. Bo-Daw Kyaung*18 Fig.3.124. Bo-Daw Kyaung*5 Fig.3.122. Plan of Bo-Daw Kyaung Fig.3.123. Bo-Daw Kyaung Fig.3.124. Bo-Daw Kyaung Fig.3.122. Plan of Bo-Daw Kyaung*18 Fig.3.123. Bo-Daw Kyaung*18 Fig.3.124. Bo-Daw Kyaung*5

*18 *18 Fig.3.125. Plan of Maha-Nanda- Fig.3.126. Maha-Nanda- Kantha Kyaung*18 Fig.3.127. Maha-Nanda Kantha Kyaung*18 Fig.3.125. Plan of Maha-Nanda- Fig.3.126. Maha-Nanda- Kantha Kyaung*18 Fig.3.127. Maha-Nanda Kantha Kyaung*18 Fig.3.125. Plan of Maha*18 -Nanda- Fig.3.126. Maha-Nanda- Kantha Kyaung Fig.3.127. Maha-Nanda Kantha Kyaung Kantha Kyaung*18 Kantha Kyaung*18 Kantha Kyaung

*18 *18 *5 Fig.3.128. Plan of Maddayar-Shwe Kyaung*18 Fig.3.129. Maddayar- Shwe Kyaung*18 Fig.3.130. Maddayar-Shwe Kyaung*5 Fig.3.128. Plan of Maddayar-Shwe Kyaung*18 Fig.3.129. Maddayar- Shwe Kyaung*18 Fig.3.130. Maddayar-Shwe Kyaung*5 Fig.3.128. Plan of Maddayar-Shwe Kyaung*18 Fig.3.129. Maddayar- Shwe Kyaung*18 Fig.3.130. Maddayar-Shwe Kyaung*5

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 61 3.6.4. Kyin-Thee Kyaung 3.7. Monywa 3.6.4. Kyin-Thee Kyaung 3.7. Monywa Kyin-Thee Kyaung is the oldest wooden monastery in The following monasteries are extricable tied to conserva- Kyin-Thee Kyaung is the oldest wooden monastery in The following monasteries are extricable tied to conserva- Hsipaw and also the only donated by the Saopha (Shan King- tion’s primary objective in Monywa district. Kyaung means Hsipaw and also the only donated by the Saopha (Shan King- tion’s primary objective in Monywa district. Kyaung means dom) and Myanmar King in 1774 as ancient monastery in Shan monastery in Myanmar terms. dom) and Myanmar King in 1774 as ancient monastery in Shan monastery in Myanmar terms. state. It consists of many Shan ancient architectural features 3.7.1. Sagumaw Kyaung state. It consists of many Shan ancient architectural features 3.7.1. Sagumaw Kyaung which are quite different to the monasteries in central regions Sagumaw Kyaung is located in Monywa, Le-zin village which are quite different to the monasteries in central regions Sagumaw Kyaung is located in Monywa, Le-zin village of Myanmar. (See fig 3.131 – 3.133) and built in 1936 in the late colonial period. The structural con- of Myanmar. (See fig 3.131 – 3.133) and built in 1936 in the late colonial period. The structural con- 3.6.5. Yay-Haw Kyaung dition of this monastery is very weak in current conditions and 3.6.5. Yay-Haw Kyaung dition of this monastery is very weak in current conditions and Yay-Haw Kyaung is located in Pangthein quarter of it may be no longer existed for 4 or 5 years if the conservation Yay-Haw Kyaung is located in Pangthein quarter of it may be no longer existed for 4 or 5 years if the conservation Hsipaw township. It was donated by Saopha (the hereditary management plan would not be considered for it. Hsipaw township. It was donated by Saopha (the hereditary management plan would not be considered for it. ruler of a Shan state of Burma) Saung Kyar Khaing at 1893 Therefore, the features of the monastery is a combination ruler of a Shan state of Burma) Saung Kyar Khaing at 1893 Therefore, the features of the monastery is a combination AD. It is maintained by the local people but all the walls are style of traditional Burmese architecture and colonial decora- AD. It is maintained by the local people but all the walls are style of traditional Burmese architecture and colonial decora- repaired with bricks and not the original wall. Moreover, not tive masonry stairs style which is very rare to find this original repaired with bricks and not the original wall. Moreover, not tive masonry stairs style which is very rare to find this original the main monastery but the monastic compound could be found little gem of monastic architecture. Therefore, this style of the main monastery but the monastic compound could be found little gem of monastic architecture. Therefore, this style of that many colonial buildings where were built at the Saopha wooden monastery in the central region of Myanmar would be that many colonial buildings where were built at the Saopha wooden monastery in the central region of Myanmar would be time (Shan Kingdom time). Now it is occupied by the local managed with systematic conservation plan not only for the time (Shan Kingdom time). Now it is occupied by the local managed with systematic conservation plan not only for the monks and maintained the original condition of traditional identity of this region but also the unique combination of tradi- monks and maintained the original condition of traditional identity of this region but also the unique combination of tradi- Shan monastery. (See fig 3.134 – 3.135) tional and colonial characteristics. (See fig 3.136 – 3.139) Shan monastery. (See fig 3.134 – 3.135) tional and colonial characteristics. (See fig 3.136 – 3.139)

Fig.3.131. Plan of Kyin-Thee Kyaung*18 Fig.3.132. Kyin-Thee Kyaung*18 Fig.3.133. Kyin-Thee Kyaung*18 Fig.3.131. Plan of Kyin-Thee Kyaung*18 Fig.3.132. Kyin-Thee Kyaung*18 Fig.3.133. Kyin-Thee Kyaung*18

Fig.3.134. Plan of Yayhaw Kyaung*18 Fig.3.135. Yayhaw Kyaung*18 Fig.3.136. Plan of Sagumaw Kyaung*8 Fig.3.134. Plan of Yayhaw Kyaung*18 Fig.3.135. Yayhaw Kyaung*18 Fig.3.136. Plan of Sagumaw Kyaung*8

Fig.3.137. Sagumaw Kyaung*5 Fig.3.138. Sagumaw Kyaung*5 Fig.3.139. Front View of Sagumaw Kyaung*5 Fig.3.137. Sagumaw Kyaung*5 Fig.3.138. Sagumaw Kyaung*5 Fig.3.139. Front View of Sagumaw Kyaung*5

62 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design 3.3.7.2.7.2. Taing Taing--TayarTayar Kyaung Kyaung compositioncomposition inin aa largerlarger complexcomplex ofof monasticmonastic buildings.buildings. ThisThis TaingTaing--TayarTayar Kyaung Kyaungisis located located in in Monywa, Monywa, Le Le--zinzin village village hashas been been found found that that some some intervention intervention in in the the additions additions of of new new andand constructed constructed in in 1896 1896 using using local local carpenters, carpenters, masons, masons, black- black- paintingspaintings andand thethemodernmodern elementselements suchsuch asas installationinstallation elec-elec- smithssmiths and and goldsmiths. goldsmiths.TheThe monastery monastery is is famous famous for for its its archi- archi- tronictronic equipment equipment which which may may be be dangerous dangerous in in case case of of fire. fire.(See(See tecturaltectural esthetics esthetics of of the the seven seven--tieredtiered pyathat pyathat roofing roofing and and it it has has figfig 3.1 3.14343 – – 3.1 3.14444)) notnot been been occupied occupied since since the the mid mid--1960s1960s and and the the structural structural con- con- 3.7.3.7.4.4. Min Min--YeYe Kyaung Kyaung ditiondition is is very very vulnerable vulnerable especially especially in in the the connection connection of of the the roof, roof, MinMin--YeYe Kyaung Kyaungisis located located in in A A--MyintMyint village village which which is is far far interiorinterior ofof thethe flooringflooring andand otherother elements.elements.(See(See figfig 3.13.14040 –– 28km28km fromfrom MonywaMonywadistrictdistrict. . ThisThis monasterymonastery waswas donateddonated by by 3.13.142)42) thethe KingKing SwarSwar--SawSaw--KeKe inin 13751375 overover 644644 yearsyears oldold woodenwooden 3.7.3.7.3.3. Mahar Mahar-Zawtika--Zawtika-YamaYama Taik Taik building.building. ThisThis veryvery oldold monasterymonasterymaintainedmaintained byby thethe monksmonks ThisThis monastery monastery is is also also called called Thu Thu--DhammaDhamma monastery monastery was was thatthathashas been been found found that that refurbished refurbished many many times times and and the the origi- origi- founfoundedded inin 18941894 located located in in KhinKhin--MonMon village,village, Monywa. Monywa.ThisThis nalnal of of staircases staircases and and the the roofing roofing parts parts are are the the characteristics characteristics of of isis very very traditional traditional and and central central Burmese Burmese monastic monastic architectural architectural InnwaInnwa era. era.(See(See fig fig 3.1 3.14545 – – 3.1 3.14848))

*8 *5 *5 Fig.3.140. Plan of Taing-Tayar Kyaung *8 Fig.3.141. Taing-Tayar Kyaung *5 Fig. 3.142. Interior of Taing-Tayar Kyaung *5 Fig.Fig.33.1.14040. .Plan Plan of of Taing Taing-Tayar-Tayar Kyaung Kyaung*8 Fig.3.1Fig.3.14141. .Taing Taing-Tayar-Tayar Kyaung Kyaung*5 Fig.Fig.33.1.14242. .Interior Interior of of Taing Taing-Tayar-Tayar Kyaung Kyaung*5

*5 *5 Fig.3.143. Plan of Mahar- Fig.3.144. Mahar-Zawtika-Yama Taik*5*5 Fig.3.145. Top View of Min-Ye Kyaung*5*5 Fig.3.143.Fig.3.143. Plan Plan of of Mahar Mahar-- Fig.Fig.33.1.14444. .Mahar Mahar-Zawtika-Zawtika-Yama-Yama Taik Taik Fig.Fig.33.1.14545. .Top Top View View of of Min Min-Ye-Ye Kyaung Kyaung *8 ZawtikaZawtika-Yama-Yama Taik Taik*8*8 Zawtika -Yama Taik

*5 *5 *5 Fig.3.146. Top View of Min-Ye Kyaung *5 Fig.3.147. Min-Ye Kyaung *5 Fig.3.148. Min-Ye Kyaung *5 Fig.Fig.33.1.14646. .Top Top View View of of Min Min-Ye-Ye Kyaung Kyaung*5 Fig.3.147Fig.3.147. .Min Min-Ye-Ye Kyaung Kyaung*5 Fig.3.1Fig.3.14848. .Min Min-Ye-Ye Kyaung Kyaung*5

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 63 3.7.5.3.7. Bon5. -BonPyan-Pyan Kyaung Kyaung 3.8. 3.8Yesagyo. Yesagyo 3.7.5. Bon-Pyan Kyaung 3.8. Yesagyo Bon-Bon-PyanPyan Kyaung Kyaung is also is alsonear nearto the to Minthe -MinYe -KyaungYe Kyaungand and The Thefollowingfollowing monasteries monasteries are extricableare extricable tied tiedto conserva- to conserva- Bon-Pyan Kyaung is also near to the Min-Ye Kyaung and The following monasteries are extricable tied to conserva- the monasticthe monastic characteristics characteristics is similar is similar composition composition but smallerbut smaller tion’stion’s primary primary objective objective in Yesagyo in Yesagyo area. area. Kyaung Kyaung means means monmon- the monastic characteristics is similar composition but smaller tion’s primary objective in Yesagyo area. Kyaung means mon- one. one.It is Itquite is quite far from far from Monywa Monywa located located in Min in -MinYe -village.Ye village. It It asteryasteryin Myanmarin Myanmar terms. terms. one. It is quite far from Monywa located in Min-Ye village. It astery in Myanmar terms. was wasalso alsodonated donated by King by King Min -MinLat-WarLat- Warin 1858 in 1858 of Kon of -KonBaung-Baung 3.8.1.3.8. Pakhangyi1. Pakhangyi Kyaung Kyaung was also donated by King Min-Lat-War in 1858 of Kon-Baung 3.8.1. Pakhangyi Kyaung era. era.There There has alsohas alsofound found that thatthe complexionthe complexion of some of some detri- detri- PakhangyiPakhangyi Kyaung Kyaungis locatedis located 27km 27km north north of Pakkoku of Pakkoku dis- dis- era. There has also found that the complexion of some detri- Pakhangyi Kyaung is located 27km north of Pakkoku dis- mentalmental features features needed needed for thefor conservationthe conservation definitely definitely as the as the tricttrictbuiltbuilt in 1886. in 1886.For theFor reasonthe reasonof concerningof concerning with with the im-the im- mental features needed for the conservation definitely as the trict built in 1886. For the reason of concerning with the im- veryvery old woodenold wooden monastery. monastery. pressivepressive conservation, conservation, it has it beenhas been repaired repaired and restoredand restored to some to some very old wooden monastery. pressive conservation, it has been repaired and restored to some The Thestructural structural condition condition is deteriorated is deteriorated by neglect by neglect or old or old of itsof formerits former glory glory using using the originalthe original materials materials as possible. as possible. The structural condition is deteriorated by neglect or old of its former glory using the original materials as possible. age ageof the of monastery.the monastery. But Butin this in thiscompound, compound, there there has otherhas other EvenEven though though the formerthe former roof roofornaments ornaments have have not survivednot survived but but age of the monastery. But in this compound, there has other Even though the former roof ornaments have not survived but new newmonasteries monasteries and andthe originalthe original main main monastery monastery should should be be this isthis very is very rare raremonastery monastery which which is using is using the original the original material material new monasteries and the original main monastery should be this is very rare monastery which is using the original material preservedpreserved very very systematically systematically for suchfor such this thisof linear of linear composi- composi- of roofingof roofing in a veryin a very advantage advantage conditions conditions of well of -wellpreservation.-preservation. preserved very systematically for such this of linear composi- of roofing in a very advantage conditions of well-preservation. tion tionof Kon of -Konbaung-baung wooden wooden monastery monastery and andthis thisedifice edifice is very is very In 1996,In 1996, the governmentthe government submitted submitted the monastery,the monastery, along along with with tion of Kon-baung wooden monastery and this edifice is very In 1996, the government submitted the monastery, along with rare rareto find to findin that in thatarea areatoo. too.Now Now it is itlooked is looked after after by the by localthe local otherother exemplars exemplars from from the Konthe -KonBaung-Baung dynasty dynastyfor inclusionfor inclusion rare to find in that area too. Now it is looked after by the local other exemplars from the Kon-Baung dynasty for inclusion 14 monks.monks.(See(See fig 3.1 fig49 3.1 –49 3.1 –51 3.1) 51) into intothe Worldthe World Heritage Heritage List .List14 (See14. 14 (See fig 3.1 fig52 3.1 –52 3.1 –57 3.1) 57) monks. (See fig 3.149 – 3.151) into the World Heritage List. 14 (See fig 3.152 – 3.157)

*5 *5 *5 Fig.3.149. Bon-Pyan Kyaung*5 *5*5 Fig.3.150. Ruins of Bon-Pyan Kyaung*5 *5 *5 Fig.3.151. Interior of Bon-Pyan Kyaung*5 *5*5 Fig. Fig.3Fig..1493.13..1 49Bon49. Bon.- BonPyan-Pyan-Pyan Kyaung Kyaung Kyaung *5 Fig. Fig.3Fig..1503.13..1 50Ruins50. Ruins. Ruins of Bon of of Bon- BonPyan-Pyan-Pyan Kyaung Kyaung Kyaung*5 Fig. Fig.3.1Fig.513.13.1. 51Interior51. Interior. Interior of Bon of of Bon- BonPyan-Pyan-Pyan Kyaung Kyaung Kyaung*5 Fig.3.149. Bon-Pyan Kyaung*5 Fig.3.150. Ruins of Bon-Pyan Kyaung*5 Fig.3.151. Interior of Bon-Pyan Kyaung*5

*8 Fig.3.152. Plan of Pakhangyi Kyaung*8 *8*8 Fig.3.153. Fig.3.153. Roof Roof Spire Spire of of Fig.3.154.Fig.3.154. Bird’s Bird’s Eye ViewEye View of of Fig.3.1 Fig.3.1Fig.3.152. 52Plan52. Plan. Planof Pakhangyi of of Pakhangyi Pakhangyi Kyaung Kyaung Kyaung *8 Fig.3.153. Roof Spire of Fig.3.154. Bird’s Eye View of Fig.3.152. Plan of Pakhangyi Kyaung Fig.3.153. Roof Spire of*5 Fig.3.154. Bird’s Eye View*5 of Pakhangyi Kyaung*5 *5*5 Pakhangyi Kyaung*5 *5*5 Pakhangyi PakhangyiPakhangyi Kyaung Kyaung Kyaung*5 PakhangyiPakhangyiPakhangyi Kyaung Kyaung Kyaung*5 Pakhangyi Kyaung Pakhangyi Kyaung

*5 *5 Fig.3.155. Pakhangyi Kyaung*5 *5 *5 Fig.3.156. Pakhangyi Kyaung*5 *5 *5 Fig.3.157.Fig.3.157. Bird’s Bird’s Eye ViewEye View of of Fig.3.1 Fig.3.1 Fig.3.155. 55Pakhangyi55. Pakhangyi. Pakhangyi Kyaung Kyaung Kyaung*5 Fig.3.15 Fig.3.15Fig.3.156. Pakhangyi6.6 Pakhangyi. Pakhangyi Kyaung Kyaung Kyaung*5 Fig.3.157. Bird’s Eye View of Fig.3.155. Pakhangyi Kyaung Fig.3.156. Pakhangyi Kyaung Fig.3.157. Bird’s Eye View*5 of Pakhangyi Kyaung*5 *5*5 PakhangyiPakhangyiPakhangyi Kyaung Kyaung Kyaung*5 Pakhangyi Kyaung*5

64 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design 3.8.3.8.2.2. Pakhannge Pakhannge Kyaung Kyaung 33.9..9. Pakkoku Pakkoku 3.8.2. Pakhannge Kyaung 3.9. Pakkoku PakhanngePakhannge KyaungKyaung isis tenten kilometerskilometers southsouth ofof YesagyoYesagyo TheThe following following monasteries monasteries are are extricable extricable tied tied to to conserva- conserva- Pakhannge Kyaung is ten kilometers south of Yesagyo The following monasteries are extricable tied to conserva- township,township, Pakkoku Pakkokudistrict.district. There There has has only only the the remains remains of of a a forfor- tion’stion’s primary primary objective objective in in Pakkoku Pakkoku district. district. Kyaung Kyaung means means township, Pakkoku district. There has only the remains of a for- tion’s primary objective in Pakkoku district. Kyaung means merlymerly wooden wooden monastery monastery constructed constructed in in 1871. 1871.AtAt present present, ,the the monasterymonastery in in Myanmar Myanmar terms. terms. merly wooden monastery constructed in 1871. At present, the monastery in Myanmar terms. remainsremains ofof masonrymasonry mangomango-bud-bud staircasesstaircases andand thethe existingexisting 3.9.3.9.1.1. Taw Taw-Way-Way-Kan-Kan Kyaung Kyaung remains of masonry mango-bud staircases and the existing 3.9.1. Taw-Way-Kan Kyaung foundationfoundation wooden wooden pillars pillars has has left. left. However, However, it it is is displayed displayed as as ThisThis quiet quiet and and old old monastic monastic compound compound is is located located in in Pak- Pak- foundation wooden pillars has left. However, it is displayed as This quiet and old monastic compound is located in Pak- thethe existingexisting ofof ruinedruined conditconditionsions toto knowknow thethe traditionaltraditional koku,koku, Myaing Myaing township. township. The The monastery monastery was was donated donated by by the the the existing of ruined conditions to know the traditional koku, Myaing township. The monastery was donated by the woodenwooden constructionconstruction techniquestechniques forfor conservationconservation ofof otheother r KingKing in in late late Bagan Bagan period. period. There There has has two two wooden wooden monasteries; monasteries; wooden construction techniques for conservation of other King in late Bagan period. There has two wooden monasteries; monasterions.monasterions. This This monastery monastery which which was was taken taken and and started started to to thethe building building 1 1 is is well well maintained maintained and and reside reside in in it. it. However, However, the the monasterions. This monastery which was taken and started to the building 1 is well maintained and reside in it. However, the preservepreserve ththisis existingexistinginin 1996 1996-1967.-1967. TheThe monasticmonastic featurefeatures s buildingbuilding 2 2 is is vacant vacant condition condition and and some some parts parts are are previously previously preserve this existing in 1996-1967. The monastic features building 2 is vacant condition and some parts are previously areare quite quite similar similar to to the the Konbaung Konbaung layout layout and and some some o originariginal l ruinedruined such such as as the the brick brick staircase staircase and and some some w woodenooden pillar pillar de- de- are quite similar to the Konbaung layout and some original ruined such as the brick staircase and some wooden pillar de- carvingscarvings of of this this monastery monastery is is preserved preserved in in a a nearby nearby masonry masonry terioration.terioration. Moreover, Moreover, it it is is protected protected under under the the ministry ministry of of reli- reli- carvings of this monastery is preserved in a nearby masonry terioration. Moreover, it is protected under the ministry of reli- 14 library.library. 14 14(See(See fig fig 3.1 3.15858 – – 3.1 3.16262) ) giousgious affairs affairs and and culture. culture.(See(See fig fig 3.1 3.16363 – – 3.1 3.16666) ) library. 14 (See fig 3.158 – 3.162) gious affairs and culture. (See fig 3.163 – 3.166)

*19 *19*19 Fig.3.158. Plan of Pakhannge Kyaung*19 Fig.3.159. Existing Conditions of Fig.3.160. Bird’s Eye View of Fig.Fig.33.1.15858. .Plan Plan of of Pakhannge Pakhannge Kyaung Kyaung*19 Fig.3.159.Fig.3.159. Existing Existing Conditions Conditions of of Fig.3.160.Fig.3.160. Bird’s Bird’s Eye Eye View View of of Fig.3.158. Plan of Pakhannge Kyaung Fig.3.159. Existing Conditions*5 of Fig.3.160. Bird’s Eye View*5 of Pakhannge Kyaung *5 *5 Pakhannge Kyaung*5*5 PakhanngePakhannge Kyaung Kyaung *5 PakhanngePakhannge Kyaung Kyaung*5 Pakhannge Kyaung *5 Pakhannge Kyaung*5 Pakhannge Kyaung Pakhannge Kyaung

Fig.3.161. Existing Sturcture of Fig.3.162. Existing Brick Stairs of Fig.3.163. Top view of Taw-Way- Fig.3.161. Fig.3.161. Existing Existing Sturcture Sturcture of of Fig.3.162.Fig.3.162. Existing Existing Brick Brick Stairs Stairs of of Fig.3.163.Fig.3.163. Top Top view view of of Taw Taw-Way-Way-- Fig.3.161. Existing Sturcture*5 of Fig.3.162. Existing Brick*5 Stairs of Fig.3.163. Top view of Taw*5-Way- Fig.3.161. Existing Sturcture*5*5 of Fig.3.162. Existing Brick*5*5 Stairs of Fig.3.163. Top view of Taw*5*5-Way- PakhanngePakhannge Kyaung Kyaung*5 PakhanngePakhannge Kyaung Kyaung*5 KanKanKyaungKyaung Building Building 1 1*5 Pakhannge Kyaung *5 Pakhannge Kyaung*5 Kan Kyaung Building 1*5

Fig.3.164. Taw-Way-Kan Fig.3.165. Taw-Way-Kan Fig.3.166. Taw-Way-Kan Fig.3.164. Fig.3.164. Taw Taw-Way-Way-Kan-Kan Fig.3.165.Fig.3.165. Taw Taw-Way-Way-Kan-Kan Fig.3.166.Fig.3.166. Taw Taw-Way-Way-Kan-Kan Fig.3.164. Taw-Way-Kan*5 Fig.3.165. Taw-Way-Kan*5 Fig.3.166. Taw-Way-Kan*5 Fig.3.164. Taw-Way-Kan*5*5 Fig.3.165. Taw-Way-Kan*5*5 Fig.3.166. Taw-Way-Kan*5*5 KyaungKyaung Building Building 1 1*5 KyaungKyaung Building Building 1 1*5 KyaungKyaungBuildingBuilding 2 2 *5 Kyaung Building 1*5 Kyaung Building 1 *5 Kyaung Building 2 *5

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 65 3.9.2. Ohn-Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung uated in Pauk township, Magway division and also old monas- 3.9.2. Ohn-Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung uated in Pauk township, Magway division and also old monas- 3.9.2. Ohn-Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung uated in Pauk township, Magway division and also old monas- Ohn-Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung is one of the good examples tic features over 100 years old. But some parts especially in the Ohn-Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung is one of the good examples tic features over 100 years old. But some parts especially in the Ohn-Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung is one of the good examples tic features over 100 years old. But some parts especially in the of wooden monasteries from Myanmar. Originally it was one facades have found new intervention with modern color and of wooden monasteries from Myanmar. Originally it was one facades have found new intervention with modern color and of wooden monasteries from Myanmar. Originally it was one facades have found new intervention with modern color and of fifteen apartments given by various donors which comprised materials using in the original structure of main building. (See of fifteen apartments given by various donors which comprised materials using in the original structure of main building. (See of fifteen apartments given by various donors which comprised materials using in the original structure of main building. (See the impressive Marorama Kyaung Taik (Monastery group). It fig 3.171 – 3.172) the impressive Marorama Kyaung Taik (Monastery group). It fig 3.171 – 3.172) the impressive Marorama Kyaung Taik (Monastery group). It fig 3.171 – 3.172) built in 1738 and the only remaining apartment nowadays and 3.9.4. Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung built in 1738 and the only remaining apartment nowadays and 3.9.4. Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung built in 1738 and the only remaining apartment nowadays and 3.9.4. Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung probably the earliest surviving Burmese wooden monastic Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung also called Bagan monastery, probably the earliest surviving Burmese wooden monastic Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung also called Bagan monastery, probably the earliest surviving Burmese wooden monastic Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung also called Bagan monastery, building in existence maintained by the Department of Archae- located in Pakkoku. The construction period of this monastery building in existence maintained by the Department of Archae- located in Pakkoku. The construction period of this monastery building in existence maintained by the Department of Archae- located in Pakkoku. The constructionth period of this monastery ology with the help of chief monk and the local villagers. (See is probably in the early 19th century according to the interview ology with the help of chief monk and the local villagers. (See is probably in the early 19th century according to the interview ology with the help of chief monk and the local villagers. (See is probably in the early 19th century according to the interview fig 3.167 – 3.170) with the chief monk. In this monastery, there has also the his- fig 3.167 – 3.170) with the chief monk. In this monastery, there has also the his- fig 3.167 – 3.170) with the chief monk. In this monastery, there has also the his- 3.9.3. Atula-Mingalar-Thiri Kyaung torical documents of inscriptions. But the monastery is often 3.9.3. Atula-Mingalar-Thiri Kyaung torical documents of inscriptions. But the monastery is often 3.9.3. Atula-Mingalar-Thiri Kyaung torical documents of inscriptions. But the monastery is often In this monastic compound, there has two structures; one suffered by the seasonal flood every 3 or 4 years in rainy season. In this monastic compound, there has two structures; one suffered by the seasonal flood every 3 or 4 years in rainy season. In this monastic compound, there has two structures; one suffered by the seasonal flood every 3 or 4 years in rainy season. building is main monastery and another one is storage. It is sit- (See fig 3.173 – 3.175) building is main monastery and another one is storage. It is sit- (See fig 3.173 – 3.175) building is main monastery and another one is storage. It is sit- (See fig 3.173 – 3.175)

*8 *5 Fig.3.167. Plan of Ohn-Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung*8 Fig.3.168. Ohn-Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung*5 Fig.3.169. Interior Furniture of Ohn- Fig.3.167. Plan of Ohn-Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung*8 Fig.3.168. Ohn-Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung*5 Fig.3.169. Interior Furniture of Ohn- Fig.3.167. Plan of Ohn-Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung Fig.3.168. Ohn-Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung Fig.3.169. Interior Furniture *5 of Ohn- *8 *5 *5 Fig.3.167. Plan of Ohn-Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung Fig.3.16 8. Ohn-Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung Fig.3.169. Don-Bin Interior - Shwe FurnitureKyaung *5 of Ohn- Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung*5 Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung*5 Don-Bin-Shwe Kyaung

*5 Fig.3.170. Gilded Ceiling of Ohn - Fig.3.171. Atula-Mingalar-Thiri Kyaung*5 Fig.3.172. Atula-Mingalar-Thiri Fig.3.170. Gilded Ceiling of Ohn - Fig.3.171. Atula-Mingalar-Thiri Kyaung*5 Fig.3.172. Atula-Mingalar-Thiri Fig.3.170. Gilded Ceiling of *5 Ohn - Fig.3.171. Atula-Mingalar-Thiri Kyaung*5 Fig.3.172. Atula-Mingalar*5 -Thiri Fig.3.170.Don-Bin Gilded - Shwe Ceiling Kyaung of *5 Ohn - Fig.3.171. Atula-Mingalar-Thiri Kyaung Fig.3.172.Kyaung’s Atula Storage-Mingalar*5 -Thiri Don-Bin -Shwe Kyaung*5 Kyaung’s Storage Don-Bin -Shwe Kyaung Kyaung’s Storage*5 Don-Bin -Shwe Kyaung*5 Kyaung’s Storage*5

*5 *5 nd Fig.3.173. Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung*5 Fig.3.174. Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung*5 Fig.3.175. Vulnerable Conditions in 2nd Fig.3.173. Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung*5 Fig.3.174. Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung*5 Fig.3.175. Vulnerable Conditions in 2nd Fig.3.173. Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung Fig.3.174. Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung Fig.3.175. Vulnerable Conditions in 2 *5 *5 *5 Floor of Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaungnd*5 Fig.3.173. Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung Fig.3.174. Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung Fig.3.175.Floor of Vulnerable Khan-Taw Conditions-Taung Kyaung in 2 *5 Floor of Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung*5 Floor of Khan-Taw-Taung Kyaung*5

66 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design 3.9.5. A-Neint Kyaung mented with lots of sculptures but after it was fired, these sculp- 3.9.5. A-Neint Kyaung mented with lots of sculptures but after it was fired, these sculp- 3.9.5.The A- formerNeint Kyaung19th C A -Neint Kyaung wooden monastery lo- turesmented have with been lots installed of sculptures in another but after new it monasterywas fired, these nearby sculp-this th The former 19th C A-Neint Kyaung wooden monastery lo- tures have been installed in another new monastery nearby this catedThe in formersouth-west 19 Cof APakkoku.-Neint Kyaung It succumbed wooden to monastery fire in 1989 lo- area.tures (Seehave figbeen 3.1 installed79 – 3.1 80in )another new monastery nearby this cated in south-west of Pakkoku. It succumbed to fire in 1989 area. (See fig 3.179 – 3.180) andcated there in south are no-west plans of Pakkoku.to rebuild It the succumbed monastery. to Currentlyfire in 1989 in 3.9.area.7.(See Mandalay fig 3.179 Taik – 3.180) and there are no plans to rebuild the monastery. Currently in 3.9.7. Mandalay Taik thatand therearea, arethe noremains plans toof rebuildmasonry the library monastery. occupying Currently in the in 3.9.7.Mandalay Mandalay Taik Taik is located Pakkoku on the west bank of the that area, the remains of masonry library occupying in the Mandalay Taik is located Pakkoku on the west bank of the norththat area,-east cornerthe remains in the cofurrent masonry existing library site planoccupying of yellow in cir-the IrrawaddyMandalay river Taik north is located-east of Pakkoku Bagan. Iton was the westfounded bank around of the north-east corner in the current existing site plan of yellow cir- Irrawaddy river north-east of Bagan. It was founded around northcle area.-east(See corner fig 3.1in the76 –current 3.178 )existing site plan of yellow cir- 1907Irrawaddy served river as thenorth colonial-east of period Bagan. style. It was In foundedthis compound, around cle area. (See fig 3.176 – 3.178) 1907 served as the colonial period style. In this compound, 3.9.6.cle area.Yoke(See-Sone fig 3.1 Kyaung76 – 3.178) there1907 isserved four- storeyedas the colonial painted periodwooden style. monastery In this which compound, is also 3.9.6. Yoke-Sone Kyaung there is four-storeyed painted wooden monastery which is also 3.9.6.TheYoke early-Sone 19th Kyaungcentury of former Yoke-Sone Kyaung was thethere monumental is four-storeyed largest painted building. wooden It was monastery refurbishe whichd and furtheris also th The early 19th century of former Yoke-Sone Kyaung was the monumental largest building. It was refurbished and further one Theof the early famous 19 ofcentury Pakkoku’s of former wooden Yoke monastery-Sone Kyaung but fire wasand extendedthe monumental in the largest1930s. building.The current It was condition refurbishe isd welland further-main- one of the famous of Pakkoku’s wooden monastery but fire and extended in the 1930s. The current condition is well-main- neglectone of the have famous destroyed of Pakkoku’s many of wooden these formerl monasteryy splendid but fire edi-and tainedextended by inthe the chief 1930s. monkThe and current some conditionparts of itis needwell- main-to be neglect have destroyed many of these formerly splendid edi- tained by the chief monk and some parts of it need to be fices.neglect It havewas consumed destroyed by many a fire of in these 1957 formerl and replacedy splendid by a edi-ma- checkedtained by regularly the chief as anmonk advanced and some stage parts of conservation of it need ofto this be fices. It was consumed by a fire in 1957 and replaced by a ma- checked regularly as an advanced stage of conservation of this sonryfices. Itbuilding was consumed in 1958. byYoke a fire-Sone in 1957 means and the replaced monastery by aorna- ma- magnificentchecked regularly monastic as an characteristic. advanced stage(See of fig conservation 3.181 – 3.1 of83 this) sonry building in 1958. Yoke-Sone means the monastery orna- magnificent monastic characteristic. (See fig 3.181 – 3.183) sonry building in 1958. Yoke-Sone means the monastery orna- magnificent monastic characteristic. (See fig 3.181 – 3.183)

Fig.3.176. Plan of A-Neint Kyaung*8 Fig.3.177. Current Existing Site Fig.3.178. Remains of *8 Fig.3.176. Plan of A-Neint Kyaung*8 Fig.3.177. Current Existing Site Fig.3.178. Remains of Fig.3.176. Plan of A-Neint Kyaung*8 Fig.3.177.Plan of Current A-Neint Existing Kyaung Site*12 Fig.3.178.Masonry RemainsLibrary of*5 Fig.3.176. Plan of A-Neint Kyaung *12 Fig.3.178. Remains of*5 Plan of A-Neint Kyaung*12 Masonry Library*5 Plan of A-Neint Kyaung*12 Masonry Library*5

Fig.3.179. Former Plan of Yoke-Sone Kyaung*8 Fig.3.181. Plan of Mandalay Taik*8 *8 *8 Fig.3.179. Former Plan of Yoke-Sone Kyaung*8 Fig.3.181. Plan of Mandalay Taik*8 Fig.3.179. Former Plan of Yoke-Sone Kyaung*8 Fig.3.181. Plan of Mandalay Taik*8

Fig.3.180. Old Wooden Sculptures from Fig.3.182. Mandalay Taik*5 Fig.3.183. Mandalay Taik*5 *5 *5 Fig.3.180. Old Wooden Sculptures from Fig.3.182. Mandalay Taik*5 Fig.3.183. Mandalay Taik*5 Fig.3.180. Former Old Yoke Wooden -Sone Kyaung Sculptures *5 from Fig.3.182. Mandalay Taik*5 Fig.3.183. Mandalay Taik*5 Fig.3.180. Old Wooden Sculptures*5 from Fig.3.182. Mandalay Taik Fig.3.183. Mandalay Taik Former Yoke-Sone Kyaung*5 Former Yoke-Sone Kyaung*5

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 67

3.10. Heritage Value Assessment of Wooden Monasteries in 4. Key Findings on Main Issues for Creating Conservation Myanmar Priorities The following heritage values can be significantly found In this paper, the solution measures for creating conserva- on the wooden monasteries in Myanmar. tion priorities are as follows: (i) Historic Significance Value 4.1. Common cases of damage, The wooden monasteries in Myanmar are representative of 4.2. High risk of fire, and the important trend of history. They are lots of historic value 4.3. SWOC (strength, weakness, opportunities, and chal- influenced and associated in most of the monasteries are related lenges) analysis found on the current issues. with the history of Burma Kingdom monarchy. The historic There is an essential framework of performing the key find- significance value is much greater where evidence of the asso- ings related to the following factors in these survey areas. ciation or event happened at the places. - Highlighting the percentage of traditional heritage wooden (ii) Social Significance Value monasteries in Myanmar. These heritage wooden monasteries reveal the social stand- - Making physical and conditional assessments as part of the ards of the lifestyles of Kingdom era between the standards of conservation record. the people recognizing by the paintings, sculptures, techniques - Finding basic feasible ways of recording for conservation of and styles. Therefore, the social value can be found on particu- wooden monasteries within procurable resources. lar communities or cultural groups in each monastery depend- - Determining the extent of the lack of legal infrastructure sup- ing on the different regions, different society of the ethnic porting heritage conservation due to the presence of a wide groups, and ranks of the donor of the monastery. range of heritage conservation priorities in Myanmar for other (iii) Cultural Significance value sectors. The cultural significance value of the wooden monasteries - Reviewing these wooden monasteries not only traces back the links the identity of the culture from the past to present or future historical review or understanding of the prevailing cultural generations. 15 Cultural significance is embodied in the monas- heritage infrastructure, but also sheds light on the current status tery itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, rec- of monastery conservation with practical field surveys, inter- ords, related places and related objects. views, consultation of previous conservation research, and (iv) Spiritual Significance Value sketches and drawings. Monasteries are religious buildings and it is a very sacred - Proposing draft approaches for unclear limitations and clari- place for Myanmar culture and tradition. In the old times, the fication on development and fundamental stages in reforming monastery had been the educational school. Moreover, the spir- the substantial heritage conservation. itual value assists to identify the old memories of the Kingdom - Creating balanced conservation management for these struc- palace and the relative’s and the strong roots of colonial era. tures should be encouraged to promote sustainable cultural (v) Aesthetic Significance Value tourism to showcase the nation’s prestige. The integrity and the authenticity of Myanmar traditional 4.1. Common Cases of Damage Found on Current Condi- art and architecture demonstrates a high level of traditional art tions of Wooden Monasteries and artistic, creative and craft technical achievement that may Currently, there is a variety of conservation approaches to be expressed through the design, construction and technical at- prepare existing wooden monasteries for detrimental condi- tributes on these monasteries. tions. This subsection will discuss the nature or characteristics (vi) Scientific Significance Value of damage found in monasteries, especially those found in The wooden monasteries have scientific or research value Mandalay, which has the highest number of wooden monaster- about important aspects of the past. The related buildings and ies. These monasteries stand to lose their historic significance sites may also be able to address important research questions in the near future in the absence of urgent conservation efforts relating to the site, its history, earlier practices, materials, following the prescribed guidelines. Most cases of damage to and/or usage. features and structures of monasteries mainly exhibit one of the

68 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design

Fig.4.1. Ruin conditions of Sa-Daw- Fig.4.2. Ruin conditions of the Interior Fig.4.3. Ruin conditions of Sa-Daw- Wun-Min Monastery*4 in Sa-Daw-Wun-Min Monastery*4 Wun-Min Monastery*4

Fig.4.4. Western Part of Thin-gaza Fig.4.5. Western Part’s Passageway Flooring Fig.4.6. Roof Plan of Kyin-Thee Monastery*4 of Thin-gaza Monastery*4 Monastery, Hsipaw*5

following conditions: (a) Ruins, (b) Structural weakening, and waterproof performance, which causes water leakage and debris (c) Roof and drainage problems. Example of monasteries with inside the structure. Moreover, when securing the roof protec- the above three types of damage are given below. tion of wooden monasteries, it is necessary to differentiate the (a) A case of ruins: Sa-Daw-Wun-Min monastery, Mandalay criteria based on: (1) period of destruction, (2) cause of destruc- About 80% of this wooden monastery in Mandalay is un- tion, and (3) technical conditions. As the roof is a very important fortunately in ruins. It is expected to collapse in a year and more. part of the whole structure when considering conservation, it is It is assumed that the data collection and conservation efforts a priority to assess the physical conditions for the conservation should be focused on the issue of ruins as it is the most pressing sustainability of the structure. In figure 4.6, the blue line shows conservation problem. the leakage of the connecting roof layers. Thus, for all the above (b) A case of structural weakening: Thin-gaza monastery, issues, conservation priorities should be considered for such Mandalay specific conditions in Myanmar. In cases of structural weakening, the monastic features are 4.2. High Risk of Fire still present and it is possible to immediately restore structural Another issue is that materials of the monasteries are stability. However, the whole could be partially restored at the mainly constructed of wood. Therefore, it is necessary to con- points of structural failure. As seen in figures 4.4 and 4.5, some sider fire safety as the main concern. In all of the surveyed parts of structurally weakened monasteries have become frag- monasteries from Myanmar, the percentage of fire safety pre- ile enough to collapse easily. If such structures are not con- paredness plans is nearly zero (0%). Due to Myanmar being a served they could turn into debris, in which case it may be dif- developing country there is limited funding or budget for fire ficult to restore the original fabric. Thus, conservative interven- safety preparedness of monasteries. The strategies to produce a tion can help prolong the existence of old heritage. fire safety plan outlines the recommended action in four phases (c) Roof and Drainage Problems in the case of natural or man-made fire. The four phases men- Concerning roof drainage systems, the design of the mon- tioned above are: prevention, preparedness, response, and re- asteryastery may may have have an an impact impact on on the the built-in built-in drainagedrainage systemsystem covery. The issue of fire safety focused on the establishment of due to the connections between multiple roofs, resulting in low conservation priorities and plans at first, and then the priority

芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 69

measurement should be set up based on the material used in the quirements of heritage conservation for these wooden monas- monasteries. The risk of fire safety for wooden monasteries is a teries as a practical field survey and theoretical analysis and measurementcritical issue atshould this bemoment set up basedin Myanmar on the. materialNonetheless used, inthe these references.quirements of heritage conservation for these wooden monas- monasteries.monasteries presen The riskt a ofgrea firte ris safetk ays theyfor wo areoden oft enmonasteri not welesl pisre- a teriesSTRENGTH as a practical field survey and theoretical analysis and crpariticaled fo issuer curre atnt thisfire hazards.moment Thiin sMyanmar section reviews. Nonetheless the fire, safetthesye •references. Outstanding traditional monastic architecture monanaasterigemenes tpresen systemt afor grea woot risdenk ahserita theyge are mo oftnaensteri nesot welbasedl p rone- •STRENGTH Last Myanmar Kingdom’s inheritances parselected edfo r curesearrrentch fir ecarri hazards.ed o uThit tso section focus reviewson fire the pr fireve entisafetony • NationalOutstanding understanding traditional monasticamong ethnic architecture groups mmeasureanagemens. t system for wooden heritage monasteries based on • VolunteerLast Myanmar spirit Kingdom’s and community inheritances pride selectAedcco rdinresearg tcho th ecarri siteed sur veouyt recto ordsfocus, ther oen should fire pr beev aware-ention WEAKNESS• National understanding among ethnic groups nessmeasure of firs. e prevention measures for wooden monasteries. Fire • LackVolunteer of understanding spirit and community of the conservation pride practice for pre- mitigationAccordin shouldg to th bee sit firmle suryve proy rpoecordssed ,w therith ea ctishouldve fir bee paware-reven- WEAKNESSserving cultural value of heritage buildings tinesson measureof fire prevs suenchti ason themeasur use esof forwate wroo bucdenkl esmona 24/7steries, the. eaFiresy • Lack of legalunderstanding protection of and the designation conservation practice for pre- mitigationavailability shouldof water be source firmls,y aprondpo feasiblesed wit whays acti ofve installi fire pngreve firn-e • Lackserving of understandingcultural value ofof heritagethe restoration buildings sites, interpretations, tiextionng measureuisherss forsu chfutur as ethe safet usey ofas twatehe brasi bucc stklepses 24/7for protection, the easy • management;Lack of legal protectionweak or no and support designation availabilitagainst firey .of Moreo waterve sourcer, othes, ra nchd allfeasibleenges wfouaysnd of in installi suppressing firnge • DelayLack of of understanding co-creation on of cultural the restoration and heritage sites, interpretations,tourism extifire nganduisher provisis foron futur of escae safetpe iny manuaas the lb aasiccoc mmstepsodati foron protection methods • Poormanagement; conservation weak laws or no support againstand the installafire. Moreotion ofve relectrica, other chl firalleen serviceges fous arned viern ysup danpressigerongus OPPORTUNITIES• Delay of co-creation on cultural and heritage tourism firapeproa andch perovisis for onimm of edescaiatpee firine manua breakol autscco. mmThusodati, theon followin methodsg • IdentifyPoor conservation ways and lawsmeans to prioritise and improve policies acandtio tnhe p installalan mayti oalsn ofo beelectrica proposedl fir efor service everys woareod vereny monasterdangerousy OPPORTUNITIESthat can engage and benefit the community based on previous witapproah specifiches cf orcon immservatiediatone trainingfire bre akowithuts Imm. Thusediat, the Actie followinon Plang • BaganIdentify UNESCO ways and World means Heritage to prioritise and improve policies (IAP).action 8p l an may also be proposed for every wooden monastery • Nurturethat can engagethe capacities and benefit for theconservation community knowledge based on previous sharing wit1. Rhe specifiducingc Igniticonservation Sourcon traininges (IS) with Immediate Action Plan andBagan participation UNESCO World Heritage 2.(IAP). Limi8 ti ng Combustible Materials (CM) • RoleNurture of tourismthe capacities infrastructure for conservation knowledge sharing 3.1. ProvidiReducingng IgnitiMeanons for Sourc Detesec tio(IS)n and Alarm (DA) • Engageand participation in heritage tourism, cultural industries, small busi- 4.2. ExitLimi/ti Emerng Comgenbucystibl Accese Materials (EA) s (CM) • nessRole incubation,of tourism infrastructurecenter city revitalization, and property val- 5.3. ProvidiImprovinngg M Maeanunsa forl S upDetpressiectioonn and (MS) Al arm (DA) • uesEngage in heritage tourism, cultural industries, small busi- 4.6. ExitImpr/ov Emering geFirefightincy Accesng sFacil (EA)iti es CHALLENGESness incubation, center city revitalization, and property val- 7.5. UImprpdaovtinging Fir Mae nuSafetal Syup Manpressiageonment (MS) Proc edures (MP) • uesClearer understanding of how heritage conservation cur- 8.6. TrainiImprovngin (TR)g Firefighti ng Facilities CHALLENGESrently functions, or might function in the future 7.4.3. U pdaSWOCting Fir (Strengths,e Safety Man Weaknesses,agement Proc edOpportunitiesures (MP) and • DeclineClearer inunderstanding safety and security of how heritage conservation cur- 8. Challenges)Training (TR) A nalysis for Heritage Conservation of • Awarenessrently functions, about or fire might safety function in the future 4.3.W oodenSWOC M (Strengths,onasteries Weaknesses, Opportunities and • StructuralDecline in regenerationsafety and security and conservation sustainability Challenges)For SWOC Aanalysis,nalysis there for mayHeritage be possibilities Conservation of strength, of • LocalAwareness community about fireinvolvement safety weakness,Wooden opportunities Monasteries, and challenges for the consideration 4.4• Structural Proposed regeneration Priorities Actionsand conservation sustainability of improvedFor SWOC appreciation analysis, there of the may heritage be possibilities conservation of strength,of tradi- • LocalIn this community research, involvementthe priority actions for wooden monaster- tionalweakness, Myanmar opportunities wooden, and monasteries. challenges Infor this the considerationresearch, the 4.4ies haveProposed been identifiedPriorities and Actions have been prioritized according to ofSWOC improved analysis appreciation identifies of the the main heritage strategic conservation priorities of in tradi- rela- whetherIn this they research, should the be priority undertaken actions immediately for wooden or monaster- initiated tiontional to Myanmaran overall objectivewooden monasteries.achieved by theIn highthis qualityresearch, of the withinies have various been identified time frames and depending have been onprioritized the structural according behav- to SWOCremaining analysis original identifies fabric, infrastructure,the main strategic maintenance priorities systems in rela-, ior,whether conservation they should conditions be undertaken and local immediatelycommunity. 16or initiated

andtion safety.to an overall Therefore objective, the following achieved bycategor the highies in quality each sectorof the withinActions various that should time beframes undertaken depending immediately: on the structural behav- ofremaining SWOC conditionsoriginal fabric, will beinfrastructure, considered on maintenance the fundamental systems re-, ior,• Manage conservation and monitor conditions roof andand sitelocal drainage community. of the16 monastery. and safety. Therefore, the following categories in each sector •Actions Reduce that fire should hazard be to undertaken the site by immediately:regular check and provide of SWOC conditions will be considered on the fundamental re- • basicManage fire and emergency monitor roofplan andfor woodensite drainage structure. of the monastery. measurement should be set up based on the material used in the quirements of heritage conservation for these wooden monas- • ReduceCooperate fire with hazard governmental to the site byorg regularanizations, check particular and provide pro- In conclusion, the conservation of wooden heritage monas- monasteries. The risk of fire safety for wooden monasteries is a teries as a practical field survey and theoretical analysis and basicfessional fire associationsemergency plan and withfor wooden the help structure. of volunteer students tery is very important for Myanmar because it can provide and critical issue at this moment in Myanmar. Nonetheless, these references. for wooden monasteries to identify and manage water, drain- promote a sense of cultural-national identity and continuity for monasteries present a great risk as they are often not well pre- STRENGTH age, and fire risks, as well as visual and privacy impacts, par- future generations in a fast-changing world. The wooden herit- pared for current fire hazards. This section reviews the fire safety • Outstanding traditional monastic architecture ticularly in relation to future development on adjoining prop- age monasteries represent the old history and strong-traditional management system for wooden heritage monasteries based on 70 • LastVol. Myanmar 34, 2021 Kingdom’sGeijutsu inheritancesKogaku: the Journal of Design erties. culture of our nation. This study presents conservation priorities selected research carried out to focus on fire prevention • National understanding among ethnic groups • Investigate approaches to restore, revitalize and structural en- and strategies for protecting architectural heritage, which is measures. • Volunteer spirit and community pride hancement for structural weakening monasteries. among the most valuable assets of the nation, and highlights the According to the site survey records, there should be aware- WEAKNESS • Monitor the adaptive reuse type of monasteries as museum need for preventive conservation measures to protect them for ness of fire prevention measures for wooden monasteries. Fire • Lack of understanding of the conservation practice for pre- set up the rules for all uses, activities, and proposals for ad- potential threats, including unexpected and sudden natural disas- mitigation should be firmly proposed with active fire preven- serving cultural value of heritage buildings aptation to identify, avoid, and mitigate heritage impacts on ters such as earthquakes and floods. The fundamental level of tion measures such as the use of water buckles 24/7, the easy • Lack of legal protection and designation significant building, site elements, attributes, and significant strengthening actions for wooden historic monasteries is catego- availability of water sources, and feasible ways of installing fire • Lack of understanding of the restoration sites, interpretations, values. rised into four grading priority levels and helps identify the most extinguishers for future safety as the basic steps for protection management; weak or no support It is recommended that the following reactions and processes affected and conserved regions based on criteria. The signifi- against fire. Moreover, other challenges found in suppressing • Delay of co-creation on cultural and heritage tourism it be initiated within the next 12 - 24 months: cance of the monasteries is determined through their historical fire and provision of escape in manual accommodation methods • Poor conservation laws • Prepare and implement a conservation management plan and and cultural value and physical assessment of the existing safety and the installation of electrical fire services are very dangerous OPPORTUNITIES policy for the stage of well-conserved conditions. condition of the building, which is related to its vulnerability sta- approaches for immediate fire breakouts. Thus, the following • Identify ways and means to prioritise and improve policies • Develop a maintenance plan for the building complex, con- tus. The possible technical interventions must be determined action plan may also be proposed for every wooden monastery that can engage and benefit the community based on previous tents and collections, and landscape that includes cyclical and based on experience in the past and record after sorting out these with specific conservation training with Immediate Action Plan Bagan UNESCO World Heritage priority maintenance requirements. to comply with conservation ethics and regulations. Finally, part (IAP).8 • Nurture the capacities for conservation knowledge sharing • Remove trees identified as hazardous and threatening to the of this research constitutes together the authentic value of archi- 1. Reducing Ignition Sources (IS) and participation monastery complex. tectural heritage and spreads awareness with important priori- 2. Limiting Combustible Materials (CM) • Role of tourism infrastructure • Prepare and implement a heritage risk management plan (in- ties and strategies that deal with issues of prolonging wooden 3. Providing Means for Detection and Alarm (DA) • Engage in heritage tourism, cultural industries, small busi- cluding a disaster preparedness plan). monasteries in Myanmar. 4. Exit/ Emergency Access (EA) ness incubation, center city revitalization, and property val- It is recommended that the following reactions and processes 5. Improving Manual Suppression (MS) ues it be initiated within the next 24 - 36 months: References 1 J. Lehtomäki, A. Moilanen, 2013. Methods and Workflow for Spatial Con- 6. Improving Firefighting Facilities CHALLENGES • Develop a comprehensive site drainage and water manage- servation Prioritization Using Zonation: Environmental Modeling & Soft- 7. Updating Fire Safety Management Procedures (MP) • Clearer understanding of how heritage conservation cur- ment plan to coordinate objectives and controls on water use ware 47, pp. 128-137 8. Training (TR) rently functions, or might function in the future and drainage throughout the site. 2 Avrami, Erica C., Randall Mason, and Marta De la Torre, 2000. Values and Heritage Conservation: Research Report. Getty Conservation Institute, Los 4.3. SWOC (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and • Decline in safety and security • Prepare a monastery and its environs’ condition survey, and Angeles Challenges) Analysis for Heritage Conservation of • Awareness about fire safety schedule for the conservation of the monasteries’ master plan. 3 Sylvia Fraser-Lu, 2001. Splendour in Wood: The Buddhist Monasteries of Wooden Monasteries • Structural regeneration and conservation sustainability • Implement high-priority repair and conservation and mainte- Burma. Bangkok: Orchid Press 4 Irene Moilanen and Sergey S. Ozhegov, 1999. Mirrored in Wood: Burmese For SWOC analysis, there may be possibilities of strength, • Local community involvement nance works, prioritizing measures to significantly for vul- Art and Architecture. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press weakness, opportunities, and challenges for the consideration 4.4 Proposed Priorities Actions nerable monasteries. 5 2011 Survey Report on International Cooperation; Japan Consortium for In- of improved appreciation of the heritage conservation of tradi- In this research, the priority actions for wooden monaster- • Prepare and implement a visitor management plan for adap- ternational Cooperation in Cultural Heritage; Survey Report on the Protection of Cultural Heritage in Republic of the Union of Myanmar tional Myanmar wooden monasteries. In this research, the ies have been identified and have been prioritized according to tive reuse type of monasteries as museums. 6 Maung Shwe, 2009. Linear Composition of the Konbaung Monasteries. SWOC analysis identifies the main strategic priorities in rela- whether they should be undertaken immediately or initiated • Prepare and implement a regular maintenance plan, including Taung Daw Publications tion to an overall objective achieved by the high quality of the within various time frames depending on the structural behav- cyclical maintenance and priority maintenance works re- 7 Mostafa Zohdy, 2018. The Conservation of Shwe-Nan-Daw Monastery Pro- ject: World Monument Fund remaining original fabric, infrastructure, maintenance systems, ior, conservation conditions and local community.16 quirements. 8 https://www.wmf.org/project/shwe-nandaw-kyaung and safety. Therefore, the following categories in each sector Actions that should be undertaken immediately: • Prepare a documentation record of the monastery for each 9 Marta de la Torre, 2002. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research of SWOC conditions will be considered on the fundamental re- • Manage and monitor roof and site drainage of the monastery. restoration works. Report. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles • Reduce fire hazard to the site by regular check and provide 5. Conclusion basic fire emergency plan for wooden structure.

• Cooperate with governmental organizations, particular pro- In conclusion, the conservation of wooden heritage monas- • Cooperate with governmental organizations, particular pro- In conclusion, the conservation of wooden heritage monas- • Cooperatefessional associations with governmental and with orgthe anizations,help of volunteer particular students pro- tery Inis conclvery usion,importa thnte forcon Myanmarservation ofbe woodencause it canheri taprogevid monas-e and fessional associations and with the help of volunteer students tery is very important for Myanmar because it can provide and fessionalfor wooden associations monasteries and to with identify the helpand manageof volunteer water, students drain- promotetery is very a sens impoe ofrta ntcult forur al-nMyanmarational bidentitecausey iatnd can con protinuitvidey and for for wooden monasteries to identify and manage water, drain- promote a sense of cultural-national identity and continuity for forage, wooden and fire monasteries risks, as well to as identify visual and privacymanage impacts,water, drain- par- promotefuture generati a sensonse of i ncult a fast-chaural-natngioningal identit worldy. Tahend wconoodtinuiten heriy fort- age, and fire risks, as well as visual and privacy impacts, par- future generations in a fast-changing world. The wooden heritage,ticularly and firein relation risks, as to well future as developmentvisual and privacy on adjoining impacts, prop- par- futageure mon generatiasterieonss represen in a fast-chat the ongld ihngist worldory and. T strong-tradihe wooden tiherionat-l ticularly in relation to future development on adjoining prop- age monasteries represent the old history and strong-traditional ticularlyerties. in relation to future development on adjoining prop- agculture meon ofasterie our natis represenon. Thist thstudye ol dpresents history conservationand strong-tradi prioritiestional erties. culture of our nation. This study presents conservation priorities • Investigateerties. approaches to restore, revitalize and structural en- andcultur strategiese of our natiforon. protecting This study architectural presents conservation heritage, whichpriorities is • Investigate approaches to restore, revitalize and structural en- and strategies for protecting architectural heritage, which is • Investigatehancement forapproaches structural to weakening restore, revitalize monasteries. and structural en- amongand strategies the most for valuable protecting assets architectural of the nation, heritage, and highlights which the is hancement for structural weakening monasteries. among the most valuable assets of the nation, and highlights the • Monitorhancement the for adaptive structural reuse weakening type of monasteriesmonasteries. as museum needamong for the preventive most valuable conservation assets of measuresthe nation, to and protect highlights them thefor • Monitor the adaptive reuse type of monasteries as museum need for preventive conservation measures to protect them for • Monitorset up the the rules adaptive for all reuse uses, typeactivities, of monasteries and proposals as museum for ad- potentialneed for threats,preventive inc ludingconservation unexpected measures and sudden to protect natural them disas- for set up the rules for all uses, activities, and proposals for ad- potential threats, including unexpected and sudden natural disas- setaptation up the to rules identify, for all avoid, uses, and activities, mitigate and heritage proposals impacts for ad-on terspotential such threats,as earthquakes including and unexpected floods. The and fundamentalsudden natural level disas- of aptation to identify, avoid, and mitigate heritage impacts on ters such as earthquakes and floods. The fundamental level of apsignificanttation to building,identify, avoid,site elements, and mitigate attributes, heritage and impactssignificant on strengtheningters such as earthquakes actions for woodenand floods. historic The monasteriesfundamental is levelcatego- of significant building, site elements, attributes, and significant strengthening actions for wooden historic monasteries is catego- significantvalues. building, site elements, attributes, and significant risedstrengthening into four actionsgrading for priority wooden levels historic and helpsmonasteries identify is the catego- most values. rised into four grading priority levels and helps identify the most It values.is recommended that the following reactions and processes affectedrised into and four conserve grading dpriority regions levels based and on helps criteria. identify The the signifi- most It is recommended that the following reactions and processes affected and conserved regions based on criteria. The signifi- Itit beis recommended initiated within that the thenext following 12 - 24 months: reactions and processes canceaffected of andthe monasteriesconserved regions is determined based on through criteria. their The historical signifi- it be initiated within the next 12 - 24 months: cance of the monasteries is determined through their historical it• Preparebe initiated and withinimplement the next a conservation 12 - 24 months: management plan and andcance cultural of the value monasteries and physical is determined assessment through of the theirexisting historical safety • Prepare and implement a conservation management plan and and cultural value and physical assessment of the existing safety • Preparepolicy for and the implement stage of well a conservation-conserved conditions.management plan and conditionand cultural of valuethe building, and physical which assessment is related to of its the vulnerability existing safety sta- policy for the stage of well-conserved conditions. condition of the building, which is related to its vulnerability sta- • Developpolicy for a themaintenance stage of well plan-conserved for the building conditions. complex, con- tus.condition The possibleof the building, technical which interventions is related to must its vulnerability be determined sta- • Develop a maintenance plan for the building complex, con- tus. The possible technical interventions must be determined • Developtents and acollections, maintenance and plan landscape for the that building includes complex, cyclical con- and basedtus. The on experiencepossible technical in the past interventions and record aftermust sorting be determined out these tents and collections, and landscape that includes cyclical and based on experience in the past and record after sorting out these tentspriority and maintenance collections, andrequirements. landscape that includes cyclical and tobased comply on experience with conservation in the past ethics and and record regulations. after sorting Finally, out these part priority maintenance requirements. to comply with conservation ethics and regulations. Finally, part • Removepriority maintenance trees identified requirements. as hazardous and threatening to the ofto complythis resea withrch conservationconstitutes tog ethicsether and the regulations. authentic val Finally,ue of arch parti- • Remove trees identified as hazardous and threatening to the of this research constitutes together the authentic value of archi- • Removemonastery trees complex. identified as hazardous and threatening to the tectof thiursa lr esheritagearch ec onandst itsutpresea dstog awarenesether the sauthenti with imc porvalutaent of pr archiori- monastery complex. tectural heritage and spreads awareness with important priori- • Preparemonastery and complex. implement a heritage risk management plan (in- ttecties urandal hstrategieeritage asnd tha stpr deaeadsl wit awarenesh issuess ofwit prh olimonporgingtant wo prodiorei-n • Prepare and implement a heritage risk management plan (in- ties and strategies that deal with issues of prolonging wooden • Preparecluding aand disaster implement preparedness a heritage plan). risk management plan (in- mtieons aasndte rstrategieies in Myans thamat dear. l with issues of prolonging wooden cluding a disaster preparedness plan). monasteries in Myanmar. It cludingis recommended a disaster thatpreparedness the following plan). reactions and processes mon asteries in Myanmar. It is recommended that the following reactions and processes Itit beis recommended initiated within that the thenext following 24 - 36 months: reactions and processes References it be initiated within the next 24 - 36 months: R eferences R1 eferencesJ. Lehtomäki, A. Moilanen, 2013. Methods and Workflow for Spatial Con- it• Developbe initiated a comprehensive within the next site 24 -drainage 36 months: and water manage- 1 J. Lehtomäki, A. Moilanen, 2013. Methods and Workflow for Spatial Con- servation Prioritization Using Zonation: Environmental Modeling & Soft- • Develop a comprehensive site drainage and water manage- 1 J. Lehtomäki, A. Moilanen, 2013. Methods and Workflow for Spatial Con- servation Prioritization Using Zonation: Environmental Modeling & Soft- • Development plan a tocomprehensive coordinate objectives site drainage and controls and water on watermanage- use ware 47, pp. 128-137 servation Prioritization Using Zonation: Environmental Modeling & Soft- ment plan to coordinate objectives and controls on water use ware 47, pp. 128-137 2 Avrami, Erica C., Randall Mason, and Marta De la Torre, 2000. Values and mentand drainage plan to coordinatethroughout objectives the site. and controls on water use ware 47, pp. 128-137 2 Avrami, Erica C., Randall Mason, and Marta De la Torre, 2000. Values and and drainage throughout the site. Heritage Conservation: Research Report. Getty Conservation Institute, Los 2 Avrami, Erica C., Randall Mason, and Marta De la Torre, 2000. Values and • Prepareand drainage a monastery throughout and theits environs’site. condition survey, and Heritage Conservation: Research Report. Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles • Prepare a monastery and its environs’ condition survey, and Heritage Conservation: Research Report. Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles • Prepareschedule a for monastery the conservation and its environs’ of the monasteries’ condition survey,master plan. and 3 Sylvia Fraser-Lu, 2001. Splendour in Wood: The Buddhist Monasteries of Angeles schedule for the conservation of the monasteries’ master plan. 3 Sylvia Fraser-Lu, 2001. Splendour in Wood: The Buddhist Monasteries of Burma. Bangkok: Orchid Press • Implementschedule for high the -conservationpriority repair of and the conservationmonasteries’ andmaster mainte- plan. 3 Sylvia Fraser-Lu, 2001. Splendour in Wood: The Buddhist Monasteries of Burma. Bangkok: Orchid Press • Implement high-priority repair and conservation and mainte- 4 Irene Moilanen and Sergey S. Ozhegov, 1999. Mirrored in Wood: Burmese Burma. Bangkok: Orchid Press • nanceImplement works, high prioritizing-priority repair measures and conservation to significantly and formainte- vul- 4 Irene Moilanen and Sergey S. Ozhegov, 1999. Mirrored in Wood: Burmese Art and Architecture. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press nance works, prioritizing measures to significantly for vul- 4 Irene Moilanen and Sergey S. Ozhegov, 1999. Mirrored in Wood: Burmese Art and Architecture. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press nancenerable works, monasteries. prioritizing measures to significantly for vul- 5 2011 Survey Report on International Cooperation; Japan Consortium for In- Art and Architecture. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press nerable monasteries. 5 2011 Survey Report on International Cooperation; Japan Consortium for In- ternational Cooperation in Cultural Heritage; Survey Report on the Protection • Preparenerable monasteries.and implement a visitor management plan for adap- 5 2011 Survey Report on International Cooperation; Japan Consortium for In- ternational Cooperation in Cultural Heritage; Survey Report on the Protection • Prepare and implement a visitor management plan for adap- of Cultural Heritage in Republic of the Union of Myanmar ternational Cooperation in Cultural Heritage; Survey Report on the Protection • Preparetive reuse and type implement of monasteries a visitor as managementmuseums. plan for adap- of Cultural Heritage in Republic of the Union of Myanmar 6 Maung Shwe, 2009. Linear Composition of the Konbaung Monasteries. tive reuse type of monasteries as museums. of Cultural Heritage in Republic of the Union of Myanmar 6 Maung Shwe, 2009. Linear Composition of the Konbaung Monasteries. • tivePrepare reuse and type implement of monasteries a regular as maintenancemuseums. plan, including Taung Daw Publications 6 Maung Shwe, 2009. Linear Composition of the Konbaung Monasteries. • Prepare and implement a regular maintenance plan, including Taung Daw Publications 7 Mostafa Zohdy, 2018. The Conservation of Shwe-Nan-Daw Monastery Pro- • Preparecyclical andmaintenance implement anda regular priority maintenance maintenance plan, works including re- Taung Daw Publications 7 Mostafa Zohdy, 2018. The Conservation of Shwe-Nan-Daw Monastery Pro- cyclical maintenance and priority maintenance works re- ject: World Monument Fund 7 Mostafa Zohdy, 2018. The Conservation of Shwe-Nan-Daw Monastery Pro- cyclicalquirements. maintenance and priority maintenance works re- ject: World Monument Fund 8 https://www.wmf.org/project/shwe-nandaw-kyaung quirements. ject: World Monument Fund 8 https://www.wmf.org/project/shwe-nandaw-kyaung • Preparequirements. a documentation record of the monastery for each 9 Marta de la Torre, 2002. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research 8 https://www.wmf.org/project/shwe-nandaw-kyaung • Prepare a documentation record of the monastery for each 9 Marta de la Torre, 2002. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research Report. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles • Preparerestoration a documentation works. record of the monastery for each 9 Marta de la Torre, 2002. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research restoration works. Report. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles Report. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles 5. restorationConclusion works. 10 Yu Yu Thwin, 2008. A Comparative Study on the Architectural Character- *6 National Environmental Conservation Committee, Ministry of Environmen- 5. Conclusion 5. Conclusion istics of 19th and 20th Century Shan Monasteries in Southern Shan State of tal Conservation and Forestry, 2013. Myanmar's National Adaptation Pro- Myanmar and Northern Thailand. Chiang Mai University/Chiang Mai. gramme 2013 of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change • Cooperate with governmental organizations, particular pro- In conclusion, the conservation of wooden heritage monas- 11 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Alaungpaya Dynasty". Ency- *7 https://www.commons.wikimedia.org fessional associations and with the help of volunteer students tery is very important for Myanmar because it can provide and clopedia Britannica, 12 Dec. 2014, https://www.britannica.com/topic/ *8 Sylvia Fraser-Lu, 2001. Splendour in Wood: The Buddhist Monasteries of for wooden monasteries to identify and manage water, drain- promote a sense of cultural-national identity and continuity for Alaungpaya-Dynasty. Accessed 4 January 2021. Burma. Bangkok: Orchid Press 12 Cooler, Richard M. "The Konbaung Period - Amarapura". Northern Illinois *9 Mostafa Zohdy, 2018. The Conservation of Shwe-Nan-Daw Monastery Pro- age, and fire risks, as well as visual and privacy impacts, par- future generations in a fast-changing world. The wooden herit- University. Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-06- ject: World Monument Fund ticularly in relation to future development on adjoining prop- age monasteries represent the old history and strong-traditional 09. *10 https://www.wmf.org/project/shwe-nandaw-kyaung erties. culture of our nation. This study presents conservation priorities 13 Ma May Zin Phyo, 2013. Study on Architectural Characters of Konbaung *11 Published Journal 1970; Late Konbaung Wooden Monasteries, Rangoon In- Era Buddhist Monasteries in Mandalay City. M. Arch Thesis, Yangon Tech- stitute of Technology • Investigate approaches to restore, revitalize and structural en- and strategies for protecting architectural heritage, which is 芸術工学研究 Vol. 34, 2021 71 nological University, Yangon. *12 Google Earth Pro 2019 hancement for structural weakening monasteries. among the most valuable assets of the nation, and highlights the 14 Ma Wint Thu Thu Maung, April 2017. Field Report on Archaeological Sites: *13 Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1912-13 & 1914-15 • Monitor the adaptive reuse type of monasteries as museum need for preventive conservation measures to protect them for Bagan, Sale, Pakokku and Pakhan Gyi area in Magwe and Mandalay Regions. *14 Ma Thida Su Wai Tin, 2018. Study on Architectural Aspects of Teak Wood Department of Archaeology, Univeristy of Yangon. Monasteries in “Mahar Wii Thot Dar Yarma Taik”, Mandalay. Mandalay set up the rules for all uses, activities, and proposals for ad- potential threats, including unexpected and sudden natural disas- 15 International Symposium on the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Technological University aptation to identify, avoid, and mitigate heritage impacts on ters such as earthquakes and floods. The fundamental level of Property; Conservation of Wood; Tokyo National Research Institute of Cul- *15 Maung Shwe, 2009. Linear Composition of the Konbaung Monasteries. significant building, site elements, attributes, and significant strengthening actions for wooden historic monasteries is catego- tural Properties Taung Daw Publications 16 Burke, Sheridan, Jyoti Somerville, Gail Ostergren, Laura Matarese, and *16 Yu Yu Thwin, 2008. A Comparative Study on the Architectural Character- values. rised into four grading priority levels and helps identify the most Chandler McCoy. 2018. Eames House Conservation Management Plan. Los istics of 19th and 20th Century Shan Monasteries in Southern Shan State of It is recommended that the following reactions and processes affected and conserved regions based on criteria. The signifi- Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. Myanmar and Northern Thailand. Chiang Mai University/Chiang Mai. it be initiated within the next 12 - 24 months: cance of the monasteries is determined through their historical *17 Dr.Than Tun, February 2008; Restoration of Shwe-Yan-Pyay Pagoda and Source of the Figures Monastery • Prepare and implement a conservation management plan and and cultural value and physical assessment of the existing safety *1 Asian Historical Architecture: A photographic Survey. https://www.orien- *18 Maung Khin Mg Oo, 2016. A Comparative Study on the Architectural Char- policy for the stage of well-conserved conditions. condition of the building, which is related to its vulnerability sta- talarchitecture.com/index acteristics of Shan and Palaung Timber Monastereis in Northern Shan State, • Develop a maintenance plan for the building complex, con- tus. The possible technical interventions must be determined *2 Redrawn by Author Mandalay Technological University *3 Field survey photo record in 2017 *19 M.Arch Thesis, February 2004; Ma Htet Htet Hlaing & Ma Aye Nu Nu Oo, tents and collections, and landscape that includes cyclical and based on experience in the past and record after sorting out these *4 Field survey photo record in 2018 Yangon Technological University priority maintenance requirements. to comply with conservation ethics and regulations. Finally, part *5 Field survey photo record in 2019 • Remove trees identified as hazardous and threatening to the of this research constitutes together the authentic value of archi- monastery complex. tectural heritage and spreads awareness with important priori- • Prepare and implement a heritage risk management plan (in- ties and strategies that deal with issues of prolonging wooden cluding a disaster preparedness plan). monasteries in Myanmar.

It is recommended that the following reactions and processes it be initiated within the next 24 - 36 months: References 1 J. Lehtomäki, A. Moilanen, 2013. Methods and Workflow for Spatial Con- • Develop a comprehensive site drainage and water manage- servation Prioritization Using Zonation: Environmental Modeling & Soft- ment plan to coordinate objectives and controls on water use ware 47, pp. 128-137 and drainage throughout the site. 2 Avrami, Erica C., Randall Mason, and Marta De la Torre, 2000. Values and Heritage Conservation: Research Report. Getty Conservation Institute, Los • Prepare a monastery and its environs’ condition survey, and Angeles schedule for the conservation of the monasteries’ master plan. 3 Sylvia Fraser-Lu, 2001. Splendour in Wood: The Buddhist Monasteries of • Implement high-priority repair and conservation and mainte- Burma. Bangkok: Orchid Press 4 Irene Moilanen and Sergey S. Ozhegov, 1999. Mirrored in Wood: Burmese nance works, prioritizing measures to significantly for vul- Art and Architecture. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press nerable monasteries. 5 2011 Survey Report on International Cooperation; Japan Consortium for In- • Prepare and implement a visitor management plan for adap- ternational Cooperation in Cultural Heritage; Survey Report on the Protection of Cultural Heritage in Republic of the Union of Myanmar tive reuse type of monasteries as museums. 6 Maung Shwe, 2009. Linear Composition of the Konbaung Monasteries. • Prepare and implement a regular maintenance plan, including Taung Daw Publications cyclical maintenance and priority maintenance works re- 7 Mostafa Zohdy, 2018. The Conservation of Shwe-Nan-Daw Monastery Pro- ject: World Monument Fund quirements. 8 https://www.wmf.org/project/shwe-nandaw-kyaung • Prepare a documentation record of the monastery for each 9 Marta de la Torre, 2002. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research restoration works. Report. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles 5. Conclusion

10 Yu Yu Thwin, 2008. A Comparative Study on the Architectural Character- *6 National Environmental Conservation Committee, Ministry of Environmen- istics of 19th and 20th Century Shan Monasteries in Southern Shan State of tal Conservation and Forestry, 2013. Myanmar's National Adaptation Pro- Myanmar and Northern Thailand. Chiang Mai University/Chiang Mai. gramme 2013 of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change 1011 Britannica,Yu Yu Thwin, The 2008.Editors A Comparativeof Encyclopaedia. Study "Alaungpayaon the Architectural Dynasty". Character- Ency- *7*6 https://www.commons.wikimedia.orgNational Environmental Conservation Committee, Ministry of Environmen- isticsclopedia of 19th Britannica, and 20th 12Century Dec. Shan2014, Monasteries https://www.britannica.com/topic/ in Southern Shan State of *8 Sylviatal Conservation Fraser-Lu, and 2001. Forestry, Splendour 2013. in Myanmar'sWood: The NationalBuddhist Adaptation Monasteries Pro- of MyanmarAlaungpaya- andDynasty. Northern Accessed Thailand. 4 ChiangJanuary Mai 2021. University/Chiang Mai. Burma.gramme Bangkok: 2013 of Action Orchid (NAPA) Press to Climate Change 1112 Britannica, Cooler, Richard The EditorsM. "The of Konbaung Encyclopaedia. Period -"Alaungpaya Amarapura" . Dynasty".Northern Illinois Ency- *9*7 Mostafahttps://www.commons.wikimedia.org Zohdy, 2018. The Conservation of Shwe-Nan-Daw Monastery Pro- clopediaUniversity. Britannica, Archived from 12 Dec.the original 2014, onhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/ 16 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-06- *8 ject:Sylvia World Fraser Monument-Lu, 2001. Fund Splendour in Wood: The Buddhist Monasteries of Alaungpaya-09. Dynasty. Accessed 4 January 2021. *10Burma. https://www.wmf.org/project/shwe Bangkok: Orchid Press -nandaw-kyaung 1213 Cooler,Ma May Richard Zin Phyo, M. "The2013. Konbaung Study on PeriodArchitectural - Amarapura" Characters. Northern of Konbaung Illinois *9*11 Mostafa Published Zohdy, Journal 2018. 1970; The Late Conservation Konbaung ofWooden Shwe- NanMonasteries,-Daw Monastery Rangoon Pro- In- EraUniversity. Buddhist Archived Monasteries from inthe Mandalay original onCity. 16 M.June Arch 2006 Thesis,. Retrie Yangonved 2006-06- Tech- ject:stitute World of Technology Monument Fund nological09. University, Yangon. *10*12 https://www.wmf.org/project/shweGoogle Earth Pro 2019 -nandaw-kyaung 1413 Ma WintMay ThuZin ThuPhyo, Maung, 2013. AprilStudy 2017. on Architectural Field Report Characters on Archaeological of Konbaung Sites: *13*11 ArchaeologicalPublished Journal Survey 1970; of Late India Konbaung Annual Report,Wooden 1912 Monasteries,-13 & 1914 Rangoon-15 In- Bagan,Era Buddhist Sale, Pakokku Monasteries and Pakhanin Mandalay Gyi area City. in MagweM. Arch and Thesis, Mandalay Yangon Regions. Tech- *14stitute Ma Thida of Technology Su Wai Tin, 2018. Study on Architectural Aspects of Teak Wood Departnologicalment University, of Archaeology, Yangon. Univeristy of Yangon. *12Monasteries Google Earth in Pro“Mahar 2019 Wii Thot Dar Yarma Taik”, Mandalay. Mandalay 1514 InternationalMa Wint Thu SymposiumThu Maung, onApril the 2017. Conservation Field Report and onRestoration Archaeological of Cultural Sites: *13Technological Archaeological University Survey of India Annual Report, 1912-13 & 1914-15 Property;Bagan, Sale, Conservation Pakokku and of PakhanWood; GyiTokyo area National in Magwe Research and Mandalay Institute Regions. of Cul- *15*14 MaMaung Thida Shwe, Su Wai 2009. Tin, Linear 2018. StudyComposition on Architectural of the Konbaung Aspects of Monasteries. Teak Wood turalDepart Propertiesment of Archaeology, Univeristy of Yangon. MonasteriesTaung Daw Publicationsin “Mahar Wii Thot Dar Yarma Taik”, Mandalay. Mandalay 1615 InternationalBurke, Sheridan, Symposium Jyoti Somerville, on the Conservation Gail Oste rgren,and Restoration Laura Matarese, of Cultural and *16Technological Yu Yu Thwin, University 2008. A Comparative Study on the Architectural Character- ChandlerProperty; McCoy.Conservation 2018. of Eames Wood; House Tokyo Conservation National Research Management Institute Plan. of Cul-Los *15istics Maung of 19thShwe, and 2009. 20th CenturyLinear Composition Shan Monasteries of the in Konbaung Southern ShanMonasteries. State of Angeles:tural Properties Getty Conservation Institute. MyanmarTaung Daw and Publications Northern Thailand . Chiang Mai University/Chiang Mai. 16 Burke, Sheridan, Jyoti Somerville, Gail Ostergren, Laura Matarese, and *16*17 Dr.ThanYu Yu Thwin, Tun, February2008. A Comparative2008; Restoration Study ofon Shwe the Architectural-Yan-Pyay Pagoda Character- and SourceChandler of McCoy.the Figures 2018. Eames House Conservation Management Plan. Los isticsMonastery of 19th and 20th Century Shan Monasteries in Southern Shan State of

*1 AsianAngeles: Historical Getty Conservation Architecture: Institute. A photographic Survey. https://www.orien- *18MyanmarMaung Khin and MgNorthern Oo, 2016. Thailand A Comparative. Chiang Mai Study University/Chiang on the Architectural Mai. Char- talarchitecture.com/index *17acteristics Dr.Than Tun,of Shan February and Palaung 2008; TimberRestoration Monastereis of Shwe in-Yan Northern-Pyay PagodaShan State, and *2Source Redrawn of bythe Author Figures MandalayMonastery Technological University *3*1 FieldAsian survey Historical photo Architecture: record in 2017 A photographic Survey. https://www.orien- *19*18 M.ArchMaung Khin Thesis, Mg February Oo, 2016. 2004; A Comparative Ma Htet Htet Study Hlaing on the & MaArchitectural Aye Nu Nu Char- Oo, *4 Fieldtalarchitecture.com/index survey photo record in 2018 Yangonacteristics Technological of Shan and PalaungUniversity Timber Monastereis in Northern Shan State, *5*2 FieldRedrawn survey by Authorphoto record in 2019 Mandalay Technological University 10 Yu Yu Thwin, 2008. A Comparative Study on the Architectural Character- *3*6 FieldNational survey Environmental photo record Conservation in 2017 Committee, Ministry of Environmen- *19 M.Arch Thesis, February 2004; Ma Htet Htet Hlaing & Ma Aye Nu Nu Oo, istics of 19th and 20th Century Shan Monasteries in Southern Shan State of *4 Fieldtal Conservation survey photo and record Forestry, in 2018 2013. Myanmar's National Adaptation Pro- Yangon Technological University Myanmar and Northern Thailand. Chiang Mai University/Chiang Mai. *5 Fieldgramme survey 2013 photo of Action record (NAPA) in 2019 to Climate Change

11 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Alaungpaya Dynasty". Ency- *7 https://www.commons.wikimedia.org clopedia Britannica, 12 Dec. 2014, https://www.britannica.com/topic/ *8 Sylvia Fraser-Lu, 2001. Splendour in Wood: The Buddhist Monasteries of Alaungpaya-Dynasty. Accessed 4 January 2021. Burma. Bangkok: Orchid Press

12 Cooler, Richard M. "The Konbaung Period - Amarapura". Northern Illinois *9 Mostafa Zohdy, 2018. The Conservation of Shwe-Nan-Daw Monastery Pro- University. Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-06- ject: World Monument Fund 09. *10 https://www.wmf.org/project/shwe -nandaw-kyaung 13 Ma May Zin Phyo, 2013. Study on Architectural Characters of Konbaung *11 Published Journal 1970; Late Konbaung Wooden Monasteries, Rangoon In- Era Buddhist Monasteries in Mandalay City. M. Arch Thesis, Yangon Tech- stitute of Technology nological University, Yangon. *12 Google Earth Pro 2019 14 Ma Wint Thu Thu Maung, April 2017. Field Report on Archaeological Sites: *13 Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1912-13 & 1914-15 Bagan, Sale, Pakokku and Pakhan Gyi area in Magwe and Mandalay Regions. *14 Ma Thida Su Wai Tin, 2018. Study on Architectural Aspects of Teak Wood Department of Archaeology, Univeristy of Yangon. Monasteries in “Mahar Wii Thot Dar Yarma Taik”, Mandalay. Mandalay 15 International Symposium on the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Technological University Property; Conservation of Wood; Tokyo National Research Institute of Cul- *15 Maung Shwe, 2009. Linear Composition of the Konbaung Monasteries. tural Properties Taung Daw Publications 16 Burke, Sheridan, Jyoti Somerville, Gail Ostergren, Laura Matarese, and *16 Yu Yu Thwin, 2008. A Comparative Study on the Architectural Character- Chandler McCoy. 2018. Eames House Conservation Management Plan. Los istics of 19th and 20th Century Shan Monasteries in Southern Shan State of Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. Myanmar and Northern Thailand. Chiang Mai University/Chiang Mai. *17 Dr.Than Tun, February 2008; Restoration of Shwe-Yan-Pyay Pagoda and Source of the Figures Monastery *1 Asian Historical Architecture: A photographic Survey. https://www.orien- *18 Maung Khin Mg Oo, 2016. A Comparative Study on the Architectural Char- talarchitecture.com/index acteristics of Shan and Palaung Timber Monastereis in Northern Shan State, *2 Redrawn by Author Mandalay Technological University *3 Field survey photo record in 2017 *19 M.Arch Thesis, February 2004; Ma Htet Htet Hlaing & Ma Aye Nu Nu Oo, *4 Field survey photo record in 2018 Yangon Technological University *5 Field survey photo record in 2019

72 Vol. 34, 2021 Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design