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A Statistical Account of Bengal

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A Statistical Account of Bengal This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com 00330652 . V :o. ' / A STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF BENGAL. \ s \\ ( PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO. EDINBURGH AND LONDON A STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF BENGAL. BY W. W. HUNTER, B.A., LL.D., DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF STATISTICS TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ; ONE OF THE COUNCIL OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY ', HONORARY OR FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF NETHERLANDS INDIA AT THE HAGUE, OF THE INSTITUTO VASCO DA GAMA OF PORTUGUESE INDIA, OF THE DUTCH SOCIETY IN JAVA, AND OF THE ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY, LONDON ; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY; ORDINARY FELLOW OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, ETC. DISTRICTS OF RAjSHAHI AND BOGRA. THE ACCOUNT OF BOGRA HAS BEEN COMPILED BY C. J. O'DONNELL, ESQ., M.A., ASSISTANT TO THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF STATISTICS. TRDBNER & CO., LONDON, 1876. > PREFACE TO VOLUME VIII. OF THE STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF BENGAL. THIS Volume treats of two Districts lying within the angle formed by the converging channels of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. The more westerly of the two, Rajshahf, ranked in the last century as the largest zamlnddri in Ben gal, and was prized by the East India Company during its trading days as a great centre .of agricultural and manufac turing wealth. It stretche-: eas'rward from the Ganges in an expanse of almost monotonou? fertility, studded with villages, each in its grove of trees, well provided with water-carriage, and intersected through its whole let'gth by the Northern Bengal Railway. The other District, Bogra, owes its exist ence, as a separate jurisdiction, to a desire on the part of the British rulers to give a more perfect protection to person and property in Bengal. On its eastern side, now washed by the Brahmaputra, a vast new river system has been formed within a single generation, creating fresh administrative requirements, and opening up new chances to people to better their lot. The Districts of Rajshah1 and Bogra, dealt with in this Volume, contained a population in 1872 of 2,000,196 souls, and covered an area, as estimated for the Census of that year, of 3725 square miles. W. W. H. TABLE OF CONTENTS: DISTRICTS OF RAjSHAHI AND BOGRA. PAGES DISTRICT OF RAjsHXm, . 19-126 TOPOGRAPHY AND GENERAL ASPECTS, . 19-31 Area and Boundaries, . 19-20 Jurisdiction and Historical Sketch, . 20 Physical Aspects, . 21 River System, . 22 River Traffic, ..... 28 Fisheries, ..... 29 Lines of Drainage, .... 30 Land Reclamation, .... 30 Ferae Naturae, . 31 THE PEOPLE, . 31-65 Population, including the Census of 1872, . 3!-35 Occupations of the People, ... 37 Ethnical Division of the People, . 37 Immigration and Emigration, . 40 List of Castes, . 38-39, 40-48 Religious Division of the People, . 48-52 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS. DISTRICT OF RA'JSHAHI — continued. THE PEOPLE— continued. PAGES Division of the People into Town and Country, 53 List of Towns and Villages, . 53-57 Religious Fairs, . .56, 88, 123 Material Condition of the People, Clothing, Houses, Food, &c., . 57-58, 165 AGRICULTURE, . .30, 59-78 Irrigation, ..... 3° Rice Cultivation and List of Crops, . 30, 59-63 Cultivated Area, Out-turn of Crops, &c., . 64 Condition of the Cultivators, . 65 Domestic Animals, .... 65-66 Agricultural Implements, ... 66 Wages and Prices, .... 66-67 Weights and Measures, ... 67 Agricultural Labourers, . 65, 68, 69 Land Tenures, .... 69-73 Rates of Rent, . 64-65, 73-78 Manure, . 61, 78 NATURAL CALAMITIES, &c, . 78-81 The Famines of 1866 and 1874, . 78-79 Floods, . ... 79 Droughts, ..... 79 Blights, ..... 79-80 Famine Prices and Famine Warnings, . 80-8 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS. g DISTRICT OF RAjSHAm — continued. PAGES FOREIGN AND ABSENTEE PROPRIETORS, . 81 MEANS OF COMMUNICATION, MANUFACTURES, COMMERCE, INSTITUTIONS, &c, . 81-92 Roads and Railway, . 81-82 Manufactures, .... 82-87 Commerce and Trade, ... 88 Capital and Interest, . 88-89 Local Institutions, Newspapers, . 89-92 Income of the District, ... 92 ADMINISTRATIVE, . 20-21, 92-121 Administrative History and Account of the District, ..... 20-21 Revenue and Expenditure at different Periods, 92-99 Land Revenue, .... 97-99 Police and Jail Statistics, . 99-108 Educational Statistics, . 108-115 Postal Statistics, . 115-116 Administrative and Fiscal Divisions (Parganas), 116-121 Civil and Criminal Courts, . 119-121 METEOROLOGICAL AND MEDICAL, . 90, 123-126 Climate, Temperature, and Rainfall, . 121-122 Diseases, ..... 122-123 Medical Dispensaries, . .90, 123-126 DISTRICT OF BOGRA, . -127-317 TOPOGRAPHY AND GENERAL ASPECTS, . 129-152 Area and Boundaries, . 129-130 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS. DISTRICT OF BOGR/( — continued. TOPOGRAPHY, &c.— continued. PAGES Jurisdiction, ..... 130-133 General Aspect of the Country, . I33-J35 River System, .... 135-141 River Traffic, Fisheries, . 145-147 Irrigation, Marshes, Lines of Drainage, . 147-149 Jungle Products, Pastures, Ferse Naturae, . 151-152 THE PEOPLE, ..... 153-207 Population, including the Census of 1872, . 153-160 Occupations of the People, . 160161 Ethnical Division of the People, . 162-167 Immigration and Emigration, . 167-169 List of Castes, . 166, 169-180 Religious Division of the People, . 180-185 Division of the People into Town and Country, 185 List of Towns and Villages, . 186-198 Village Officials, .... 198-203 Material Condition of the People ; Clothing, Dwellings, Food, &c., . 203-207 AGRICULTURE, . 147, 208-251 Condition of the Cultivators, . 203-206 Agricultural Labourers, . 204-205 Rice Cultivation and List of Crops, . 148, 208-221 Cultivated Area, Out-turn of Crops, &c., . 221-222 Domestic Animals, .... 222-223 Agricultural Implements, . 223-224 TABLE OF CONTENTS. „ DISTRICT OF BOGRA' — continued. AGRICULTURE — continued. PAGES Wages and Prices, .... 224 Weights and Measures, . 224-225 Waste Lands, .... 226-228 Land Tenures, .... 228-244 Land Reclamation, .... 235 Rates of Rent, Cesses (Abwabs), . 244-250 Rotation of Crops, .... 250 NATURAL CALAMITIES, &c., . 250-266 Droughts, ..... 250-251 Floods, . 251 Famine Prices, . 251,252,259,261,264 The Famines of 1866 and 1874, . 251-266 FOREIGN AND ABSENTEE PROPRIETORS, . 277 MEANS OF COMMUNICATION, MANUFACTURES, COMMERCE, INSTITUTIONS, &c., . 266-278 Roads and Railway, .... 266-269 Manufactures, .... 269-271 Commerce and Trade, . 271-277 Capital and Interest, . .- 277-278 Income of the District, . 278 Local Institutions, Newspapers, . 278-279 ADMINISTRATIVE, . 130-133, 280-304 Administrative History of the District, . 130-133 Revenue and Expenditure at different Periods, 280-282 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS. DISTRICT OF BOGRA— continued ADM I N ISTR ATI VE — contim1ed. PAGES Land Revenue, .... 280282 Police and Jail Statistics, . 283-291 Educational Statistics, . 291-301 Postal Statistics, . 301 Administrative and Fiscal Divisions (Parganas), 302-304 Civil and Criminal Courts, . 302-304 METEOROLOGICAL AND MEDICAL, . 304-317 Climate, Temperature, and Rainfall, . 304-306 Diseases of the Population, . 306-313 Religious Fairs as a means of the Spread of Diseases, . 312-313 Cattle Diseases, . 313-314 Medical Dispensaries, . 315-317 ERRATUM. PAGE 20, line 39, for it read its. I SHALL be grateful for any corrections or suggestions which occur to the reader. They may be addressed to me, care of the Secretary to the Government of Bengal. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. THE local weights and measures are given in detail at pp. 67-68 and 225-226. In some instances, in the following volume, these weights and measures have been converted into their English equi valents, and the native names have not been added. In such cases the reconversion from the English equivalents may be effected with sufficient accuracy in accordance with the following tables : — MONEY. 1 pie (T\ of an annd) = J farthing. 1 pice (£ of an annd) = 1j farthings. 1 annd (T\ of a rupee) = 1j pence. The rupee is worth, according to the rate of exchange, from 1s. 9d. to 2S., but for ordinary purposes it is taken at 2S. WEIGHTS. The unit of weight is the ser (seer), which varies in different Dis tricts from about ij Ibs. to 2-205 Ibs. This latter is the standard ser as fixed by Government, and corresponds to the metrical kilogramme. For local calculations in Lower Bengal, the recognised ser may be taken at 2 Ibs. The conversion of Indian into English weights would then be as follows : — r chatdk (T^ of a ser) = 2 oz. 1 ser (j\j of a maund) = 2 Ibs. 1 man or maund (say) - 82 Ibs. LAND MEASURE. The unit of land measure is the bigha., which varies from J of an acre to almost 1 acre. The Government standard bighd is 14,400 square feet, or say ^ of an acre ; and this bigha has been uniformly adopted throughout the following volume. STATISTICAL ACCOUNT DISTRICT OF RAJSHAHI. VOL. VIII. STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRICT OF RAJSHAHI.1 RAjSHAnl DISTRICT forms the central southern portion of the Division or Commissionership of the same name. It lies between 24° 3' o" and 24° 59' o" north latitude, and 88° 20' 45" and 89° 23' 30" east longitude ; contains an area, after recent transfers, as returned by the Boundary Commissioner in 1874, of 2360-82 1 My Account of Rajshahi District is chiefly derived from the following sources : — (1) Answers to my Five Series of Questions, furnished by successive District Officers, and signed by Mr W. H. Heeley, C.S., and Mr J. S. Carstairs, C.S. (2) Mr Grant's Report on the Finances of Bengal, dated 27th April 1786, published in the Fifth Report of the Select Committee on the Affairs of the East India Company, vol. i. (London, 1812 ; Madras reprint, 1866). (3) Bengal Census Report of 1 872 by Mr H. Beverley, C.S., with subsequent District Compilation byMrC. F. Magrath, C.S. (4) Reports of the Commissioner of Rajshah1 Divi sion for 1871 and 1872. (5) Special Report on the Land Tenures of the District, by Babu Kas1 Kinkar Sen, Deputy Collector, dated 26th January 1874.
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