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'Silesian Harm' Or 'The Great Silesia'?

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'Silesian Harm' Or 'The Great Silesia'? ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES Do Silesians Exist and can Silesia be Autonomous? Limits of Ethno-Political Tolerance in Poland Michał Buchowski Katarzyna Chlewińska Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań 2012/15 4. National Case Studies - Political Life Final Country Reports EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES Do Silesians Exist and Silesia be Autonomous? Limits of Ethno-Political Tolerance in Poland PROF. MICHAŁ BUCHOWSKI KATARZYNA CHLEWIŃSKA ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY Work Package 4 – National Case Studies of Challenges to Tolerance in Political Life D4.1 Final Country Reports on Concepts and Practices of Tolerance Addressing Cultural Diversity in Political Life © 2012 Michał Buchowski & Katarzyna Chlewińska This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the research project, the year and the publisher. Published by the European University Institute Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Via dei Roccettini 9 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole - Italy ACCEPT PLURALISM Research Project, Tolerance, Pluralism and Social Cohesion: Responding to the Challenges of the 21st Century in Europe European Commission, DG Research Seventh Framework Programme Social Sciences and Humanities grant agreement no. 243837 www.accept-pluralism.eu www.eui.eu/RSCAS/ Available from the EUI institutional repository CADMUS cadmus.eui.eu Tolerance, Pluralism and Social Cohesion: Responding to the Challenges of the 21st Century in Europe (ACCEPT PLURALISM) ACCEPT PLURALISM is a Research Project, funded by the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Program. The project investigates whether European societies have become more or less tolerant during the past 20 years. In particular, the project aims to clarify: (a) how is tolerance defined conceptually, (b) how it is codified in norms, institutional arrangements, public policies and social practices, (c) how tolerance can be measured (whose tolerance, who is tolerated, and what if degrees of tolerance vary with reference to different minority groups). The ACCEPT PLURALISM consortium conducts original empirical research on key issues in school life and in politics that thematise different understandings and practices of tolerance. Bringing together empirical and theoretical findings, ACCEPT PLURALISM generates a State of the Art Report on Tolerance and Cultural Diversity in Europe, a Handbook on Ideas of Tolerance and Cultural Diversity in Europe, a Tolerance Indicators’ Toolkit where qualitative and quantitative indicators may be used to score each country’s performance on tolerating cultural diversity, and several academic publications (books, journal articles) on Tolerance, Pluralism and Cultural Diversity in Europe. The ACCEPT PLULARISM consortium is formed by 18 partner institutions covering 15 EU countries. The project is hosted by the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies and co-ordinated by Prof. Anna Triandafyllidou. The EUI, the RSCAS and the European Commission are not responsible for the opinion expressed by the author(s). Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań is one of the largest academic centres in Poland. The University employs nearly 3,000 teaching staff and serves 50,000 students in 14 faculties offering BA, MA and PhD programmes. Students can choose from 190 majors. AMU cooperates with over 100 partner universities abroad. Department of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology is one of the leading anthropological institution in the region that offers specialised courses on identity, ethnicity, migration, multiculturalism and cultural critique. Michal Buchowski is a Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Poznań and of Comparative Central European Studies at European University Viadrina in Frankfurt/Oder. He also lectured as a Visiting Professor at Rutgers University and Columbia University. His scientific interest is in Central European postsocialist cultural and social transformations as well as ethnicity and migration. Currently he serves as a Head of the Department of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology in Poznań, President of the European Association of Social Anthropologists and vice-Chair of World Council of Anthropological Associations. Katarzyna Chlewińska is a PhD student in the Department of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology at AMU. She works on tolerance towards minorities, including sexual ones. Contact details: Michał Buchowski & Katarzyna Chlewińska Department of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology Adam Mickiewicz University ul. Św. Marcin 78 61-809 Poznań, Poland Fax: + 48- 61 829 4710 4685 770 E-mail: [email protected] & [email protected] http://etnologia.amu.edu.pl/go.live.php http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/ and www.annatriandafyllidou.com For more information on the Socio Economic Sciences and Humanities Programme in FP7 see: http://ec.europa.eu/research/social-sciences/index_en.htm http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/cooperation/socio-economic_en.html 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ 2 Keywords ................................................................................................................................................ 4 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5 2. The place of minorities in Polish society. A historical perspective ................................................. 5 2.1 Census of 2011 ....................................................................................................................... 8 3. Silesia ............................................................................................................................................ 10 3.1 The Silesians.......................................................................................................................... 11 3.2. A minority or a regional group? ................................................................................................. 12 4. Methodology of the study .............................................................................................................. 14 5. Silesian Autonomy – the political challenge ................................................................................. 15 5.1 Relevance of the case study ................................................................................................... 16 5.2 Setting the Scene ................................................................................................................... 16 6. The Silesians as the ‘camouflaged German option’ ......................................................................... 17 6.1. The Association of People of Silesian Nationality .................................................................... 19 7. Thematic analysis .............................................................................................................................. 21 7.1. Silesian identity in dispute – ‘Silesian harm’ or ‘The Great Silesia’? ....................................... 22 7.2. Republic vs. Nation - what is radical about RAS? ..................................................................... 24 7.3. The Silesian Autonomy Movement & Silesians in public space ............................................... 26 8. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 27 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 29 Anex I .................................................................................................................................................... 34 Anex II................................................................................................................................................... 34 1 Executive Summary The report ‘Do Silesians Exist and Silesia be Autonomous? Limits of Ethno-Political Tolerance in Poland’, presents the case of the Silesian Autonomy Movement (Ruch Autonomii Śląska, hereafter RAS), its participation in political life at a regional level, and the efforts in promoting regionalism as well as the idea of a Silesian nation. RAS is an organisation of an educational, cultural and political profile fighting for the restoration of Upper Silesia’s political autonomy on the grounds of its specific borderland status and a history of autonomy granted to Silesia in the interwar period, and supporting Silesian identity-building. This case study was inspired by controversies around Silesians and RAS caused by The Report on the State of the Republic published by the major right-wing party Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość – hereafter PIS). The document is a list of charges against the ruling party, Platforma Obywatelska (Civic Platform, hereafter PO). The right-wing rhetoric of the oppressed nation and the threat of Polish unity used in the report was a tool used for discrediting PO. The Report… accuses the ruling party of a lack of patriotism and of indifference to a progressing degeneration of national identity.
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