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THE N EW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY,
At *^, r, L* ^ ox AND Y , . ' i ; £ C ; N'f} A r 1 O N 8.
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A L 1 F E # i or* £ - GEORGE WASHINGTON,
IN LATIN PROSE :
BY FRANCIS GLASS, A.M., OF OHIO.
E D I T E D B Y J. N. R E Y N O L D S.
* 1 bring another's offéring—for the tomb Contains within its dreary charnel house The guide of earlier days,-who often led My boyish footsteps to the Muses' shrine. And I must now tell others of the friend Whose voice is mute in death.” Old Play.
*t Hi i R D E D I T I o N.
N E W.Y O R K:
PUBLISHED BY HARPER & BROTHERS, No. 82 cliff-strEET, ANno soLD BY THE PrinciPAL BooksELLER s THeouGHoUt tHm unitero states.
1 842.— ii Editor's PREFAcE. of which Lebanon is the shire, situate about thirty miles from Cincinnati. He had excited no small degree of interest among the few who were capa ble of appreciatimg his extraordinary attainments in classical literature.—This man was Francis Glass, the author of the following work, ** The Life qf Washington.” I found him in a remote part of the county, in a good neighborhood of thrifty farmers, who had employed him to instruct their children, who, in general, were then acquiring the simplest rudi ments of an English education. The school house mow rises fresh on my memory. It stood on the banks of a small stream, in a thick grove of native oaks, resembling more a den for Druidi cal rites, than a temple of learning. The build ing was a low log-cabin, with a clapboard roof, but indifferently tight—all the light of heavem, founâ in this cabin, came through apertures made on each side in the logs, and these were covered with oiled paper to keep out the cold air, while they admitted the dim rays. ' The seats, or benches, were of hewn timbers, resting on upright posts, placed in the ground to Keep them from being overturned by the mischiev ous urchins who sat on them. In the centre was a large stove, between which and the back part of the building, stood a small desk, without lock or Rey, made of rough plank, over which $. plane EDIToR's PREFAcE. iii had never passed; and, behind this desk, sat Pro fessor Glass when I entered his school. There might have been forty scholars present ; twenty-five of these were engaged in spelling, reading, and writing, a few in arithmetic, a small class in English grammar; and a half a dozen, like myself, had joined his school, for the benefit of his instruction in the Greek and Latin lan guages, preparatory to a more extended course in one of the Ohio seminaries. The moment he learned that my intention was to pursue the study of the languages with him, his whole soul appeared to beam from his countenamce. He commenced in a straim, which in another would have seemed pedantic, but which, in fact, was far from being so in him. The followjng imperfect sketch, drawn entirely from memory, may serve to give some idea of his . peculiar manner:—“Welcome to the shrine of the Muses, my young friend, Salve ! Xαῖge ! The tem ple of the Delphian God was originally a laurel hut, and the Muses deign to dwell, accordingly, even in my rustic abode. . * JN'on humilem domum fastidiunt, umbrosamve ripam.* Here, too, the winds hold converse, * Eurus, and Caurus, and Argestes loud,' and the goddesses of the Casta lian fountain, the daughters of the golden-haired Mnemosyne, are sometimes silent with the lyre, * citharâ tqcentes,' that they may catch the sweet A 3 iw Editor's PaefAcE. murmurs of the harp of Aeolus. Here, too, I, the priest of the muses, Musarum sacerdos, sing, to the young of either sex, strains before unheard, Vir ginibus puerisque canto. Plutus, indeed, that blind old deity, is far away ; ahd far away let him be, for well has the prince of comic poets styled him a * filthy, orooked, miserable, wrinkled, bald, and toothless creature ? gurówrw, xvpôv, άθλιον, ἐναῦν, μαδύντα, vwööv.” Such was my first interview. It was a display perfectly natural, and without the least apparent consciousness of effort on his part. From this moment he took the greatest interest in my studies, and I enjoyed not only his instruction during school hours, but—as I had taken up my lodgings at a farm-house about half a mile from his school, on the road to his own humble residence, situate a mile beyond—almost every evening, from his deep im terest in my progress, was spent with me at my dwelling. While at the Ohio University, I had enjoyed the privilege of able instruction from the Professor of Languages in that institution ; but so far as I was capable of judging, or making comparison, the attainments and readiness of Glass seemed altogether superior to any thing I had witnessed. While reading Horace, for instance, the happy illustrations applied to each line, or word, gave an interest to my studies absolutely fascinating. Editor's PREFACE. v Sometimes, when in a happy mood—and I soon learned that he was not always happy—he would hold me a delighted auditor, fof a whole evening, while analyzing and pointing out the beauties of a single ode. The whole fange of classic authors was at his tongue's end, and he would recite from them with a facility and am accuracy truly astonish ing. Every thing, by way of illustration or com parison, was introduced, with such an inimitable and sweet simplicity, that, to me, it seemed as if I had mever before understood the beauties of the authors I had been reading, or properly appre ciated the flow, strength, and grandeur of the Latin tongue. His method of teaching the languages was - thorough and philosophical ; the judgment, as well as the memory, was brought into requisition, and he illumined the page of the author with such brilliant remarks, that his pupil seldom felt the longest lesson as a task. Enamoured with standard works, he discovered a strong affection for those who had earnestly engaged iii mastéring their beauties : and if, at any moment, he showed a partiality for any ome of his students, the love he bore to learning was the only cause of it. He was proud of being a professor of languages, and mewer lost the self-satisfaction that arose from the consciousness of his abilities. With him, as with Dr. Busby, the teacher could be second to no one vl EDIToR'S PREFAcE. in the nation; and he often dwelt upon that en lightemed age of Greece, when the lecturer at the Academy or Lyceum was a greater man, in public estimation, than the commander of armies. He took it upon himself to judge of the improve ment of his scholars, and gave them diplomas ac cording to their merits, from his own authority, without reciting a chartered right, or asking the privilege of a board of trustees. The form of one of these diplomas I have preserved, and deem it of sufficient interest to be here introduced,
“ OMNIBUS, ad quos præsentes hæ LITERAE pervenerint, SALUTEM in domino sempiternam. OMNIBUs hominibus per literas has præsentes notum sit, harumce latorem —~, maximae spei adolescentem, in studió Graec. et Lat. lin guarum, aliquandiù operam strenuam (me ipso vice Præceptoris fungente,) navàsse': easdemque linguas qui doceat in quovis gymnasio, omnino idoneum esse. In cujus rei fidem, præsentes literas manu nostrâ exarandas curavimus, ** FRANCISCUS GLAss, A. M. * Græc. et Lat. Ling, Prqfessor, Scripsi in Republicâ Ohioensi,* •
Glass knew nothing of the world more than a child. He was delicately formed in mind and body, and shrunk from all coarseness, as a sen Editor's PREFAcE vii sitive plant from the rude touch. A cold or um feeling word seemed to palsy every current of his soul, and every power of his mind; but when ad dressed in gentle confiding tones, he was easy, communicative, and full of light and life. At such hours, he poured out a stream of classical knowledge, as clear, sparkling, and copious, as ever flowed from the fountains of inspiration in the early days of the Muses. During these excursive fiights, I have sat a delighted listener for hours, hardly daring to hear my own voice, for fear I should break the spell by some unclassical word, and that then the Oracle would be dumb. He had all the enthusiasm of Erasmus, and of those revivers of learning in the fifteenth century, who considered the languages the ormament and the charm of life, and more worthy of pursuit tham all other attaimments, and, who, from this love oflet ters, called them ** the Humanities.* The mind was, with him, measured by the amount of classical acquirements. He was not deficient in mathematics and other branches ofuseful science, but they were only mere matters of utility, and not of affection. Such a man is seldom properly appreciated any where, evem in the bosom of letters, where many are capable of understanding such gifts; but a new country furnishes few competent judges of "high literary acquirements. I had been with him about three months, when viii EDIToR's PREFAcE. he communicated to me his long-cherished inten tion of writimg the life of Washington in Latin, for the use of schools. He, after this time, often ad verted to the subject, with am earnestness I shall never forget. By parcels, I got something of his history. He was educated in Philadelphia, and spent the earlier part of his life in that city and vicinity, in literary pursuits. He often mentioned the mame of Professor Ross, and said something of having assisted him in the compilation of his Latin Grammar. While acting as an instructor in the interior of- Pennsylvania, he contracted an unfor tunate marriage, in a state, as he said, of partial insanity ; no wonder he thought so, when he found himself surrounded by ewils which his im prudence had brought upon him. Glass tried to make the best of his situatiom, but he could not soften the temper, or elevate the mind, ! of the being to whom he was united for life. The influence of his situation, on such a sensitive scholar, was perceptible in every act. He did all | he could for his wife and rapidly.increasing family, but his efforts procured for them but a scanty sub sistence. ! With all ambition prostrated, and with a deadly sickness at his heart, he, somewhere in the year 1817 or *18, left Pennsylvania for the West, and | settled in the Miami country. From that time' to the period I became acquainted with him, | | Editor's PREFAcE. ix he had pursued the business of school-keeping, in various places, where a teacher was wanted, subject to the whims of children and the caprices of their paremts, enough alone to disturb the great est philosopher. Of all the honest callings in this world, the most difficult is that of an instructor, who has to chastise idle boys, and to satisfy ignorant parents. - Every new change of school district gave Glass some new cause of suffering, which had am effect on his health and temper. During all the time he had been in the western country, he had made but little or no progress in his contemplated work. In the drudgery of a daily school, he could mot think of sitting down to such a labor; he wanted retirement and tranquil lity, while engaged in writing, to do justice to himself and the subject. He would oftem discover the deepest sensibility, when any allusion was made to the deeds or fame of Washington ; and his own contemplations On the wishes of his heart, seemedto break down all the energies of his mind, and umfit him for the common duties of life. He was conscious of his weakness, but he had not. sufficient • energy of mind to rise superior to it. Every day his misfortunes were making inroad8 upon his slender form, and hurrying him to the grave. He viewed his situation without dismay, only fearing that he should die before he had writtem the life of Washington, X. EDIToR's. PREFACE. There were moments when hope broke in upon his despondency, and visions of glory filled his mind. He saw himself united in all coming ages with the father of his country, and with the patriot ism and prowess of the greatest and the best of men, which had only been recorded in modern lan guages, never burning in the vernacular of Im perial Rome, nor traced with a pen plucked from the wing of the * Mantuan Swam.” In this ardent glow of classical inspiration, he saw going onward to perpetuity, the fame of Washington with the honors of a Trajan, and himself not far behind the younger Pliny, who has left a model of imperish able eloquence, delivered before the Roman Senate, on the virtues of his Emperor.
- These feelings and sentiments, which wouldi have been pedantry in another, were as natural as the delights of an, unsophisticated child, in him. The winter had now drawn nearly to a close, and the opening spring, with its busy scenes of rural life, had called nearly all the larger scholars from his school; still nothing had been definitely arranged in, reference to the life of Washington. He renewed the subject again and again. I had no one with whom to, consult. I did not know how to decide in my own mind, for I, felt, incapable of properly estimating his attainments, and what he really was capable of producing,—besides, the expenses to which I, should, be subjected, were ... editor's prefAcE. Xr matters of responsibility, gravely to be considered. My feelings, however, were interested. I pitied the man, and felt grateful for his attentions, and for the advantages I had derived from his instruc tions. The attempt, Iknew, was a bold one ; but, then, the subject addressed itself to the feelings of every American heart. The example, too, of such devotion to classic literature, om the part of an in dividual so humble, so obscure, could. not, I thought, but awaken to higher efforts, on the part of individuals more favorably situated,—nor his labors be otherwise, than received with favoring kindness, by ewery one interested in the advance ment of literature in the United States. From the moment he learned my determination, to meet his requirements in the prosecution of his work, his gloom and low spirits forsook him, and he appeared like a mew being—though it was but too apparent, that the spirits thus newly lighted up, were still encased in a weak, fragile, and gra dually sinking form. I now visited his house for the first time. I shall not attempt a description, nor do I exagge rate, when I say, that his worldly goods and chat tels, of all descriptions, could not have been sold for the sum of thirty dollars. Clothing for him self and family was now ordered, and, at the end of his term, arrangements were made for the re moval of himself and family to Dayton, on the 2 B xii EDitor's PraefAc£.
Miami, sixty miles from Cincimnati, where he im mediately set about his work ; and ere the close of the following winter, the whole was completed. At this period I paid him a visit, and received from him the manuscript. His request was most. earnest, that the result of his labors might be pub lished. I promised him it should, amd have never seen him since ;—and, though years have rolled around, I have never, untilthe present moment, had leisure to attend to its publication, or to redeem the promise I had made to its author. Poor Glass !—had he only beem spared, to learm that his work had been examined and approved of by some of the ripest scholars of our country'— men whose mames are but other terms for all that is pure, and chaste, and elegant in classical litera ture—how it would have consoled and softened the last gloomy hours of his existence !—For so obscurely did he live, so humble and retired must have been his residence at the time of his death, that, since my return to the United States, I have not been able to learn a word in reference to him, except that he died while I was gone, and that his family had removed from Dayton to German township, Montgomery county. From what has now been stated, something may
1 The opinions that have been already expressed, by several - scholars, relative to the merits of this work, may be seen at the
end of the volume. - Editor*s prefAcE. xiii be learned of the life of the author of the follow ing work, and of the circumstances under which it was writtem. It were in vaim for us, for the ten thousandth time, to mourn over the untoward fate of genius, or refer to the strong passages of the writers ofeveryage, onthe difficultiesofovercoming the ** res angusta domi,* or of struggling against the heartlessness of the world ;—and although it will forever be, that favor is not always to men qf skill, nor bread to men qf understanding, yet it should be stated, that talents now come to a better market in this country, than formerly, and that the fate of genius is less deplorable tham it was. A word or two respecting the Latinity of the work which is here presented to the public.—To say that it is offered as a specimen of finished com position, would be to assert what is not the fact, and what the author himself, had his life been spared, would never have ventured to maintain. It boasts of no peculiar elegance of diction, no rich display of those beauties and graces, that adorm the pages of some modern Latinists; yet, in a faithful adherence to the idiom of the lan guage, in an accurate use of approved phraseology, in that most difficult of all tasks, the clothing of modern ideas, and modern improvements, in a lan guage that has ceased to be a spoken tongue for many centuries ; in all this, and more than this, the present work may safely challenge no ordinary xiv Editor*8 PREFAce. ~_ degree of scrutiny, and will be found to contain mo small portion of what cannot but tend to propi tiate and disarm the severity of criticism. Im Latinising the various terms to which the changes that have taken place in the art of war, since the time of the Romans, have so abundantly givem rise, we cannot but be struck with the skill which our author has displayed. Occasionally, it is true, some phrase or expression of rather doubtful ori gin may intrude, but the intrusion will always be found to carry its own apology along with it, and to be evidently required by the circumstances of the case. And, after all, our author's ** Gubernator Dinwiddie,” “ Duae Knoae,* ** Congressus Jìmerica nus,” “tormenta ignivoma,” “glandes plumbeæ,” &c., are certainly no worse than Wyttenbach's* *tor mentorum unâ explosorum,** ** patinæ discique dissi liunt,* ** pulveris pyrii odor,” or Addison's* **ferrea grando,” and **plumbi densissimus imber.* Even the term Tremebundi, applied to the society of Friends, loses nothing, on being compared with the “gens Quackerorum sive Trementium,” of Schroeckh.* Some parts of the work, on the other hand, will, I trust, be found possessed of positive merit ; and I am certain that, in the description of Mount
1 Epist. Select. fasc. 2, p. 34. Where an account is given of the explosion that happened at Leyden, in 1807. . 2 Par Gulielmi auspiciis Europæ reddita.— Musæ .Anglicanæ, vol II, p. l. 8 Historia Religionis. Berlin, 1818. Εditor's PREFAcE. xv
Vernon, and the delineation of the character of Washington, the most rigid critic will find much to commend. The notes speak for themselves. The author evidently had in view the possibility of his work being introduced into schools, and they were therefore written for the benefit, prin cipally, of the younger class of readers, though, occasionally, they assume a higher and graver character. In conclusion, the editor entertains the hope, that the little work which is here offered to the literati of his country, will be kindly received by them, and be found not undeserving of their notice. It is the production of a poor and almost friend less individual, whom a sound and liberal educa tion had fitted for higher pursuits, but whom mis fortune and disappointment had driven from the scenes of his earlier years, to the more congenial solitudes of the West. And it will show the power ful influence that classical studies, when properly pursued, are calculated to exercise over the mind; how they cling to it, even amid misfortune, and impart a sure solace under all the ills of life. J. N. R.
GEORGII WASHINGTONII,
AMERICÆ SEPTENtRIONALIS CIVITATUM FOEDERAtArum
PRÆSIDIS PRIMI,
VITA,
FRANCISCO GLASS, A. M.,
OHIOENSI,
LITTERI s LATINIs coNscRIPTA.
“ Longè trans Oceanum, si Libris Sybillinis credamus, patebit post multa sæcula tellus ingens atque opulenta, et in eâ exoriétur vir'for tis ac sapiens, qui patriam servitute oppressam consilio et armis lib erabit, rémque publicam, nostræ et origine cæteráque historiâ simil limam, felicibus auspiciis condet, Bruto et Camillo, Di boni! multum et merito anteferendus. Quod nostrum illum non fugit Accium, qui, in Nyctegresiâ suâ, vetus hoc oraculum numeris poeticis adornâvit.” Ciceronis fragm. xv. ed. Maii, p. 52.
INEO-EBORACOPOLI:
TYPIS FRATRUM HARPERORUM. VENALIS PROSTAT APUD OMNES BIBLIOPOLAS. MDCCCXLII. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1836,
- By HARPER & BRoTHERs, In the Clerk's Oífice of the Southern District of New-York. P R O O E MIU M.
PATR1s Patriæ vitam, opus, sive ad viri virtutes, sive ad præclaras res ab illo et inceptas et perfec tas spectemus, omni curâ omnique diligentiâ dig nissimum, sermone Latino, procul quidem Româ et Romuleo flumine, ignotus exarare aggredior. Nullus autem dubito quin permultos invenerim, qui genus hoc scribendi naturâ suâ nimis inusita tum, meque, quod ad veteris Latii normam atti neat, plane hospitem esse judicarint. Utcunque erit, juvabit tamen famam viri, omnium sæculo rum facile principis, pro virili parte* me ipsum con secrasse, factaque ejus pulcherrima memoriæ tra didisse Latinâ immortalitate donata. Apud quos cumque autem labores nostri benevolentiam atque favorem sibimetipsis concilient, meminerint illi quam sit inter difficillima res novas ornatu antiquo vestire, et, si in aliquâ parte titubantes inveniamur, aequo illi acceperint animo atque errori veniam
concesserint. _* xviii PROOEMIUM. Scripsi Tertio Idus Martii, Anno Salutis a Christo recuperatæ Millesimo Octingentesimo vi cesimo quarto, in Republicâ Ohioënsi. CONSIRECTUS CAPITUM.
^ CAPUT PRIMUM. PAG. Washingtonii ortus atque prosapia.—Studia ejus juvenilia.— Missio ad Indos.—Ad præfectum Gallicum legatio.—Mu nitionis, cui nomen Castellum Necessitas, fortis at irrita de fensio.—Cædes Braddockiana...... 25
CAPUT SECUNDUM.
Lex iniqua, de præfectis provincialibus, Washingtonio hor tante, abrogata est.—Omnium copiarum provincialium dux constitutus est Washingtonius.—Propugnaculo Duquesne capiendo sese insignit.—Contra Gallos Indosque in finibus . pugnat.—Infirmâ valetudine coactus imperio militari sese
abdicat.—Viduam Custis uxorem ducit. • - -
CAPUT TERTIUM.
Consilii publici consors, judexque curialis, constitutus est Washingtonius.—Belli Americani causæ.—Pugna Lexing toniensis.—Collis Bunkerii prælium memorabile. . . 38
CAPUT QUARTUM. Coloniarum fœderatarum exercituum Washingtonius impera tor.—Ad Congressâs præsidem responsum.—Cantabrigiam proficiscitur.—Expositio, à Congressu prius exarata, coram militibus recitata est.—Ordinum omnium amor patriæ.—Bos toniæ obsidio.—Bostoniam vacuefaciunt Britones, apud Neo Eboracenses bellum gesturi. • • • • • • xx CONSPECTUS CAPITUM.
CAPUT QUINTUM. Pag. Bostoniâ relictâ, Novum Eboracum contendit Washingtonius. —Dux Howe Insulam Statem capit.—Curatores, à rege Bri tanno ad pacem concordiamque restituendam constituti,col loquium frustra tentant.—Milites suos jussis generalibus af fatur Wasingtonius.—Colonias fœderatas, libéras, supremas, | suisque viribus innitentes esse decernit Congressus.—In in sulâ Longâ prælium adversum...... 54
CAPUT SEXTUM. Ticonderoga ab Arnoldio expugnata est.—Canadam invadere, ducibus Schuyler et Montgomery, Congressus statuit.— Morbo ducem Schuyler ab exercitu decedere cogente, impe rium ad Montgomery devenit.—Oppidum Montis Regii captum est.—Arnoldius copias in Canadam per desertaducit. —Urbem Quebec expugnare conantur duces Americani Montgomery et Arnoldius.—Interfectus est Montgomery, Americanique ad deditionem adacti sunt.—Ducis Mont gomery elogium. - • - - - - - . 60
CAPUT SEPTIMUM. Ad Washingtonium redit narratio.—Exercitus Americanus, post pugnam in Insulâ longâ factam, animo cadit.—Ad Congressum scribit Washingtonius—Octoginta legiones conscribi à Congressu decretum.—Britones Novo Eboraco potiuntur.—Ad Regiumpontem præsidium constituit Wash ingtonius...... 68
CAPUT OCTAVUM. Rnowlton et Leitch, duces Americani, victores prælio cadunt. —Propugnaculum Washingtonium expugnatum est.—Pro pugnaculum Lee vacuant Americani.—Cornwallis per No vam Cæsaream Washingtonium persequitur.—MilitesAmer cani, stipendia emeriti, perpluros domum redeunt.—Dux Lee captus est.—CongressuiPhiladelphiamrelinquere, Baltimori amque recedere, satius visum. - - - - - 75
CAPUT NONUM. Subsidia comparare studet Washingtonius.—Exercitûs cui Lee præpositus fuerat imperium ad Sullivanum devenit.—Hes CONSPECTUS, CAPITUM. xxi
Pag. sianos, milites conductitios, superat Washingtonius.—Phila delphiam victor redit.—Americanis, post victoriam, spes belli faustissimæ.—Urbem Trentoniam occupat Washingtonius, quam postea relinquere coactus est.—Princetoniam pergit.— Eraelium.—Imperator Britannicus Brunsvicum recedit. . . 85
CAPUT DECIMUM. Ab exercitu utroque mala perpessa.—Washingtonii elogium. —Bellica Americanorum instrumenta, variis locis, capiunt Britanni.—Hostium mora.—Brunsvicum contendit Wash ingtonius.—Philadelphia, fortissime resistentibus America nis, ab hoste expugnata est. ------92
CAPUT UNDECIMUM. Clades Burgoyniana.—Ingens Americanorum lætitia.—Mor ristoniam recedit Washingtonius.—Res difficiles quibus cir cumsessus est imperator Americanus.—Quosdam è suo nu mero ad exercitùs statum inspiciendum mittit Congressus.— Foedus cum Ludovico decimo sexto, Gallorum rege, initum est.—Philadelphiam vacuefaciunt Britanni.—Insulam Rho densem Gallicis et Americanis copiis expugnare visum est. —Classes ambas, Gallicam Britannicamque, tempestas diri mit.—Canadam invadere statuit Congressus.—Contrà mo net suadetque Washingtonius. . . . * . 96 cAPUT DUODECIMUM. Spes pacis magnâ securitate Americanorum animos afficit.— Has spes inanes esse ostendit Washingtonius.—Supple menta annua tardissimè præbentur.—Legiones Novâ Cæ sareâ conscriptæ Washingtonii imperia detrectant.—Ad offi cium attamen perbrevi redeunt.—Cibariorum omnis generis caritas.—Propugnaculum, West-Point nuncupatum, adoriri parat Clintonius.—Ab hoc autem proposito decedens, ad Rempublicam Connecticutensem iter intendere constituit, illamque regionem vastat...... • 105
CAPUT DECIMUM TERTIUM. Incipit annus Christi millesimus septingentesimus octogesimus primus, secumque affèrt seditionem gravem legionis Penn XXX11 CoNSPECTUS CAPITUM;
Pae sylvaniensis militum.—Ad officium tandem seditiosi isti mi lites redeunt,-Bellum in Carolinâ acerrime gestum.---Præ lium Guilfordiense.—Eboraci apud Virginienses obsidio— Comitis Cornwallis exercitusque Britannici deditio.—Magna apud Americanos lætitia...... 113
CAPUT DECIMUM QUARTUM. Cardetonius, Eques Anglicus, Novum Eboracum, summam im perii gerens, advenit.—Certiores facit Washingtonium Con gressumque, de pace apud Parisios agi fuisse coeptum,— Pax inter Regem Britannicum Coloniasque Americanas.— Franklinii elogium. Bello confecto, novæ, propter militum stipendia, turbæ excitantur.—Fortitudo Washingtonii inque patriam amor. , , , . , . , , 124
CAPUT DECIMUM QUINTUM, Exercitui Americano valedicit Washingtonius.—Novum Ebo racum vacuefaciunt Britanni.-Washingtonius, Annapolim profectus, diploma militare suum Congressui tradit.—Wash ingtonii laudes.—Ad montem Vernonium properat.—Vitæ domi ratio.—Mons Vernonius depingitur.—Præses primus Washingtonius electus est.—Jurejurando, ad munus suum pertinente, Novi Eboraci sese obstringit.—In ærario pecunia * deficit.—Inter cives, de novâ reipublicæ formâ, dissentiones exoriuntur. • • • • • • • • • 138
CAPUT DECIMUM SEXTUM. Homines idoneos, qui reipublicæ munia obeant, delegit Wash ingtonius.—Lincolnius, Griffinus et Humphreys, qui cum Indis agerent, à Washingtonio missi sunt.—Foedus cum Indis ictum est.—Alios Indos Dux Wayne superat.—Pax his cum Indis quoque facta est,—Dominus Jay, qui pacem cum Hispaniarum rege conciliaret, dimissus est.—Re in fectâ, domum redit.—Disceptatio longa inter legatum His paniensem Præsidemque Americanum.—Multi de civibus Americanis malo in Præsidem animo sunt, et ad Hispanos sese defecturos minantur, , , , , , , 1$
CAPUT DECIMUM SEPTIMUM. Quatuor Galli, qui bellum Hispaniæ inferrent, à legato Gallico CONSPECTUS · CAPITUM. xxii1
Pag. Philadelphiâ missi sunt.—Washingtonius hos Gallos coer ceri imperat. Kentuckienses, de fluminis Mississippiensis libero usu, Congressum orant.—Thomam Pinckneyum, ad Hispaniarum regem, legatum mittit Washingtonius.—Fœ dus cum illo rege ictum.—Joannes Adams cum Britannis fœdus ferire frustra conatur.—Cur recusabant Britanni.— Hammondius à Britannorum rege ad civitates Americanas primus legatus missus est...... 144
CAPUT DUODEVICESIMUM.
Bellum inter Gallos Britannosque exoritur.—Civitates fœde ratas ab eo bello cohibere studet Washingtonius.—Amer icanorum in Britannos odium.—Dominus Jay ad Sancti Jacobi aulam legatus missus est.—Fœdus memorabile, iræ que propter illud excitatæ.—Civitates fœderatas Washing tonii prudentia belli calamitatibus eripit.—Fœdus Jayianum à Congressu sancitum.—Genetius, legatus Gallicus, ad ci • vitates Americanas missus est.—Graves cum Washingtonio inimicitias exercet...... 150
CAPUT UNDEVICESIMUM.
Civitatum fœderatarum Præses bis electus est Washingtonius. —Philadelphiæ, ut plurimum, habitat.—Morrisio, legato apud Parisios Americano, negotium datum est ut Genetius a civibus suis revocetur.—Hoc tandem à Gallis impetra tum.—Fauchetius, et, post eum, Adetius, legati Gallici mit tuntur.—Insignia Gallica, quæ præsidi Americano donare jussus erat, secum affèrt Adetius.—Ad Adetii orationem responsum Washingtonii.—Pinckneyum ad Rempublicam Gallicam legat Washingtonius.—Galli eum accipere haud dignati sunt.—Magistratu summo sese abdicat Washing tonius...... 163
CAPUT VICESIMUM. Litteris ad amioum Knox scriptis viatori fesso sese Wash ingtonius comparat.—Joannes Adams magistratum sum mum suscipit.—Ad montem Vernonium pergere Washing tonius properat.—Bona, quæ, Washingtonio præside, Amer icanis evenerant.—Bello cum republicâ Gallicâ imminente, XXiv coNSPECTUS CAPITUM.
Pag. copiarum Americanarum imperator Washingtonius consti tutus est.—Tres legatos ad Galliam mittendos curat Adams, præses Americanus.—Pax et fœdus cum gente Gallicâ. . 167
CAPUT VICESIMUM PRIMUM.
Washingtonius, gulæ inflammatione correptus, supremum diem tandem obit.—Joannis Marshall de Washingtonio, honori busque memoriæ ejus reddendis, oratio.—Honores maximi à Congressu, populoque Americano, sunt redditi.—Wash. ingtonii mores factaque fusè tractantur. . . . . 173
CAPUT VICESIMUM SECUNDUM. In hoc ultimo capite facta quædam fusius enarrantur, quæ non omnino, aut saltem levissimè, in Washingtonii vitâ
tractata sunt. • • • • - - • - 189 WASHIN G T O N II VITA.
CAPUT PRIMUM.
Washingtonii ortus atque prosapia.—Studia ejus juvenilia.- Missio ad Indos.—Ad præfectum Gallicum legatio.—Mu nitionis, cui nomen Castellum Necessitas, fortis at irrita de fensio.—Cædes Braddockiana. WIN Virginiâ, tunc temporis regni Britannici pro vinciâ, octavo kalendas Martii,' annoque salutis millesimo septingentesimo et tricesimo secundo, dux inclytus noster, patriæ decus, Georgius Wash ingtonius natus est. Avi atavique Angli erant, pater autem Virginiensis, qui, uxore priore fatis abreptâ, alteram duxit, è quà vitam accepit Wash ingtonius. Quidam, errore cæci, et Europæ gloriâ stultissime capti, Washingtonium Americanum ex stitisse omnino negaverunt; at tandem aliquando fateri coacti sunt, omne solum forti patriam esse, omnemque terram sepulcrum.' Hanc falsam fal lacissimamque sententiam multum quoque adjuvit invidia, cui aliena fama semper dolori, quæ alienas virtutes semper intabescit videndo.
1 On the eighth day before the Kalends of March, according to the Roman mode of expressing dates; or, accordingto the modern system of computation, the 22d of February.
- C. 26 WASHINGTONII VITA.
Sub patris tutelâ altus eruditusque, utrum literis Græcis atque Romanis animum suum Washing tonius appulerit parum comperimus, eamque rem igitur in medio relinquemus. Cognitum tamen perspectumque habetur, linguam Anglicanam eum penitus calluisse, et in scientiis mathematicis, ali isque id genus, doctissimè exstitisse eruditum. Perplures annos, postquam à præceptore discesse rat, doctrinam ab illo acceptam multum atque sedulo auxit ; et terræ mensoris munere, summâ cum laude peritiæque famâ, perfunctus est. Pa tre mortuo, cura patrimonii Laurentio fratri tradita, qui, valetudine parum firmâ aliquandiu usus, vitam, ingravescente morbo, immaturâ morte finivit. Post fratris obitum stipendia mereri, admodum juvenis, vigesimum agens annum, militiæque mu nera sustinere incepit; et virtutem animique vires ostendendi occasionem haud longo intervallo obla tam impigrè atque libentissimè arripuit. ' Inimici tiæ Gallici et Britannici regis in bella aperta tan tum non eruperant. A Gallis, regionem Canaden sem incolentibus, in agros colonorum Anglorum incursiones creberrimæ ferebantur esse factæ, Im peria, mandata, et rescripta ab Angliâ accepta sunt à præfecto consilioque publico Virginiæ, uti injurias hasce vi et armis propulsarent. Gubernator Vir gimiensis, Dinwiddie nomine gaudens, quum hæc mandata accepisset,juvenem Washingtoniumquam celerrime dimisit, ut facta exploraret, cum Indis WASHINGTONII VITA. 2T ageret, illosque hortaretur uti in Britannos fideles permanerent.• Hoc munere publico mirum in mo dum perfumptus est, quamvis, quippe qui admodum juvenis, ideoque rerum imperitus à nonnullis pu tabatur, et, in primis, quia in negotiis illis ad pub licarum rerum moderamem spectantibus haud mul tum adolescentia ejus versata erat, imperitiæ diffi dentia quorumdam animos invaserat. ^ Fatendum est, attamen, res, de quibus agebatur, naturâ suâ maximi fuisse momenti; non enim multo post belli inter illas nationes causæ exstiterunt; quod qui dem bellum longe lateque diffusum, ad omnes fere oras orbis terrarum pervenit, Gallosque hanc com timentem relinquere, quanquam invitos et renitentes, coegit. Reducem salvumque ex negotio tantorum peri culorum repleto, cives ubique, et omni studio, gra tiarum actione dignati sunt. Diligentia, industria, et vigilantia Washingtonii hoc in itinere clarissime sunt perspectæ; hique, qui easdem regiones postea peragrarunt, plurimum virtuti simul ac diligentiæ ejus sese debere confitebantur... Haud multo post, heros noster juvenilis à Dinwiddie, Virginiæ guber natore, ad præfectum Gallicum missus est, de in juriis questum, Anglis, qui prope flumen Ohio de gebant, contra foedera sanctissima populi utriusque illatis. In hac legatione, magnum eventum ha biturâ, animumque prudentem æque ac impavidum postulante, per regiones desertas itinera fecit, neque 28 VWASHINGTONII VITA. imbribus, neque nive, neque amnium trajectu de territus. Responso, ad alia omnia quam quæ pla cebant spectante, Virginiam longos post labores relato, delectus militum habitus est, trecenti ho mines sunt conscripti, hisque dominum Fry tribu num,' Washingtoniumque legatum, Dinwiddie com siliumque publicum dederunt. Mortuo tribuno, summum imperium Washingtonio delatum est, qui, cujusdam munitionis forti quanquam irritâ defen sione, strenui militis nomen, gloriamque permag nam comparavit. `í- Munitio, quæ ob rei necessitatem, temerè* ex tructa fuerat propè prata ingentia,* et in quâ ali quantulum copiarum relictum, hostes distinendi, deque propugnaculo, Duquesne dicto, eos amo vendi, speciem præbebat. Opere perfecto, ad pro pugnaculum Duquesne oppugnandum Americani duce Washingtonio contenderunt. Non ampliùs autem tredecim passuum millibus processerant, cum ab Indis amicis facti certiores fuerunt, ** Gal los columbarum instar in sylvis, hostilemque in morem, sedibus Anglicis instare, itemque propug naculum, quod erant oppugnaturi, nuper adauctum
1 Tribunum (scil. militum) answers in some degree to our modern term ** Colonel,” and is therefore used for it both here and in other parts of this work.—Legatus, “ a lieutenant-colonel.” Its ordinary signification in Latin authors is ** lieutenant-general.” 8 Temere, “ at random,” “in a hurry.” 8 Prata ingentia. “The great meadows,” called sometimes, by theFrench name, Prairies ; atothers, bythespanish term, Savannas, WASHINGTONII VITA. 29 fuisse.” In his rerum angustiis, consilium mili tare, unâ voce, receptum ad prata ingentia suasit: qui receptus sine morâ factus, vehementerque elab oratum, ut agger* quam maximè munitus esset. Priusquam hoc effici potuit, De Willier, præfectus Gallus, aggerem, magnâ manu aggredi coepit. Oppugnatores, arboribus crebris, altoque gra mine tuti erant. Americani, summâ virtute, Gal lorum impetum exceperunt, cumque eorum non mullis etiam intra aggerem conflixerunt, et in fossâ, valloque, acriter resistebant. Per diem totum, extra aggerem Washingtonius commoratus sua opera* fortissime defendit.. Ab horâ decimâ,* ad noctem usque pugnatum est, cum imperator Gallus collo quium petivit, deditionisque conditiones proposuit. Hæ conditiones, ita ab eo oblatæ, partim acceptæ, partim repudiatæ erant. Tandemque post discep tationem longam,* ab illo impetratum est, ut copiæ Americanæ, domum, nullo impediente, reverteren tur, arma impedimentaque* retinendi facultate con cessâ. Consilium publicum Virginiense, ob insignem
1 .ffgger. * A fort,'° ** rampart,' &c. 2 Opera. ** Works,'' thatis, fortifications, or fort. 8 Hora decima. * Ten of the clock in the morning.” The time, and the division of the day, throughoutthis work, will be eonsidered agreeably to the modern division of the day. 4 Disceptionem longam, “ a long debate,” or discussion. 5 Impedimenta. By this substantive in the plural number, will be understood, baggage qf an army, throughout the whole work. C 2 $0 WASHINGTONII VITA.
copiarum virtutem, quamvis ad deditionem coactæ fuerant, Washingtonio, ejusque sociis gratias ha bendas esse decrevit; itemque aliquantulum pe cuniæ, gregariis militibus,* qui pugnæ adfuerant, quique sese virtute insigniverant, donandum judi cavit. Attamen, bellicas expeditiones omnes in reliquum annum omittendas esse statuit. Tem pore agendi peracto,* legio* in manipulos parvulos redacta est, imperioque militari Washingtonius sese abdicavit. Lis de terris occasum inter et septentrionem po sitis, quæ in Virginià primùm agitari cœpta, sum mo studio à Britanniâ magnâ suscepta fuit: du aeque legiones Britannicæ ex Hiberniâ Columbi ad terram solverunt*, quæ regis Anglici jura tuerentur. Initio anni millesimi septingentesimi quinquage simi quinti, cursu transmisso, Virginienses ad oras duce Braddockio appulerunt.* Dux iste famosus de Washingtonii ingenio certior factus, heroa nostrum invitavit, ut sibi legatus voluntarius adesset. \Quod
1 Gregariis militibus. By these words is understood, a common or private soldier: gregarius, the adjective, being derived from greae, a flock. a Tempore agendi peracto. “The time of action being over,” the season of action being past; the gerund agendi being put in an ab solute sense, governing res, or a similar noun implied. 3 Legio. By this word will be understood, a regiment, battaliom, or brigade: as the Roman legion, consisted of different comple ments of men at different periods. 4 Solverunt (naves) ** set sail;” literally, ** loosed their ships.* 5 Jìppulerunt, (scil. naves,) “landed.” Verbatim, * drove their ships to.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 81 munus lætè acceptum, Washingtoniusque sese Alexandriæ Braddockio ascivit ; et ad aggerem posteà Cumberland nuncupatum, comite duce, processit. Hic, equorum, plaustrorum, cibariorumque inopia dierum duodecim remoram exercitui injecit.* Equo rum clitellariorum usum pro plaustris, ad exer citùs impedimenta vehendum, jam inde ab initio, ÖVashingtonius suasit. Consilii hujusce utilitas cito eluxit, ideoque mutatio magna facta. Exer citus non longiùs denis passuum millibus à pro pugnaculo Cumberland processerat, cum Wash ingtonium febris vehementer gravis corripuit : qui tamen apud exercitum mansit, vehiculo convecto, quoniam equo insidere, præ debilitate, haud poterat. Ducem monebat, ut tormentorum bellicorum appa ratum, nec non impedimenta relinqueret, quamque maximis itineribus ad aggerem Cumberland con tenderet, cum copiis nonnullis delectis, parvo com meatu, levisque armaturæ peditibus. Spes magna exercitum tenebat, magno itinere confecto, propugnaculum Duquesne, præsidio par vo firmatum, opprimi posse, antequam auxilia ex pectata pervenirent; Consilium istud Braddockius probabat, minoraque ad prata* consilium militare convocavit, quo in consilio decretum, imperatorem cum mille ducentis lectis militibus iter facere opor
1 JMinoraque ad prata. “The little meadows," to discriminate them from the great meadows, mentioned before, 32 WASHINGTONII VITA. tere, tribunumque Dunbarium cum reliquis copiis, impedimentisque manere. Hæc prior acies' iter cum triginta tantùm plaustris facere coepit, at mo ra itinerisque tarditas consilii militaris opinione majores erant. Sæpè solum æquandi, pontesque in fluentis parvulis faciendi causâ, iter intermis sum. Quatriduum undevicenorum milliarium iter conficiendo absumptum fuit. Hic Washingtonii valetudo* adeo infirmum corpus reddiderat, ut longius sine capitis periculo ire nequiret. Simul ac corporis vires sinebant, se ad aciem priorem contulit, extemploque, ad munus exequendum, pro virili,* accinctus est.* Postridie, strages terribilis exercitui obtigit. Julii die nono, Monongahelà trajectâ, cum propugnac ulum Duquesne haud longè jam abesset, pericu lique sine metu exercitus incederet, in agmen, viâ apertâ, gramine multo obsitâ, impetus factus• Galli Indique commisti, oculorum effugientes obtutum, armis ignivomis, agmen nostrum, in latus apertum,
1 Prior acies. By these words we understand, the * advanced guard,” or “van of the army:” the substantive acies, amongst other significations, means, “an army in battle array,” a “line ofbattle.” 2 Valetudo. By this noun is here meant, an infirm or bad state of health; the word being used for either good or bad bealth: and often implies sickness, as here. 8 Pro virili, (scil. parte,) accordingto his utmost strength orability. 4 Jlccinctus est, set about, prepared himself, a metaphor taken from the Roman dress; those who set about any business, girded thcir flowing robes, with a view to despatch. Hence, discinctus, * ungirded,” means, “idle,” “dissolute.” WASHINGTONII VITA, 33 ex insidiis petere cœperunt. Prima acies in proxi mam relapsa, agmenque totum illicò perturbatum. Hostes, præfectos maximè collineantes, multos oc ciderunt. Perbrevi omnes ducis adjutores aut vulnerati, aut occisi sunt, Washingtonio excepto. Ad heroa, igitur, nostrum imperii summa devenit, qui in confertissimos hostes incurrere, retroque gradum dare, nunc suos ad fortiter pugnandum hortari, nunc vim addere victis, assiduè persevera vit. Equi duo, quibus insidebat, glandibus plum beis,* suffossi fuére ; quatuorque glandes plumbeæ per tunicam transiêre, attamen incolumis evasit, omnibus aliis præfectis aut interfectis, aut graviter vulneratis. Washingtonium omninòincolumem inter tantum occisorum acervum servari, omnibus ferè incredi bile visum:—at Deus, Optimus, Maximus, eum ad alia et majora reservavit. Inter hanc tantam stragem clademque, Washingtonius summam vir tutem ostendit. Braddockius, inter glandium plumbearum multitudinem infinitam ultro citroque volitantium, interritus permansit, suosque, ne loco cederent, neve terga verterent, vultu gestuque est? hortatus. At virtus tam insignis inanis fuit, mili tarisque disciplina, milites Britannos ordines servare cogens, tantummodò certius ignobiliusque exitium viris fortibus attulit. , | —i— 1 Glandibus plumbeis. By these are meant “bullets,” in which sense the words will be uniformly taken throughout the work. 34 WASHINGTONII VITA.
Inscius cum Indis pugnandi Braddockius, nec in hostes irruit, nec pedem retrò tulit, sed copias suas improviso impetu disjectas, loco, undè hostium vim primùm sustinuerant, consistere jussit: nudi,'enim, in munitos arboribus crebroque frutice pugnabant. Præmonitus periculum,* cui copias caputque suum objectabat, milites provinciales, suos præcedere nolebat, ut sylvas insidiasque explorarent, sed consilium tam salutare sprevit; quamobrem teme ritatis pœnas morte luebat. Per tres horas pugnatum, quo in spatio, dux tres equos, quibus insidebat, amisit, tandemque vulnus accepit, quod in Dunbarii, tribuni mihtum, castris, vitæ exitum attulit.—Vulnerato Brad dockio, copiæ in partes omnes diffugêre, nec antè acies instaurari poterat, quàm Monongahelam tra jecerant. Indi prædâ allecti, haud acriter inse cuti sunt. Victi veterami sese ad castra Dumlapii citò receperunt, ibique impedimentis, quorum non indigebant, deletis, Philadelphiam profecti sunt. -
1 JNudi. Bythis adjective we understand, * unguarded,” or * ex posed.” 2 Periculum. Grammarians assure us that those verbs which, in the active voice, govern two cases, retain the latter case in the passive. But, as no verb can govern two accusatives at the same time, we must supply a preposition to the accusative of the thing. Such constructions are mere Hellenisms, orimitations of the Greek: thus, in the sentence before us, præmonitus (secundum, or quoad) periculum, “forewarned as respects the danger.” v WASHINGTONII VITA. 35
a • , , cAPUT SECUNDUM. feae iniqua, de præfecfis provincialibus, Washingtonio hor tante, abrogata est.—Omnium copiarum provincialium duae constitutus est Washingtonius.—Propugnaculo Duquesne capiendo sese insignit.—Contra Gallos Indosque in finibus pugnat.—Infirmâ valetudine coactus imperio militari sese abdicat.—Viduam Custis uzorem ducit.
Ex senatûs consulto Angliæ regni, vel forsitan comitiorum apud Virginienses, decretum est “præ fectum nullum provincialem, qui auctoritatem ab rege non traxerit, alteri, regio diplomate donato,im perare posse :* Quod multi ex præfectis provincia libus ægrè ferentes, imperio militari sese abdicave runt. In his fuit Washingtonius, qui paulò post exercitûs Britannici cladem insignem, cujus modò meminimus, indignans regia diplomata' non ex merito, sed purpuratorum,* optimatumve voluntate pendere, literas* ad Gubernatorem Virginiensem aliosque misit, in quibus legem tam iniquam res
1 By Diplomata regia we here understand, “a commission de rived from the king.” 2 Purpuratorum. ** Noblemen,” or ** courtiers;” an adjective used substantively : by the more modern Roman writers, especially Sue tonius, the noun aulicus, from aula, a hall, or court, was used to convey the same idea. 8 Literas, « a letter,'* or * epistle,” sent on any business toafriend Qr foe. 86 WASHINGTONII VITA.
cindi oportere dixit. Cujus precibus obtemperavere comitia; tantæque virtutis in præmium, Guberna tor Virginiensis eum copiis omnibus provinciæ illius praefecit. Anno millesimo septingentesimo quinquagesimo octavo, heros noster juvenilis exercitûs ducis For besii partem ductavit, et, propugnaculo Duquesne capiendo, sese insignivit. Hoc bello feliciter gesto, animum ad rei militaris scientiam intendit.. Veli tationes crebræ cum Gallis Indisque, locis syl vestribus circa fines, vigilantiam prudentiamque edocuére, ausorumque magnorum aviditatem ge nuère. Copiæ, quas ductabat, contra hostes as tutissimos confligere paulatim sunt assuefactæ.— Gallorum agilitatem, Indorumque feritatem, supe ravit virtute.- Plurimis præliis victis hostibus, longèque trans fines colonicos recedere coactis, propugnaculisque, quæ secundum fluvium Ohio ceperat, præsidio, quod satis videbatur, munitis, Forbesius imperator exercitum in hibernacula re
duxit. - Per hoc bellum decretorium, quod coloniis me diis tranquillitati salutique fuit, Washingtonius multas difficultates perpessus est quibus valetudo imminuebatur. Pulmonum morbo, corporisque debilitate correptus, munia militaria obire haud poterat, quocirca, ineunte vere anni millesimi sep tingentesimi quinquagesimi moni, imperio se abdi cavit, Vernoniumque ad montem secessit. ! Erga WASHINGTONII VITA. 37 meritum tantum, haud ingrata fuit legio Virgini ensis, quæ, post ejus abdicationem, gratiarum actiones illi unâ voce decrevit: quod amoris pig nus Washingtonii pectus pietate in commilitones replevit: propter, enim, pietatem in patriam, pa rentes, et amicos, per totam vitam benè audiebat.* Post biennium, valetudine saniore usus, viduam, gaudentem nomine Custis, uxorem duxit. Dom ina hæcce Washingtonio æquæva fuit, tamque animi dotibus, quàm corporis formâ, inter popu lares eminuit.
1 Benè audiebat, “had agood character;" ** was well spoken of;” literally and at large, he heard well, (ofhimself,) de se being under stood after the verb audiebat. 38 WASHINGTONII VITA.
CAPUT TERTIUM.
Consilii publici consors, judeaeque curialis, constitutus est Washingtonius.—Belli Americani causæ.—Pugna Leaeing toniensis.—Collis Bunkerii prælium memorabile. INTEREA, magistratus, consilii publici consors, judexque curialis' factus est. At tempus instabat, quo, Washingtonium hæc munia honorifica relin quere, civiumque suorum jura contra paucorum potentium apud Anglos tyrannidem vindicatum* ire oportebat. Bellum Americanum ab erroribus paucorum politiam* Angliæ exercentium, renixu- . que colonorum nonnullorum in taxationem Sena tûs Britannici iniquam, originem duxit. Alia quoque causa belli civilis Britanniam inter et co lonias movendi ad superiorem accessit, quæ priùs explicanda videtur, quàm ad Martis discrimina
nosmet accingamus. - Coloni primi, qui ex Angliâ, ad inhospita Co lumbi litora demigraverant, potissimùm patriam fugiebant, ne ob religionem vexarentur. Numi
1 Curialis. Thejudge ofa court; from curia, a court, or senate house. 2 Vindicatum, “to avenge;” the former supine placed after ire. 8 Politiam, “rule," or “civil government;” from a Greek noun, implying a city, state, or community. N. B. Politia has the penult long. I WASHINGTONII VITA. 89 nis' afflatu fulti, omnia pericula peregrinâ in terrâ adibant, malumque Jovem,* Indorumque ferita tem, famem, calorem, frigus, ultro perpessi. Hæc mala varia, invictà virtute constantiâque supera bant ; infortuniumque omne subire, quam religi onis causâ vexari, præstare arbitrabantur. Has cogitationes secum portantes, solum incultum om ni frugum genere feracissimum reddiderunt. Paulo post pacém Parisiensem, Christi anno mil lesimo septingentesimo sexagesimo tertio factam, ratio nova colonias Anglicas regendi instituta fuit. Solitæ libertatis tanta subitò imminutio est facta, ut duodecim spatio annorum, nil præter solum cœlumque ferè reliquum habebant. Senatus Bri tannicus, in quo nulli erant coloniarum vicem ge rentes, non solùm vindicavit, sed etiam exercuit, colonos, ad arbitrium, jus taxandi. Hæc postu latio, Magnæ Chartæ* tam contraria, quæque dis crimina tam invidiosa inter eidem regi subditos, diversa maris Atlantici litora habitantes, induxit, ut turbæ graves inter colonos excierentur, effecit. -+- Longa mora esset dicere, quantâ pervicaciâ, quantâque lite à Senatu Britannico colonias Amer
1 JNuminis, &c. By these words we mean enthusiasts, such persons as conceived themselves inspired, or the peculiar favorites of heaven. a Jovem. By this word is understood, “the climate,” air, atmo sphere, agreeably to the notions of some nations ofthe present day, that the deity exists in the air; a figure common among the classics. a Chartæ, the great charter, the bulwark of English liberties. 40 WASHINGTONII VITA. icanas jus taxandi arrogatum sit. Nunc vero ad Martis horrentia arma maturemus, satis, enim, de causis hujusce belli, jam dictum esse puto.
• Dux Gage, qui, ineunte anno millesimo, septin gentesimo, septuagesimo quinto, exercitui Anglico Bostoniæ præfuit, certior factus, vim magnam* instrumentorum apparatúsque belli, Concordiæ, apud Novanglos, coactam fuisse, manipulos* non nullos, qui vim istam delerent, misit. Hancock ium Adamiumque, Congressûs provincialis, qui tunc temporis Concordiæ convenerat, viros prin cipes, apprehendi jussit. Hi manipuli, die Aprilis undevicesimo, anno suprà dicto, primâ luce, iter Bostoniâ facere cœperunt, summo silentio profecti, apprehensoque quoque obvio,* me adventu impro viso vicinitas commoveretur ; qui tamen, armorum ignivomorum tintinnabulorumque sonitu assiduo, consilia sua à colonis patefieri viderunt. Horâ quintâ, Lexingtoniam, quindecim milliaria Bostoniâ distantem, pervenerunt. Militia, viridi in campo, juxta oppidulum suprà dictum, à præ
1 Vim magnam. By the noun vim, is here implied, “quantity,” * number," or ** multitude.” 2 Manipulos, “detachments,'' or ** companies of troops;” some what similar to what we commonly call, a captain's company, in modern armies. 8 Quoque obvio. *Each,” or * every one they met; quoque being the ablative case of the compounded pronoun quisque, placed abso lutely with the participle apprehenso. The cause of their arresting all whom they met, and proceeding with such circumspection, was with a view of not alarming the minute-men in the vicinity. WASHINGTONII VITA. 41 fectis provincialibus, armorum ignivomorum ad usum, exercebatur. Legatus Pitcairnus, qui ma nipulo Britannico præfuit, magnâ voce clamavit, “fugite, rebelles, arma abjicite, inque fugam vos metipsos abripite.” Militiâ provinciali iisdem ves tigiis inhærente, locoque cedere nolente, Pitcairnus milites regios militiam provincialem armis ignivo mis petere jussit, quibus displosis, multi ex Amer icanis aut interfecti, aut vulnerati sunt. Copias inde Concordiam duxit, ubi belli instrumenta ibi recondita deleta sunt. Militia colonica contra co pias regias acerrimè velitabatur, quâ certatione multi utrinque occisi. Copias regias Concordiâ sese Lexingtoniam recipientes, per sex milliarium spatium, magno impetu insequebantur Americani, qui, de lapideis muris, tuti, eas mirâ celeritate in cedentes, omni telorum genere, petebant.- Copiis regiis laborantibus recentes nonnulli manipuli, cum duobus tormentis majoribus,' Lexingtoniæ sub veniebant. Sub Maii mensis finem, regiæ copiæ plurimæ Bostoniam adventabant, Howe, Burgoyne, Clin tonioque, ducibus inclytis, imperantibus. Haud longè a Bostoniâ, collis, nomine Bunker, situs est, quem colonorum manipulus, Junii die decimo sexto, cepit, eumque munire instituit ; tantâque
i Tormentis majoribus. By these are implied, * cannons,” or “great guns,” of any capacity, in which sense they will be under stood throughout the work. D 2 42 WASHINGTONII VITA.
diligentiâ operi incubuit, ut, priusquam lucesceret, munimentum vallumque castris penè circumjecerit. Quod ut vidére copiæ regiæ, assiduâ tormentorum majorum, omnigenorumque armorum ignivomo rum, oppugnatione, opera solo æquare, propugna toresque vallo fossâque depellere enixè conabantur. Coloni, tamen, ab opere non cessabant, meridiem que circiter munimenta omnia perfecerant: quæ Americanorum audacia duces Anglos adeo effera vit, ut ad collis Bunkerii radices peditum legionem exponerent.' Copiæ regiæ summâ virtute collem ascende runt; cum autem Americanorum vallo castrisque appropinquarent, tantus glandium plumbearum imber in eos subitò est effusus, ut torrentis ritu,* per semi-horam, caderet. Cædes tam infinita facta, ut milites veterani, se stragem terribiliorem nunquam vidisse confiterentur. Dux Howe, cujus virtus hac pugnâ clarissimè perspecta, paulisper ferè solus permansit, præfectorum militumque parte maximâ aut occisâ, aut vulneratâ. At tandem, copiis recentibus adventantibus, Americani dare terga coacti. Oppidulum, quòd de domibus copiæ colonicæ propugnabant, quòdque eis, inter pugnan dum, perfugio erat, incensum fuit.
1 Exponerent. * They landed,” (de navibus scilicet,) literally, “they put out (oftheir ships.”) 2 Torrentis ritu. * After the fashion, or manner, ofa land-flood, or torrent.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 43
In hoc prælio, pro numero pugnantium, cædes major utrinque facta, quam in ullâ aliâ pugnâ, quæ totius belli spatio obtigit. Ex parte Britan norum, mille homines cadebant; quingenti insig nes viri de numero Americanorum, eo die, luce' carebant; in his fuit Warrenius, medicus præcla rus, orator disertus, vir patriæ amantissimus, qui cives suos in Anglorum dominationem injustam accendere haud destitit. Hoc prælio facto, copiæ colonicae propugnacula aggeremque loco excelso contra Carolopolim fecêre ; agilitate audaciâque hostium animos perculsere, eò magis, quòd, vete rani Britanni suam laudem* virtutemque prædi cantes, militiam provincialem ex animo despicere solebant. Præsidium Bostoniense, ad inediæ ex tremum, jam diuturnâ obsidione deductum.
1 Luce. “Life;" lucis frequently used, figuratively, for life, es pecially among the poets. 2 Laudem. “Commendable, or praiseworthy actions;” for laus means often, not so much praise, as those deeds, which merit it: thus Virg. “ Sunt etiam hic sua præmia laudi,” “Noble deeds have their own rewards, even here.” 44 WASHINGTONII VITA.
CAPUT QUARTUM.
Coloniarum fæderatarum exercituum Washingtonius impe rator.—Ad Congressûs præsidem responsum.—Cantabri giam proficiscitur.—Expositio, d Congressu prius erarata, coram militibus recitata est.—Ordinum omnium amor pa tria.—Bostomiæ obsidio.—Bostoniam vacuefaciunt Bri tones, apud Neo-Eboracenses bellum gesturi. WASHINGTONIUs, vicem civitatis Virginiensis, in coloniarum foederatarum Congressu, gerens, ad Americani exercitûs summum imperium, nemine contradicente, electus est; stipendium quoque ei à Congressu quam amplissimum decretum ; quod, tamen, strenuè detrectavit. Responsi ejus ad Con gressûs præsidem hæc fuit sententia. * Domine præses, Etsi verè sentio, quam valdè hâc designa tione me honore extuleritis, tamen, magnopere vereor, ne animi vires, ususque rei militaris,' impe rium tam magnum, tamque latè divisum exæquare haud possint: quoniam, tamen, ita vult Congressus, ad grande munus me ipsum accingam. Summis porrò viribus, ne civium jura causaque decora im minuantur, enitar.^ Gratias quam maximas civi bus ex animo habeo, ob pignus hoc insigne in me amoris. Sed ne quis casus infaustus, qui famam
1 Ususque, &c. * And experience in the art of war.” WASIIINGTONII VITA. 45 nomenque in discrimen ferat, mihi eveniat, omnes, qui adsunt, hodie monitos velim, me, imperio, quo honestatus sum, vires inferiores esse confiteri. Quo ad stipendium, Domine Præses, Congressum certi orem fieri volo, quum, nullâ pecuniæ aviditate in ductus, imperium tam arduum acceperim, tantum que otii privati et felicitatis dispendium fecerim, ita, ex designatione meâ, lucrifacere prorsus à me alienum esse. Sumptuum rationem,' quam veris simè potero, tenebo:—Pecuniam, quam in com moda publica, necessariò impenderim, mihi, ut spero, cives mei persolvent: hoc mihi sufficit, nec Congressum largiora flagito.* Postridie ejus diei, diploma speciale,* à Con gressu fœderatarum coloniarum Washingtonio da tum, in quo, præcipuè cautum erat, ne quid de trimenti libertas Americana caperet. Simul à Congressu decretum, “se Washingtonium omnibus facultatibus fortunisque adjuturos, in libertate Americanâ sustinendâ.” In mandatis erat, exer citum ordinare et disponere prout ei utilissimum factu videretur; simulque cavere, ne jura Ameri
i Sumptuum rationem. “ An account of expenses:” his disinte restedness induced him to decline all pecuniary compensation, save and except indispensable expenses: these, he trusted, his country's munificence would eventually discharge. 2 Diploma speciale, “ a special or particular commiseion ;" Wash ington's commission was dated June 17, 1775, and signed by Pey ton Randolph, as president, and Charles Thomson, as secretary, of the Congress of the United Colonies ; it was resigned to Congress, from whom it emanated, at Annapolis, in 1783, 46 WASHINGTONII VITA. cana imminuantur :—Sub Julii mensis initium, Washingtonius Cantabrigiam apud Novanglos pro fectus est, ut exercitûs Americani imperium ca pesseret. Consilia Publica Novi Eboraci, et Massachusetts, ei de imperio gratulabantur. Cum ad castra Can tabrigiensia pervenisset, summo gaudio, lætitià que, ab exercitu receptus. Copias regias in colle Bunkerio consedisse, tribusque propugnaculis in natantibus munitas, colonicas vero collibus tribus vallum aggeremque præduxisse invenit. Cum copiæ colonicæ solito agrestique vestitu ad cas tra accessissent, chlamyde venaticâ, æquabilitatis causâ, eas indui jussit. Washingtonius magnum hominum numerum ratione castrensi malè insti tutum, armis bellique apparatu haud bene instruc tum, comperit.4- Præterea, machinarum bellicarum artifices, instrumentaque cujuscunque generis ad propugnacula facienda, illis defuerunt. Exercitus, porrò, ex tam variis ducibus provinciisque compo situs, ad disciplinam militarem ægerrime traductus. Duces audaces, hostilitatis' initio, sese insighive rant, deductoresque sibi adeo obnoxios* fecerant, ut à præfectis, nisi suo ipsorum electu constituti fue rint, dirigi nolebant.
1 Hostilitatis: “hostility;” this noun, although good Latin, is not used by any classic, to my recollection, with the exception of Sen eca : being derived from hostis, which anciently signified, a foreigner. 2 Obnoxios, * attached to their persons.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 47 Hominum liberorum effrenam licentiam disci plinæ militari repentè subjicere, difficultatis pru dentiæque erat: quam, tamen, Washingtonius solertiâ mirâ, sibique ferè propriâ, facillimè coer cuit.y Copiis recensitis, hæc ad Congressum scrip sit; “ Ad exercitum conficiendum, eximiam ma teriem, viros robustos, virtutisque indubitatæ, et causæ, de quâ certatur, studiosos, hic invenio.” - Iisdem literis, belli apparatûs, castrensis ornatûs, multorumque quorum indigebat exercitus, ino piam conquestus est. Washingtonius, coram ex ercitu, expositionem,'à Congressu priùs exaratam, belli suscipiendi causas rationemque exhibentem, recitari et promulgari jussit. Hæcce expositio, sermone forti scripta, locos hos insignes præ se tulit : “Si homines, ratione præditi, animum ad cre dendum inducant, naturæ nostræ auctorem divi num, humani generis partem, aliorum posses siones invadere, imperiumque in alios intermina tum* exercere, voluisse f. Deique optimi maximi infinitam sapientiam bonitatemque, alios justæ dominationi addictos, obstrictos, deditos, aliis tra dere statuisse ; harum coloniarum accolæ indige næque, à Senatu Anglico, aliquod indicium, quod, tyrannidem hanc diram Anglis præcipue datam
1 Expositionem, “ a declaration, orexposition," settingforthgriev ances, &c. * Interminatum, “unlimited* or *boundless' power. 48 WASHINGTONII VITA. demonstret probetque, certè postulare summoque jure petere debent :—At Creatoris magni obser vantia cultusque, humanitatis effata, sensûs com munis præcepta, omnes, qui istis de rebus, unquam cogitavêre, evincent, imperium, ad generis humani salutem provehendam, felicitatemque augendam promovendamque, antiquitùs a Deo institutum fu isse:- Senatus, autem Britannicus, immoderatâ imperii libidine incensus, quam justitiæ non solùm adversam, sed ne regni quidem ipsius Anglici for mæ consonam esse novit, successumque felicem, in genere quovis certaminis, in quo justi verique ratio habita sit, desperans,colonias hasce vi in servitu tem redigendi consilium crudele cepit, inivitque: nosque ad extremam armis propulsandi à cervicibus nostris gladios districtos necessitatem compulerunt. Tamen, quantumvis Senatus iste, præ nimià im perii aviditate, cæcutiat, jusque et hominum existi mationem contemnat, nosmetipsos, ob amorem in gentes reliquas, ad causae, quâ versamur, justitiam exponendam impelli arbitramur.” + Hæcce expositio audax et perspicua, sexto Julii die, Christi anno millessimo septingentesimo sep tuagesimo quinto, Philadelphiæ data,' et à Joanne Hancockio, et Carolo Thomson, subscripta. Ille Congressûs præses, hic autem à secretis* fuit.
1 Data, ** dated,” thus Cicero, datum pridi Id. Jun. Literally, *given.” 2.4 secretis, “a secretary :*' thus, à libellis, a masterofrequests,&c. WASHINGTONII VITA. - 49 Eodem ferè tempore, coloniæ inter se concordiâ mirâ consentiebant. Amor patriæ ordines omnes, cujusque ætatis homines incitavit : præjudicia etiam religiosa insigni patriæ studio superabantur. Tremebundorum' adolescentes plurimi ad coetus militares sese aggregaverant. Nec studium hocce libertatis communis tuendæ viros magis quam fœminas tenebat : conventu, enim, fœminarum comitatûs* Bristoliensis apud Pennsylvanos habito, pecuniæ satis grandis summa, ad conscribendam instruendamque legionem, confecta et coacta fuit. 4 Hujus legionis militibus conscriptis et in unum coactis, nurus* ab reliquis delegata est, quæ vexillo splendido, emblematibus aptis ornato, legionem doparet. Eodem tempore, orationem vehementem apud legionem habuit, sicque præfectos militesque effata dicitur ; ** Ne Columbi terræ dominarum vexilla deserant, nisi nurus Americanas nomina inter milites dare et profiteri cupiant.* • Exercitus, cui præfectus Washingtonius, ex quindenis ferè hominum millibus constabat. Sex tilis die quarto, pulveris nitrati apud colonos, et
1 Tremebundorum, “ Quakers,” or, as they are sometimes called, friends; a class of people, who, for moral integrity amd strict ob servance of the duties which adorn the human character, would do honor to any system of faith ; it must be confessed, however, that they do not, generally, encourage classic literature, or in fine, any department of the belles lettres. 2 Comitatas, ** a county,” from comes, “an earl or count.” • JNurus, properly, a son's wife, a daughter-in-law, but in this passage it means “ a young married lady." 5 50. WASHINGTONII VITA. provinciarum quatuor inter Novanglos armamen taria publica, copia omnis ferè absumpta fue rat. In hoc statu egeno, exercitus per hebdoma das duas permansit.- Etsi ad legiones supplendas, exercitumque conficiendum conflandumque, vehe mentissime elaboratum, enixeque sudatum fuerat, legiones, tamen, haud suppletæ. Causæ plurimæ aversationem hanc à nomina' profitendo procrea bant. Exercitus mala multa perpessus, fomitis* vis exigua ; vestium nec non cibariorum copia satis larga ad frigus famemque arcendum militi bus haud suppetebat. Variolæ* multos à nomina dando absterrebant. Causa, autem, præcipua mi litiam detrectandi à re militari aversatio fuit. Ut legiones faciliùs explerentur, munificentiæ* ampli oris, in milites conscribendos, periculum* suasit Washingtonius: cujus consilio, tandem, sub Jan uarii mensis finem, anno millesimo septingentesimo septuagesimo sexto ab Christo nato, coloniarum fœderatarum Congressus obsecundavit. Hoc et insequenti mense, exercitus multùm militum nu mero adauctus.- 1 JNomina dare vel profiteri, “to enlist or enrol themselves as sol diers.” 2 Fomitis, “fuel, wood, &c.,” so called from foveo, *I cherish," because fuel cherishes and feeds the fire. 8 Variolæ, “the small-pox,” so termed from the active verb Vario, I vary, or diversify, from their variegated and chequered appearance om the surface of the human body. N. B. This word is of modern latinity. 4 Munificentiæ, “bounty to soldiers.” 5 Periculum, “experiment,” trial, or essay. WASHINGTONII VITA. 51 Eodem tempore, obsidione cingebatur Bostomia, Britonesque oppido inclusi erant : quæ, tamen, ob sidio cives Americanos spe longè fefellit: tantas, enim, copias, omnibellico instrumento apparatuque, et armorum genere omni instructas ornatasque ar bitrabantur: fama, namque, copias, quibus præpo situs Washingtonius, triplò regiis majores esse ferebat. Vera copiarum multitudo, bellique instru menta, quibus male- ornabantur, Britones* sedulò celabantur. Cives vehementiâ quadam mirâ, mó ræque impatientiâ, copias regias Bostoniâ expulsas jampridem spectare avebant: idque spectaculum tam gratum pariter voluit Washingtonius ; curâ, autem, prudentiâque sibi opus esse meritò duxit. Commoda, quæ ex præclaro aliquo facinore, ad causam communem, quâ versabatur, proventura essent, animo Š se inertiæ igna viæque ab nonnullis insimulari, imperiumque sibi à Congressu creditum prolatare, et in longum,* sui commodi gratiâ, bellum trahere se velle, à qüi busdam dici, nesciebat. Hæc civium murmura
1 Britones. **Were carefully concealed from the British.” See what has been said in a preceding note, on certain passives govern ing an accusative case. The construction is, secundum or quoad Britomes. a Wec, &c. « Nor was he ignorant that he was accused by some ofinactivity and cowardice, and that it was said by certain persons, that he wished to protract the command intrusted to him by Con gress, and to lengthen out the war for the sake of his own ad vantage.” s In longum, (tempus, seu spatium,) “for a long space oftime." 52 WASHINGTONII VITA. aequo animo tulit, Bostoniamque versus animum intentum habuit, et occasionem copias regias ultrò
invadendi ex animo' quæsivit. - Tandem Britones Bostoniam reliquisse, Halifax que copiis omnibus contendere, certior factus. Bos toniâ ab Anglis desertâ, eam Washingtonius copiis omnibus, magno civium gaudio, intravit. Oppi dani, acerbitatibus præsidiario* de more vitam agendi, variisque contumeliis, quibus obnoxii fue rant, liberati solutique, Washingtonium liberato rem et servatorem consalutant. Coloniarum quo que fœderatarum Congressus ei gratias agendas, esse decrevit. Vacuefactà à Britonibus Bostomiâ, ordo seriesque rerum in meliùs mutabantur, Wash ingtonii, autem, laboribus interim haud imminutis Cum hostibus deinceps longè potentioribus confli gendum erat.* Exercitus enim Anglicanus, apud Bostonienses, nil aliud præter metàs Massachu setts Provinciæ injectionem sibi voluit. Bellum, autem, anno millesimo septingentesimo septuage simo sexto ab Christo nato, apud Neo-Eboracenses longè amplissimis copiis quas vidit unquam anteà terra Columbi,* geri cœptum. Classis exercitus 1 Ex animo, “from his heart,” “cordially, heartily.” 2 Præsidiario, “of living after a garrison fashion;” of leading a garrison life; the noun adjective, præsidiarius, is derived from the substantive præsidium, “ a garrison,” guard, or defence. 8 Terra Columbi, “ theland of Columbus;” by this we understand the United States of North America, and not the other discoveries in the West Indies and elsewhere, of that most enterprising and distinguished navigator. WASHINGTONII VITA. 53 que Anglicanus ex quinquaginta quinque homi num millibus tunc temporis constabant, cunctas que colonias fœderatas in regiam potestatem redi gendi, armisque pacandi, consilium iniére.
E 2 54 WASHINGTONII VITA.
CAPUT QUINTUM.
Bostonâ relictâ, Novum Eboracum contendit Washingtonius. — Duae Howe Insulam Statem capit.—Curatores, à rege Bri tanno ad pacem concordiamque restituendam constituti, col loquium frustra tentant.—Milites suos jussis generalibus affatur Washingtonius.—Colonias fœderatas, liberas, su premas, suisque viribus innitentes esse decernit Congressus. —In insulâ Longâ prælium adversum. FUTURUM bellum in Novo Eboraco, provincià propè centrali, feliciùs geri, exercitus cibariorum genere omni ex insulis vicinis commodiùs instrui,et classe Anglicâ faciliùs defendi, potuit. Ob eas cau sas, Bostoniam vacuefacere, copiasque omnes Novi Eboraci cogere, jamdudùm in Senatu Anglico sta tutum fuerat. Causæ eædem, quæ Britannos Novi Eboraci potiri induxerunt, Washingtonium quoque ad eos præoccupandos* impediendosque impule runt; magnum, itaque, militum numerum Bos toniâ dimisit, imperioque duci Lee dato, munità que Bostoniâ, cum exercitu reliquo Novum Ebo racum tendit, omniaque, quæ ad defensionem pertinerent, sedulò paravit. Tempus satis diutur num huic negotio conficiendo concessum;* nam
1 Præoccupandos, ** to prevent,” anticipate, or forestall them. s Concessum, ** was granted,” or allowed to the Americans by WAsHINGToNII VITA. 55 que Dux Howe, quem Novum Eboracum tendere rectâ oportebat, cum copiis præsidio Bostoniæ sub ductis Halifax petivit. Illic auxilia ab Angliâ expectata opperiebatur; at tandem, moræ impa tiens, sine auxiliis Eboracum Novum solvit, subque Junii finem insulam Statem cepit. Frater ejus, classis præfectus, cum copiis navalibus auxiliis que pedestribus ad oras Neo-Eboracenses paulò post naves appulit:' fratrumque duorum copiis conjunctis, ad bellum redintegrandum parata om nia videbantur. Ante belli initium, Anglicani exercitûs dux, ejus que frater, qui classi præerat, curatores* a rege Bri tanno, ad pacem concordiamque Angliam inter et colonias restituendam, constituti, colloquia de pace transigendà habere decernunt. In hujus negotii inceptionem, literas ad ** Georgium Washingtonium” miserunt, quas accipere renuit, eò quòd, titulo, ordini debito, inscriptio carebat: simulque, eâ de re, ad Congressum scripsit, “ Se nunquam neces $ariis supervacanea prætulisse, at, hâc in re, hono the departure of thc British for Halifax.—The gerundive adjective conficiendo, in the above sentence, is dependant on concessum; it might be expressed otherwise, thus, ad hoc negotium conficiendum; hujus negotii conficiendi, or hoc negotium conficiendi; in which two last cases, conficiendi is governed by the noun tempus. i.Naves appulit, “landed;” literally, he drove to (land) the ships. 2 Curatores ; by this may here be understood “commissioners,” for, the noun curator, signifies any person to whom the care or charge of transacting any business is committed ; being derived from cura, dg concern," «£ care,” çç charge,” *
- 56 WASHINGTONII VITA. rem, muneri publico' debitum, quem aliàs sibi pri vato haudquaquam arrogaret, pervicaciùs postu lare, æquum esse arbitrabatur.* Alteris denuò líteris, eâdem de re, ad Washingtonium missis, colloquium perlongum eum inter et Patersonium, præfecti apud exercitum Anglicum tunc temporis vice fungentem, habitum, in quo Patersonius, “cu ratores de pace transigendâ auctoritate magnâ do natos esse dixit;* cui responsum fuit, “eorum auc toritatem ad colonis ignoscendum, veniamque dan dam, tantummodò pertinere, eosque, qui nullius sibi delicti unquam conscii fuerant, ignosci et com donari nolle.” His dictis, colloquium abruptum. Sub Ducis Howe ad insulam Statem adventum, exercitus Americanus ex decem hominum millibus constabat, et, supplementis variis quotidie adven tantibus, ante Sextilis* finem, ad viginti septem hominum millia perbrevi accrevit; quorum pars magna militia* fuit, totiusque exercitûs pars quarta ægrotabat: morbi, quibus milites novitii præcipuè obnoxii sunt, latè horrificèque ingruebant, et, taber naculis deficientibus, ingravescebat in dies malum. Hæ copiæ tam sagacitèr solertèrque diversis locis insulisque disponebantur, ut hostes, quemnam lo
1 JMuneri publico, ** to a public office,” or * employment.” 2 Sextilis, “ the month of August,” so called from the numeral adjective sextus, the sixth, being the sixth from March; it was after wards called .Augustus, from the Emperor ofthat name. s Militia. This is here taken for what we understand by the term “militia” in Ehglish ; derived from miles, « a soldier.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 57 cum insulamve potissimùm adorirentur, ubinamve belli inferendi initium fieret, diù ambigebant. Washingtonius nil, quod milites ad hostes laces sendos impetumque Anglorum fortitèr sustinendum alacres paratosque redderet, prætermisit ;* ratio memque' omnem animos patriæ amore incendendi, irasque in hostes suscitandas, expertus est, jussis generalibus* sic eos affatus: “Tempus instat, quod, liberi an servi futuri sint Americani ; utrumnè quidquam, quod proprium dici possit, habituri ; an domus agrosque hostes impunè invasuri et direp turi ; perbrevi dijudicabit. Infinitæ multitudinis nondum natæ, ex hujusce exercitâs virtute,*fatum pendebit. Hostes immites et inexorabiles nobis præter fortis renixùs, aut servitii turpissimi, optio nem, nil reliqui fecêre. Vincere, igitur, aut pul chra petere per vulnera mortem, nobis hodierno die statuendum est. Officium* quod nobismetipsis, quod patriæ debemus, omnes vires, summamque virtutem postulat. Quòd si nobis fortuma inviderit, aut nos fortitudo defecerit, stigmosi turpissimique
1 Rationem, ** method,'° or ** plan.” It was an universal custom, both in ancient and modern times, on the eve of am expected en gagement, for commanders to address and harangue their troops,in order to spur them on to deeds ofvalor. 3 Jussis generalibus, “in general orders.” These words, although good Latin, sound rather strangely to a classic ear, in consequence of the infrequency, or, rather, total absence, of such an idea among the ancients. 8 Virtute, * courage,” valor, or military prowess ; rarely to be taken in a moral sense, in this work. 4 Officium, * a moral duty.” 58 wASHINGTONII VITA. apud homines omnes erimus. Justitiâ, igitur, causæ, auxilioque divino freti, ad facinora magna et præclara nosmet accingamus. Popularium om nium ob oculos nunc versamur, quorum præconium laudesque feremus, si fortè tyrannidi, ab hostibus intentatæ,* eos eripiamus: hortemur, igitur, cives, animosque* mutuos nobis invicem addamus, et gentibus omnibus salutare documentum, virum liberum, solo natali pro libertate certantem, quovis servo conductitio aut latrone* meliorem et superio rem esse, præbeamus.” Congressûs constantia civium animos ardore repleverat: Senatus ille audax, mensis Quintilis' die quarto, anno millesimo septingentesimo septua gesimo sexto ab Christo nato, colonias fœderatas Americanas, LIBERAs, sUPREMAs, sUISQUE VIRIBUS INNITENTEs EssE decrevit.—Duces Anglici Insu lam Longam* oppugnare constituunt: quamobrem, Augusti die vigesimo secundo, anno suprà dicto, copias omnes exposuerunt:* ejusdemque mensis die vigesimo septimo, primâ luce, prælium, ab 1 Intentatæ, “threatened.” 2 Jlnimos, “courage,” spirits, animation. 8 Latrone, “a hired soldier,” or ** mercenary,” which is the origi nal and proper meaning oflatro; it afterwards came toimply a rob ber, cut-throat, &c. 4 Quintilis, “of July,” so called from the numeral adjective qui tus, the fifth, reckoning from JMarch : it was afterwards called Julius, from Julius Cæsar. 5 Insulam Longam, “Long Island,” separated from New-York by the East River. 6 Exposuerunt, “they landed;” de navibus understood. WASHINGTONII VITA. * 59 ' He** copiis Germanicis conductitiis, commis sum 3 tandeiì, cum diù acriturque pugnatum, Bri tanni Victores discessére. Americanorum tria millia eo prælio desiderata ;* quorum duo millia cæsa, pars autem reliqua capta. Ex parte Anglicâ, trecenti ferè interiêre.
.— -— i Desiderata, ** were missing,” wanting, or lost. 60 WASHINGTONII VITA.
CAPUT SEXTUM.
Ticonderoga ab Arnoldio expugnata est.—Canadam invadere, ducibus Schuyler et Montgomery, Congressus statuit.— Morbo ducem Schuyler ab exercitu decedere cogente, im perium ad Montgomery devenit.—Oppidum Montis Regii captum est.—Arnoldius copias in Canadam per deserta ducit. —Urbem Quebec eaepugnare conantur duces Americans Montgomery et Arnoldius.—Interfectus est Montgomery, Americanique ad deditionem adacti sunt.—Ducis Mont gomery elogium.
WASHINGTONII vitam legentibus forsitan haud ingratum, fecerim, siquomodo res Americanæ diver sis in locis sese habuerint; quæque ab ducibus aliis exercitûs fœderati gesta sint, paucis' expe diam. Ticonderoga, Maii mensis die decimo, anno millesimo septingentesimo septuagesimo quinto ab Christo nato, à tribuno legionis Arnoldio expug nata. Hoc propugnaculum magnum ad lacuum Georgii et Champlain confluentem situm est, ideo que commeatum Novum Eboracum inter et Cana dam tenet. Arnoldius secundo hoc prælio elatus, ad Congressum literas, in quibus provinciam totam Canadensem duobus hominum millibus sese paca
1 Paucis, “in few words," briefly: thus Terence, “paucis te volo,” that is, “volo (alloqui) te (in) paucis (verbis,") * Iwish to speak a few twords with you.” WA8HINGTONII vITA. 61 turum confirmavit. Ingenii quadam vehementia, bellum Canadæ incolis ultro inferre suasit; at, quoniam lites Britanniam inter et Colonias latiùs serere nolebat Congressus, in provinciam istam in cursio, in præsentiâ, dilata. Carletonius, eques Anglicus,* Canadæ Guber nator, ad Ticonderogam recuperandam animum intendit. Ad milites conscribendos, eosque in hos tes educendos, auctoritate regià erat munitus. Incolæ Canadenses, tamen, sese invitissimos ad certamen ineundum præstiterunt. Interea vim Indorum magnam coegerat: copiæ, quamvis paucæ, rei militaris peritissimæ erant; coloniisque fœde ratis erat, quod tanti ingenii, tantique usùs mili taris, virum metuerent. His de rebus Congressus certior factus, provinciam istam vi magnâ invadere decrevit : quo ex decreto, tria hominum millia, ad Canadam pacandam, ducibus Schuyler et Mont gomery, à Congressu mittebantur. Ad lacum Champlain tendebant, indeque navibus ad Sanc tum Joannem,* præsidium primum Britannicum in Canadà. Expositis* militibus Americanis, propugnaculum 1 Eques Anglicus, “an English Knight;” this was Sir Guy Carle ton, who, to the greatest valor and military reputation, united the most consummate humanity and generosity to the vanquished: two qualities which should ever preponderate in the character of those who follow the profession of Arms.—Eques, or miles, is modern Latim for a knight, . 2 Sanctum Joannem.” “St. John's.” • Expositis, **being landed;'' de navvbus is understood, p^ 62 w ASHINGTONII VITA. obsidebant, quod, tamen, Prestonius, præfectus An glicus, fortissimè defendit. Morbo ducem Schuy ler ab exercitu decedere cogente, imperium ad du cem Montgomery devenit, qui tam acritèr aggerem obsedit, ut, paucos intra dies, propugnaculi potitus sit. Capto loco isto, ad Montem Regium' cum exercitu victore Montgomery perrexit. Cum op pido appropinquaret, paucæ Britannicæ copiæ, quæ præsidio fuerant, in salutis spem naves petiére ; at à tribuno Easton, qui manipulos nonnullos ducta bat, quo minus fluvium navibus descenderent, im pediebantur. Dux Prescotius cum pluribus præ fectis, centumque viginti militibus gregariis sese dediderunt; Duxque Americanus, præsidio ad Mon tem Regium relicto, ad urbem Canadæ præcipuam quam maximis itineribus contendit. Tempore quo victoriam Montgomery tam acritèr sectaretur, provincia Canadensis ab hoste non mi mùs ac Montgomery forti interritoque petebatur. Mille hominum de exercitu Americano Cantabri giæ tunc temporis apud Novanglos considente, . à Washingtonio ad Canadam pacandam missi Hicce manipulus tribuno legionis Arnoldio datus, qui copias itinere nondum tentato per deserta duxit: difficultates magnæ quas hic manipulus per tri ginta dies subiit, ferè inexsuperabiles fuêre. Flumen Kennebeckium lintribus factis ascende runt, et adversus flumen mavigare coacti. Mala 1 JMontem Regium, “Montreal,” in Canada. WASHINGTONII vITA. 63 multa perpessus, plusque parte tertiâ militum morbo et desertione attritâ, tribunus Arnoldius ad partes Canadæ habitatas, sex hebdomadarum itinere con fecto, tandem pervenit. Canadæ incolæ exercitum ex vastæ gremio solitudinis emergere valdè stupe bant; eâdem cum humanitate, quâ Americanos reliquos tractaverant, advenas excipere instituunt, famelicosque milites omnibus rebus necessariis sup peditabant. < Arnoldius declarationem seu expositionem, Washingtonii nomine, edidit; incolas Canadenses sese coloniis fœderatis ut asciscant, martiaque ob libertatem Americanam pugnando vulnera patian tur, vehementur suasit. Arnoldii conspectus ante Quebec oppidanos valdè consternavit; at quoniam tormenta majora agere secumque afferre nequive rat, aditus, qui ad urbem ducebant, tantummodò occupare, copiasque, quas fortis Montgomery duc tabat, expectare constituit. Imperatori illi multis cum difficultatibus simul erat confligendum, quarum præcipua erat exerci tûs licentia, qui ex hominibus, nullius imperio obtemperare assuetis, et à disciplinâ militari ab horrentibus,* conflatus.* Summam vigilantiam, comitatem, facundiamque, milites coercere, et ad justam disciplinam revocare, postulabat. Magnan imitas, tamen, et prudentia Montgomerii tandem
1 .Abhorrentibus. * Averse from military discipline" 64 WASHINGTONII VITA.
vicêre :—Nuribusque provinciæ istius erat, quod heroi gratias agerent, qui virtutem et honorem
muliebrem incolumem servâsset. >/, - * Nonis* Decembribus, anno Christi millesimo sep tingentesimo septuagesimo quinto, Montgomerius in conspectum Quebec pervenit. Oppidanis dedi tionem imperavit, at præsidium, in eum, qui man data ferebat, tormenta bellica displosit, nuncium que intra mænia admittere recusavit. Summâ hyeme instante, obsidionem solvendi, aut, mænia scandendo, oppidum expugnandi, necessitatem sibi impositam perspiciebat. Dux Carletonius, contra, adeo oppidum muniérat, ut cives ad fortissimè re sistendum, omniaque extrema patiendum,incitaret. , Oppidum, porrò, istud, naturâ manuque egregiè erat munitum ; oppugnatorumque exiguus nume rus; gubernatorisque ea fuit vigilantia, ut pars quæque diligentiâ maximâ custodiretur.x Mont. gomerius, autem, omnes gloriæ militaris ideas, quæ maximæ fortitudinis temporibus viguêre, possedit;
1 Vicere, “prevailed;º triumphed ; taken absolutely. * Nuribus, &c. Anglicè, “and the ladies of that province had *°" !?!hank the hero, who had preserved entire fíe virtù- „â nonor of the females.” The senteíice being somewhat elliptical, may be thus supplied: (negotium) erat nuribus istius provinciæ, (propter) quod, &c. See whät has been said on JNurus, in a pre ceding note. * Nonis, “the nones of December ;" the nones, from nonus, nine, yere the seventh day of March, May, July and October; but the fifth day of the rest of the months, thus, JNonae Decembres, ** the fifth day of December.» WASIIINGTONII VITA. 65 ausorumque magnorum aviditas illa, intrepiditate, quæ pericula omnia nihili pendere monebat, fove batur. Sciebat, enim, copias, quas tum ducebat, quocunque via monstraretur, summâ alacritate secuturas: urbem, itaque, expugnare, aut decoram petere per vulnera mortem, decrevit. Sub mensis Decembris finem, anno supra dicto, ad expugnationem, primâ luce, exercitum duxit, utque æmulationem copiis provincialibus injiceret, oppugnatio duplex erat, quarum una, à militibus Novanglicis, Arnoldii ductu, altera à copiis Neo Eboracensibus, quas fortissimus Montgomerius du cebat ipse, facta. Semita, quâ Montgomerio copi isque succedendum erat, perangusta fuit, et, quo niam, virtute maximè eximiâ opus fore sciebat, in hoc molimen fortissimos quosque viros elegerat. Inter largissimum nivis imbrem ad oppugnationem processit: primis claustris' captis, in hostes cum copiis irruit, pugnamque cominùs conserere matu ravit. Claustra secunda, quae ad urbis portas* rectà* ducebant, munita firmo præsidio, militesque,
1 Claustris. By this we understand, in the present passage, ** barriers.** 2 Portas. « Gates,” from the simple transitive verb porto, Icarry; because the Romans in ploughing round the site of an intended city, (which was the case when they wished to found a city,) always carried the plough over those places vohere they intended a gate should be: hence, the name. 8 An adjective noun of three terminations, agreeing with the sub stantive via implied; it is placed here, adverbially, and signifies, “straightway," or “directly,” F 2 66 wAS HINGTONII VITA. qui' tormenta majora in Americanos subeuntes disploderent, ibidem collocabantur. Montgomerius magno impetu processit, omnique armorum ignivomorum tormentorumque genere petitus, procubuit ipse, una cum præfectis præci puis. Ducis occasu copiæ adeò exanimatæ erant, ut sese fugæ mandaverint. Interea tribunus le gionis Arnoldius nihilo seciùs alteram oppidi partem acerrimè adoriebatur. Claustra tormentis* plurimis majoribus munita invasit expugnavitque, at hoc certamine milites multos amisit, adeoque graviter vulneratus ipse, ut de loco, ubi pugna consereba tur, asportari cogeretur, Præfecti ad quos impe rium devenit, à pugnando fortiter haud destiterunt, claustraque altera expugnaverunt. At obsessi, si mul ac exiguum oppugnatorum numerum per spexerant, in novissimam aciem incursionem fece runt, Americanosque vicissim pugnâ lacessere coe Perunt. Copiæ colonicæ nunc undique circum clusæ tenebantur, et tormentis omnibus bellicis corpora obnoxia* præbebant; attamen per horas tres, certamen* iniquum fortissime sustinuerunt
1 Qui, &c. Anglicè, ** who should discharge (to discharge) the cannons on the Americans coming up.-—Ióhoöse ., „„, tormem tum, (a general name for all militaryengines,) for camnom, rather than a term of modern latinity, less ciàssical. * Tormentis, &c., “he attacked and earried a barrier, defended by 5everal cannon.” See what has been said on the noui, tormentum, in preceding notes. * Obnoxia, “exposed,” « liabley, subject. * Certamen, &c., “the unequal, or disadvantageous contest.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 67 usque dum, vulneribus confecti, ad deditionem adigerentur. Hæc Americanorum cladesinsignis spem omnem Camadæ citò pacandæ procul amovit. Nemo, qui bello civili unquam mortem oppetiverat, Montgo merio magis defletus. Ille dux inclytus,* de Iernâ oriundus, anno Christi millesimo septingentesimo trigesimo septimo, aurâ æthereâ primùm vesceba tur. In exercitu Britannico, quem fortissimus Wolfius ducebat, stipendium primùm mereri cœpit, annoque millesimo septingentesimo quinquagesimo sexto ab Christo nato, secundo Marte, ubi nunc supremum obiit diem, in Gallos pugnaverat. Bello confecto, propè Novum Eboracum habitavit, ubi uxorem* duxit. Adeò ob integritatem benè audie bat, ut eum diplomate* cohortis ductoris fœderata rum coloniarum Congressus dignaretur : quo ho nore sese dignissimum præstiterat. Dum in exer citu Americano stipendium merebat, nemo plus illo coloniis profuit, aut pro libertate fortiùs dimi cavit.
1 Ille, &c. “That renowned leader.” Montgomery enjoyed the rare felicity ofbeingrespected byboth friends and foes. The British officers, both in Canada and England, regretted the fall ofthat com mander. Congress, also, passed a very honorable resolve respect ing him, and voted him a monument, to perpetuate his valor. 2 Uxorem. * He married a wife :” literally, he led, or conducted his wife, (home,) domum being understood. Of the woman was said, Nubo, which signifies, I cover, or veil. 8 Diplomate, ** with a commission of a leader of a cohort,'° His first commission was that of Brigadier-General, 68 WASHINGTONII VITA.
CAPUT SEPTIMUM.
Ad Washingtonium redit narratio.—Erercitus Americanus, post pugnam in Insulà longâ factam, animo cadit.—Ad Congressum scribit Washingtonius.—Octoginta legiones conscribi à Congressu decretum.—Britones Novo Eboraco potiuntur.—Ad Regiumpontem præsidium constituit Wag ingtonius.
Haec de rebus, aliis coloniarum fœderatarum ducibus gestis, dixisse in præsentiâ sufficiat: nunc ad rem nostram revertamur :—Vitam, enim, Wash ingtonii, non res gestas Americanas perscribere decrevimus: quòd si aliquid, ab aliis gestum, me moratu dignum inciderit, non est consilium tale facimus silentio præterire ; ut juventus nostras' nonnihil, quod æmulatione dignum sit, habeat. Post pugnam in Insulâ Longâ factam, de quâ su pra memoravimus, exercitus Americanus in dies deterior est factus : fiduciam, enim, quam in vir tute suâ, suisque ducibus habuerant Americani penitùs amiserunt. Difficillimum, enim, impera tori, post cladem tam insignem, verbis virtutem*
1 JNostras, “ ofour country,” a patrial or gentile promoun. 2 Virtutem, &c. Anglicè, “for it is very difficult for a comman der, after so signal a defeat, to add courage or spirits to his soldiers by words.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 69 animosve, militibus addere. Hæc, autem, sexto post pugnam die, ad Congressum scripsit Wash ingtonius. “ Conditio nostra miserrima est. Damnum* a manipulo nostro acceptum copias omnes nimis exanimavit, animosque timore et desperatione re plevit.X. Militia, cum summis viribus ad fortiter resistendum niti oporteret, trepida, intractabilis, domumque remeandi avidissima est. Multi non nunquam. turmatim, sæpiùs autem manipulatim, dohum jam abiére. Hæc res sola, etsi ab aliis infortuniis sejungatur, satis injucunda foret; at cum considero, militiæ exemplum partem exerci tùs alteram infecisse, et disciplinæ imperiique om nis detractationem totum exercitum invasisse, spes nostra multò asperior : omnemque* ferè fiduciam in copiis amisisse, summo me dolore confiteri affi cit. Hæc omnia, sententiam, quam semper sum secutus, planè roborant : nullam, nempe, fiduciam in militià aliisve copiis non in tempus diuturnius, quam leges nostræ ferunt, conscriptis, collocari posse. Compertum habeo, libertatem nostram pe riclitatum iri, ne dicam, perditum iri, nisi ejus de
1 Damnum, the loss our detachment sustained in the action on Long Island, fought 27th August, 1776, and in which Washington did not take an immediate part. 2 Omnemque, &c. Anglicè, “and it affects me with the utmost pain to confess, that I have lost almost all confidence in the troops.” N. B. JMilitia, in Latin, will be taken for the English word militia throughout the work. 70 WASHINGTONII VITA. fensio copiis, quibus stipendium' perpetuum solvi tur, mandata fuerit.” X. Quatuordecim diebus, postquam literæ istæ Washingtonii ad Senatum scriptæ erant, octo ' ginta legiones, quæ per bellum totum stipendia mererentur, conscribi et in unum cogi, à Congressu decretum. His in rebus, quam minimo* hominum dispendio tempus terere, ut in annum proximum exercitùs conscribendi spatium daretur, plurimùm Americanorum interfuit.* Washingtonio, usu* edocto, bellum* depellere satius visum. Recentis exitus prælii, pedem referendi, patriæ tuendæ causâ, commodum indicavit : sese famam ignaviæ iner tiæque cedendo* subiturum, probè sciebat ;—at apud Washingtonium patriæ amor omnia vicit su peravitque. Quo ex consilio, Novum Eboracum vacuare, quando sine exercitûs periculo defendi nequiret, decretum. Britones Insulæ longæ potiti, copias ad continentem' Novumve Eboracum, pro arbitrio, trajicere poterant. Washingtonius, copias Britones exposituros supra se, exercitumque com meatu et re frumentariâ interclusuros, aut denique
1 Stipendium, the pay allowed to such as served in war. 2 JMinimo, &c., ** with the least loss of men.” 3 Interfuit, &c., “it concerned the Americans very much.” 4 Usu, &c., “taught perfectly by experience.” 5 Bellum, &c., “ to act on the defensive,” (à se, à patriâ, à civibus scilicet.) 6 Cedendo, “by retreating.” • 7 Continentem, **the continent,'° or **main land,'' terram being understood. wAsHINGToNII VITA. 71 colonicas copias ad præliandum Insulâ Eboracensi coacturos, verebatur.X Omnem igitur, belli appa ratum ad trajectum proximum* amovit, duodecim que hominum millia ad septentrionalem Insulæ Eboracensis partem constituit}< Cum reliquis* Novum Eboracum speciem præbebat defendendi, etsi, reverà, illud relinquendum potiùs quam exer citum periculis objectandum decreverat. Dum Washingtonius copias apparatumqué bel licum,* vacuando recurrendoque servare conatur, imperator Britannicus Washingtonium pugnâ la cessere, et commeatus intercludere vehementissime nitebatur. In rem eam,* quatuor hominum millia, quinque navium longarum* præsidio munita, haud procul à Novo Eboraco, exposuit.° Locus, ubi expositi Britanni, operibus munitionibusque erat defensus, copiæque in eo relictæ, quæ, tamen, pri usquam hostes appropinquarent, in partes omnes diffugére : agmina duo,' eis succurrendi causâ, missa. X Washingtonius ad præliantes accurrit,
1 Trajectum proximum, “the nearest ferry.” Trajectus is, here, a verbal noun ofthe fourth declension, from trans, beyond, or over, and jacio, I throno, cast. 2 Cum reliquis, (scilicet copiis,) * with the remainmg troops." 3 .Apparatumque bellicum, ** warlike stores.” 4 In rem eam, “for thatthing,” or purpose, viz., ofbringingWash ington to a general action. 5 JNavium longarum, by these we mean, men (that is, ships) qfwar. 6 Exposuit, ** he landed or put his men out of the ships.” τ Λgmina duo, *two battalions:” agmen, placed by the figure syncope for agimen, from the simple transitive verb ago, I drive, is an army, battalion, or detachment, on the lime of march. 72 WASHINGTONII VITA. summoque dolore totum manipulum terga dantem' conspexit. Hæcce fuga turpissima copiarum delectarum, animo Washingtonii, ut plurimùm tranquillo, turbas tempestatemque excivit. Ad libertatem Ameri canam tuendam consilio purissimo manibusque lotis appropinquams, turpem hunc receptum, pa triæ exitium minitantem, summo dolore viderat. Plurima Congressûs, exercitûs, incolarumque dicta recordatus, illorum fugam turpem, prioribus liber tatis laudibus, honorisque præconiis comparavit. Victam patriam, exercitûsque dedecus, libertatem pessundatam, et Americanos, minoribus* jactatores visum iri magnos, jam animo prospexit. Bono rum publicatio,* et majestatis' imminutæ crimina multa, animo turbato occursabant. Respublicas recèns* constitutas et ordimatas, sui defendendi facultatem habentes, præclaramrque libertatis spem propositam, solo æquatas* vidit; talesque rem publicam administrandi rationes eis impositas, quæ animi humani vim coerceant et reprimant. In dies, porrò, magis magisque angebatur animus, reputando, hujusce infelici exitu certaminis, pos
1 Terga dantem, “retreating;” literally, giving their backs, (to the enemy,) hostibus being understood after dantem. 2 JMinoribus, “to posterity;" natu, or ætate, being tumderstood; thus Virg. * Utcunque ferent ea facta minores.” a Bonorum publicatio, “the confiscation of estates, or goods.” 4 JMajestatis, &c., “ many charges of high treason?” 6 Recens, am adverb, ** newly,” * lately,” &c. • Solo æquatas, “levelled to the ground,” WASHINGTONII VITA. f3 teros à vindicando semetipsos in libertatem in æter mum deterreri. His rebus altiùs mentem penetrantibus, capitis periculum' post suorum terga, hostiumque ante aciem primam, equo in hostes verso, aliquandiu fecit; sperans, scilicet, hujusce diei dedecus, ho nestâ morte, adversisque vulneribus* vitari posse. Ejus adjutores* in exercitu, fidelesque amici cir cumstantes, illum, quasi vi, recedere coegerunt. Eorum precibus* et dexteritate, vita, quæ, ob in famiæ metum, æstumque irarum, prope certæ neci addicta videbatur, ad majora patriæ commoda. reservata. Hujusce diei turpis exitus Novi Ebo raci derelictionem maturavit. Hoc minimo ho minum damno perfectum, at omnia tormenta majora, parsque impedimentorum, cibaria, appa ratus bellicus, et tentoria, necessariò sunt amissa. Deficientibus tentoriis, frigus brumale, quod jam instabat, exercitum ad summas angustias deduxit. Britones, Novo Eboraco potiti, ante urbem exerci tum ducebant, castraque per totam insulam Ebo
1 Capitis periculum, &c. * He hazarded his life behind his own men,” &c. 2 Adversisque vulneribus, “by wounds in the front,'' which indi- ' cated that they were received whilst facing the enemy; whereas, aversa vulnera, wounds in the back, were dishonorable,inasmuch as they must be received in the act of fleeing from the foe. 8 Ejus adjutores, “his aids-de-camp.” 4 Eorum precibus, &c., “by their entreaties, and address, a life, which," &c. G 74 WASHINGTONII VITA. racensem transversa fecerunt, navibus' longis la tera defendentibus. Washingtonius præsidium firmissimum ad Regiumpontem* constituit, eo con silio, ut sibi commeatùs abundè foret. Hujusce pontis in fronte, prope exercitum Bri tannicum, manipulum firmum, castris fossâ vallo que munitis, constituit. Iste exerciturum duorum situs Washingtonio valdè arridebat ; cupiebat, enim, copiis novitiis hostibus* frontem advertendi consuetudinem facere. Sperabat, etiam, velita tionibus crebris adeo belli periculis assuetas eas reddere, ut, ob patriam pugnando, vulnera minus timerent. Occasio periculum* faciendi cito oblata.
1 JNavibus, &c. “ Men-oftwar defending their flanks ;° an abl. absolute. 2 Regiumpontem. * Kingsbridge,” near New-York. s Hostibus, &c., “ to inure his raw troops to face the foe,' &c. 4 Periculum, “trial,'° or experiment. WASHINGTONII VITA. 75
CAPUT OCTAVUM. \ Knowlten et Leitch, duces Americani, vtctores prælio cadunt. —Propugnaculum Washingtonium expugnatum est.—Pro pugnaculum Lee vacuant Americani.—Cornwallis per No vam Cæsaream Washingtonium persequitur.—Milites Americani, stipendia emeriti, perplures domum redeunt.— Duae Lee captus est.—Congressui Philadelphiam relinquere, Baltimoriamque recedere, satius visum. Postquam sese Novo Eboraco Americani rece perant, velitatio primam inter Britannorum aciem, nonnullasque copias Americanas, à præfectis Κnowltom et Leitch ductas, facta est. Hi præfecti, ante signa fortissimè pugnantes, occubuêre. Or dinum ductores,' in loco, ubi pugna commissa, Constanter manebant, hostesque dare terga, om nesque in partes diffugere, coegerunt. Hæc vic toria primùm ab Americanis, ex quo* Washing tonius imperium sibi sumpserat, reportata.* Ut virtuti tali præmium majus esset, nocte inse quenti, tessera Leitch fuit,* militesque, qui sese
i Ordinum ductores. *The captains;” literally, the leaders of the ranks. * Ex quo, ** sincey^ (tempore being understood as an antecedent to quo.) 8 Reportata, «was gained;" for reportare victoriam is to gain a victory. A Tessera Leitch fuit, *the watchword was Leitch;” in order to animate thetroops bythe noble example ofMajor Leitch of Virginia, 76 WASHINGTONII VITA. pugnâ hâc insigniverant, Washingtonius pro con cione laudavit. Virtutem eorum copiarum fugæ nuperæ composuit, et dixisse fertur, “ hujus cer taminis exitum, quantum fieri possit, dummodò præfecti militesque pro virili' nitantur, argumento esse :* et denuò omnes obsecratus, ne causam de coram, quâ versabantur, dehonestent. X Howe, imperator Britannus, Washingtonii com meatus à civitatibus eois intercludere ope summâ nitebatur. Hujusce rei causâ, exercitus regius, non procul à comitatu* Cestriensi, exponebatur, et paulo post, propiùs Americanas copias, quasi dimi candi causâ, processit. Velitationes paucæ inter utrumque exercitum fiebant; at copiis* universis confligere, noluit Washingtonius, nisi commodum aliquid, aut loci opportunitas daretur, Consilium Americanos post tergum invadendi, crebris castro rum mutationibus, frustratum est.* Howe, imperator Britannus, spe priori destitutus, totam belli gerendi rationem mutare decrevit. No vam, deinceps, Cæsaream, invadere aggressus est. Quo consilio cognito, fluvium* septentrionalem who gallantly fellat the head ofhis command. Tessera comes from the Greek cardinal adjective, signifying four, from its shape. 1 Virili, (scilicet, parte,) “according to their utmost ability,” or power. 2 Comitatu, &c., “ the county of West-Chester;” from Cestria, West-Chester. 8 Copiis, “with all his forces;” he declined a general action. 4 Frustratum est, * was frustratad.* Taken passively. 5 Fluvium, the North River separating Jersey from New-York, VWASHINGTONII VITA. 77 Washingtonius trajecit.X Ad Gulielmum Living stonium Cæsareæ Novæ Gubernatorem literas scripsit, in quibus militiam ad fines tutandos evo cari, pecora et omnia, quæ ad victum pertinerent, ab orâ maritimâ amoveri jussit suasitque. Sub hoc tempus, propugnaculum Washingtonium ex pugnatum, præsidiumque, quod ex ampliùs duobus hominum millibus constabat, unà cum legionis tribuno' Magaw, à Britannis captum. Nullum, præter hoc, præsidium insulâ Ebora censi erat Americanis, idque diutiùs tenere, vacu andi* recipiendique rationi maxime contrarium fuit. Magna Washingtonium spes tenebat, hocce præsidium defendi posse; navesque Anglicas, quæ fluenta septentrionalia navigare consueverant, ab hoc propugnaculo impediri posse confidebat. .Hoc propugnaculo capto, aggerem Lee,* litore Cæsareæ situm, vacuare decretum : at priusquam apparatus bellicus amoveri poterat, Cornwallis, Comes* Bri tannus, cum sex hominum millibus flumen septen trionale trajecit. Hic fluvius Cæsaream Novam à Neo-Eboraco dividit. i Legionis tribuno. Colonel Magaw, the commanding officer of Fort Washington, on York Island, was certainly censurable in surrendering that post; as, by a gallant defence, it was tenable against any force which the British could well detach, at that time, againstit. 2 Vacuandi, &c., **was especially repugnantto the plan ofevacu ating and retreating, adopted, at that time, by Washington.” 8 Jlggerem Lee. * Fort Lee,” situated on the Jersey shore. * Comes, &c. An earl or count; so called because they accom Panied the kings on their military expeditions. G 2 78 WASHINGTONII VITA.
Washingtonius pedem' retrò tulit, et ad ripas fluminis Hackensackii consedit. Locus, quem jam occupabat, isti,* quem reliquerat, ferè similis fuit : intersepiri, enim, flumina inter Hackensackia* et Passaica, facilè poterat. Appropinquantibus igitur, hostibus, sese Novam Arcam* recepit, ubi aliquan diu commoratus, quasi cum Comite Cornwallis, si opus fuerit, dimicaturus ; at ob exercitûs infirmi tatem, Brunsvicum,* die, quo, Comes Cornwallis Novam Arcam intrârat, sese contulit. Brunsvico copias castra movere jussit Washingtonius, mani pulumque præmisit, quasi cum hostibus confligen dum sit. Nec locum hunc priùs reliquit, quàm Britannorum acies prima in conspectum venerit. , Dominus Stirling,* hostium mótus observandi causâ, Princetoniæ relictus est, cumque copiis reli quis Trentoniam Washingtonius tendebat : ubi gradum sistere" constituit. Scaphas omnes et navigia, quæ ad ripas fluminis Delawariensis deli gatæ sunt, colligi et custodiri jussit, impedimenta que et omnem belli apparatum trans flumen con 1 Pedem, &c., “ retreated.” 2 Isti, (scilicet, loco,) **to that (place)." 8 The Hackensack and Passaic, two rivers of New-Jersey. 4 JNovam .4rcam, “Newark,” in New-Jersey. 5 Brunsvicum, “Brunswick," or, as it is sometimes called, New Brunswick, also in Jersey. 6 Dominus Stirling, “Lord Stirling,” a brave officer in the Amer 1Cam service. 7 Gradum sistere, **to make a stand;' to halt. It seems tohave been the intention of Washington, at this period, to hazard an ac tion, if warranted by circumstances. WASHINGTONII VITA. 79 vexit.X His extra hostium potestatem positis, mille ducentos homines Princetoniam misit Washingto mius, qui hostibus resistendi speciem præberent, et ipse cum duobus hominum millibus, qui nuper conscripti erant, subsequebatur. Priusquam Princetoniam venerat, nuncium ac- } cepit, ** Cornwallis, copiis auxiliaribus multis mu nitum, Brunsvico diversis itineribus proficisci, et in aciem postremam impetum facere velle.* Ce leri receptu opus fuit, et, die Decembris octavo, Americani, ad unum incolumes, flumen Delawa riense transiêre. Scaphas omnes Washingtonius ad ripam alteram fluminis deligatas, occupari, pon tesque' in viis ad ripas contrarias ducentibus, res cindi, copiasque ad vada omnia constitui et collo
cari jussit. - Adeo acriter insequebantur hostes, ut priùs eo rum acies prima* in conspectum venit, quàm ex ercitûs recedentis agmen novissimum scaphas et navigia conscendisset. Britones exercitu Ameri cano de novâ Cæsarea expulso, copias ad flumen Pelawariense, huc illuc, disponebant, et eorum manipuli omnes in partes impunè ibant redibant que. Ut scaphas aut navigia nanciscerentur, in cassùm elaboratum.X Nonnullos, etiam, pontes, qui ab Americanis recedentibus modò rescissi fue 1 Pontesque, &c., “ and the bridges on the roads leading to the opposite shores” (ofJersey and Pennsylvania.) 2 ./lcies prima, “their vam.” 80 WASHINGTONII VITA. rant, refecerunt, Bordentoniamque firmum mani pulum præmiserunt. Id ideo fiebat, ut trajectus facilior, et Washingtonium vexandi facultas major esset, utpote qui, unde' primùm peteretur, omnino mesciebat. Putnam,* dux Americanus, interea, munitioni bus aggeribusque à Schuylkill ad Delawarum usque flumen faciendis qui præesset, à Washing tonio imperatore missus est. Parva munimenta, ad vada custodienda, temerè* extructa : et oppi dulum Germanicum,* haud procul à Philadelphià situm, locus copiis ad conveniendum maxime ido neus, si hostes flumen transissent, Americanosque castris exuissent, à Washingtonio edicebatur. Hicee per Cæsaream Novam receptus, Ameri canos difficultates omnes, et varia pericula, subire coegit. Rebus adversis undique premebatur Wash ingtonius. Cum omnia circumspiceret, satis præ sidii nusquam sperare poterat. Fortuna adversa spe bonâ nullâ levabatur. Diffidens, at non despe rans, tribunum legionis Reedsic compellâsse dicitur.
1 Unde, &c., “ whence he might be first attacked.” 2 Putnam, &c. Meanwhile Putnam, an American general, was sent by Washington, the commander (of the forces,) who should take charge of (to preside over) the defences and ramparts, that were to be made from the Schuylkill as far as the river Delaware. 8 Temere, “ at random,” “hastily.” 4 Germanicum, “Germantown,” distant about five miles from Philadelphia. This was selected by Washington as a suitable place ofrendezvous, in the event of the ability of the British to cross the river, and gain possession ofthe American encampment, WASHINGTONII VITA. 81
** Si ad partes Pennsylvaniæ extremas receda mus, num Pennsylvanos nobis opitulaturos credis?” Cui legionis tribunus Reed respondisse fertur: “si comitatus inferiores' subacti ac dediti fuerint, co mitatus alii in hostium ditionem pervenient.” Tunc %. Washingtonium dixisse ferunt: “ Ad Virginiæ par tes extremas nobis recedendum est ; multi, ad nos, salutis causâ, confugere cogentur, et, quid bello prædatorio fieri possit, periclitandum ; at* si nobis fortuna inviderit, montes Alleghanienses postremo
superandi.” - Hoc in receptu, equitatus et tormenta majora uniuscujusque ferè generis, Washingtonio defuêre. Paucos intra dies, post propugnaculum Washing tonium expugnatum, pedem referre cœperunt Amer icani. Copiarum recedentium pars magna, de eis, qui propugnaculum hoc tuebantur, conflata. Hi ex aggere isto tam subitò pedem referre cogeban tur, ut tentoria, lodices, et coquinaria vasa, neces sariò reliquerint. Ita armati, et vestiti, sæpenumerò etiam pedibus nudis incedentes, ineunte hieme, per regiones, deditionis quam renixùs fortis amantiores, iter fecêre. His incommodis circumdati, nonaginta milliarium iter fecerunt, eoque in spatio conficiendo, dies undeviginti insumpserunt, ut auxiliis expec tatis temporis satis ad conveniendum daretur. * 1 Gomitatus inferiores, “the lower counties.” a .Mt, &c., **but if fortune shall envy us.” 82 WASHINGTONII VITA.
Cum per civitates autem iter facerent, nulli fere ad eos sese recipiebant, multis, interim, ad Bri tannos confugientibus. Parvum agmen, quod recedere inceperat, sti pendia ferè emeritum, in dies imminuebatur. Tem poris, apud exercitum manendi, jam exitus insta bat; utque' diutius stipendia mereri pergant, haud ullis precibus aut minis induci quivêre. Appro pinquante hoste, imperatorem deseruére. Militia Pennsylvaniensis ad primum usque diem Januarii mensis apud exercitum manere debebat, at domum revertendi cupido tanta incessit, ut, eorum prohi bendorum coërcendorumque causâ, præsidia firma ad omnes ferè trajectus disposita fuerint. Legiones duæ Ticonderogà sese recipere, et cum Washingtonio agmen conjungere jam dudùm ju bebantur: at ineunte mense Decembri, stipendia mereri desiérant. Nomina igitur apud imperato rem denuò profiteri abnuebant, omnisquè ad unum domum abiêre. Dux Lee, qui copiis eois præfuit, flumen septentrionale trajicere, seque cum exerci tu recedente aggregare à Washingtonio sæpenu merò jubebatur ; at jussis haud obtemperavit dux iste. Cum procul et à suis, et ab hostibus abesset, à Britannis circumventus captusque fuit. … Res hæcce suspiciones genuit, illum, desperatâ Americanorum causâ, ad Britannos perfugisse.
1 Utque, &c., “ and that they would go on to serve in war.'* WASHINGTONI1 VITA. 83 IEtsi hæ suspiciones inanes erant, eadem, tamen, mala, ac si veræ essent, peperêre. Eodem fere tempore, Philadelphiam relinquere, Baltimoriamque recedere, Congressui satius visum. His urgentibus difficultatibus, Washingtonius, ta men, interritus permansit. De salute publicâ, haud unquam desperavit. Constantiâ invictâ, sem per idem mansit, et exercitui vultum serenum et tranquillum perpetuò præstitit.' Nihil, quod hosti officere, aut exercitum civesque hortari et animare posset, ab illo prætermissum. Exercitûs statum mancum atque debilem, equitatu, tormentis majo ribus, et præfectis peritis æquè carentem,* Con gressui summo studio demonstravit suggessitque. Milites, in breve tempus conscriptos, ferè inutiles eSSe docuit:t Hasce res* Congressum sedulò et summoperè monuit: sed, ne aliquem læderet, subjecit ; ** me tus timorque ne fama perdatur, ne bona publi centur, ne libertas in discrimen aliquod vocetur, me inculpatum ac purgatum, vestro judicio ac sententiâ, exhibebunt :”—utque nonnulla, incon sulto Congressu, agere et conficere sibi liceret, 1 Præstitit. “Showed,” or * exhibited.” 2 Carentem, ** wanting,” “destitute." We consider this parti ciple as agreeing with statum in the accusative; but, perhaps, it might with some propriety be placed in the genitive, to agree with eacercitus. 8 Hasce res, &c. * He reminded Congress of (as to) these mat ters." A mode of expression, in imitation of the Greeks, the ac cusative of the thing being governed by a preposilion implied. 84 WASHINGTONII VITA. poposcit; at, ne, veniâ istâ sibi à Congressu con cessâ, nonnulli eum imperii nimis avidum esse ducerent, subjecit: “se imperium nunquam cupi isse, vehementissimeque occasionem gladii in vo merem recudendi expectare. Attamen, imperato ris munus sibi diram necessitatem imposuisse, ne minemque difficultatibus pluribus aut majoribus unquam reluctatum. WASHINGTONII VITA. 85
CAPUT NONUM.
Subsidia comparare studet Washingtonius.—Exercitás cui Lee præpositus fuerat imperium ad Sullivanum devenit.- Hessianos, milites conductitios, superat Washingtonius.— Philadelphiam victor redit.—Americanis, post victoriam, spes belli faustissimæ.—Urbem Trentoniam occupat Wash ingtonius, quam postea relinquere coactus est.—Princeto niam pergit.—Prælium.—Imperator Britannicus Brunsvi cum recedit.
His rerum angustiis Washingtonius summâ ope nitebatur, ut subsidia et auxilia quam primùm comparentur. Duces Mifflin et Armstrong, civi um Pennsylvaniensium expergefaciendorum causâ, missi. Tribunus legionis Reed, ad Livingstonium Novæ Cæsareæ gubernatorem, qui militiæ Neo Cæsareæ evocationem sedulò suaderet, item a Washingtonio missus. At hæc monita tam salu taria ferè irrita fuêre. Quindecim millia Phila delphiensium in unum convenêre, et Washingto nium versus iter facere cœperunt. Etsi horum plerique delicatè et molliter degere assueti fuerant, tentoriis, tamen, et stabulis, sæpe etiam sub dio, noctem, summâ hieme, traduxêre. Duce Lee capto, exercitûs, cui Lee præpositus, imperium ad Sullivanum, præfectum insignem, devenit. Hicce præfectus, imperatoris jussu, ma H 86 WASHINGTONII VITA. nipulum, ad locum, quò dux Lee copias perducere prorsus abnuerat, è vestigio deduxit. Sub hoc tempus, Washingtonii exercitus, septentrionalium copiarum accessione, aliquantulum adauctus fir matusque. Y. Exercitus Americanus jam ex septem hominum millibus constabat, etsi, dum sese per Cæsareas reciperent Americani, istius mumeri fere nunquam dimidium exæquavit eorum exercitus. Flumine Delaware interposito, duo exercitus sejungebantur. Britones, rebus secundis elati, copias per omnia fere oppida et municipia Cæsareæ distraxêre ; quippe qui in Pennsylvaniam propediem trajicere, ponte glaciali, confidebant. Quorum de situ et multitudine simul ac nun cius acceptus, Washingtonius dixisse fertur, ** nunc alas præcidendi, dum tam latè dividuntur, occasio opportuna nobis oblata.” Quocirca flumen Dela ware denuò trajicere, hostesque ad ripam fluminis alteram aggredi decrevit. Mensis Decembris die vigesimo quinto, sub noctem, tripartitò, flumem trajiciendi, consilium cepit perfecitque : et omni exercitu vix tandem ægerrimè transmisso, bipar titò agmen incedere coepit, et, quamvis diversis itineribus ad hostes contenderant, eodem, tamen, temporis puncto, omnes in hostium conspectum venére. Etsi jam planè lucescebat,' hostes, ta
1 Lucescebat, “it was daylight;" an impersonal verb, WASHINGTONII VITA. 87 men, Americanorum adventum non priùs sentie bant, quam in eos a copiis colonicis tormenta bel lica, et cujusque generis arma ignivoma missa et displosa fuêre. Y. Illi,' tamen, nominis Britannici virtutisque bel licæ majorum haud immemores, fortiter resistebant, at, eorum duce occiso, plerique milites, interfecto imperatore, haud jam ampliùs certare, aut vitas hostium telis objectare volebant. Quocirca hos tium mille sese Washingtonio eo die dediderunt. Quo prælio facto, res Americanorum lætæ, ac spes multò jucundior esse coeperunt. Hisce copiis regis Britannici conductitiis,* quæ coloniis tantum metûs malorumque sæpenumero intulerant, aut occisis aut captis, omnis urbis primariæ amittendæ metus procul à colonis* amotus. Nec deerant, qui hunc tam insperatum successum Deo optimo maxi mo, qui sæpè humiles tollit, insignesque deprimit, tribuere dubitarent.X Flumen Delaware Washingtonius iterùm traje cit, reditusque in urbem,* cum tam multis captivis, gaudium ingens per omnes ordines excivit. Tan tam veteranorum manum de improviso opprimere,
1 Illi, “they,” i. e. the enemy. a Conductiiiis, “hired," or * mercenary," alluding to the Hes sians, who were objects of infinitely more hatred to the Americans, than the British. s Colonis, « colonists;" it is here taken in its primary original meaning; it has, however, other acceptations. 4 Urbem, *into the city,” i. e. Philadelphia. 88 wAshINgtonii vitA. suisque in tentoriis contuberniisque' clade ingenti afficere, miraculi portentique instar* erat, sum mamque lætitiam per colonias omnes è vestigio excitavit. Imperatori, qui tam insigniter nomen America num virtute extulerat, succurrere et opitulari cuncti certatim properabant. Strenui gnavique, qui mili tiam evocarent, in partes omnes statim dimissi : multique, qui jam stipendia fere emeriti fuerant, exiguâ conducti mercede, apud exercitum diutiùs manere, et pro patriâ pugnando vulnera martia pati, haudquaquam ambigebant. Captivis in custodiam traditis, Washingtonius denuò fluenta Delaware trajecit, Trentoniamque, municipium in Novâ Cæsareâ situm, occupavit. y. Exercitûs Britannici manipuli plurimi Princetoniæ convenére, ubi agmen, quod Brunsvico iter modò fecerat, duce* comite Cornwallis, sese cum eis* conjunxit. Imperator iste,* Trentoniam versus iter facere cœpit, Americanosque, die Januarii se cundo, paulò post meridiem, anno Christi millesimo septingentesimo septuagesimo, fortissimè aggressus
1 Contuberniis, “soldiers' quarters;” in which sense it is taken by Cæsar, “Depositis in contubernio armis, vallum relinquebant.” 2 Instar, “like,” or * as large as.” This word, erroneously called by some an adverb, is, in reality, a noun substantive indeclinable, and is always found in the accusative case, the preposition ad being understood. 8 Duce, &c., “ Earl Cornwallis (existente) being leader.” 4 Eis, (manipulis nempe,) “the detachments.” 5 Imperator iste, “that commander," (i. e. Cornwallis.) WASHINGTONII VITA, 89 est. Americanorum acies prima recedere cogeba tur, attamen, insequentes hostes rivulo quodam tormentisque nonnullis, à longiùs procedendo, im pediebantur. Sic, exercitus duo, in quibus spes opesque utri usque populi erant sitæ, oppidulo quodam, parvoque rivulo, qui vadis, nonnullis in locis, transiri poterat, duntaxat separabantur. Exercitus, interim, Bri tannicus, ab opere cessavit, et ad redintegrandum prælium paratus, expeditusque, stabat. X, Washingtonius, interea, occasione utens, impe dimenta' clam auferri, ignesque crebros, qui spe ciem manendi hostibus præberent, accendi jussit; et intempestâ nocte exercitum subduxit, magno que itinere Princetoniam contendit. Tunc præ fectorum concilio militari habito,* in quo præl iari, Philadelphiamque, si fieri potuit, incolumem servare, decretum, Princetoniam summo mane per venit, tresque legiones Britannicas ibi positas pro cul dubio oppresserat,* ni manipulus, qui iter Tren toniam versus tunc temporis faciebat, Americanos conspicatus, nuncios qui commilitones eâ de re certiores facerent, præmisisset. 1 Impedimenta, “baggage” of an army ; from the active verb im pedio, because the conveyance ofbaggage generally retards celerity, or rapid movements: the verb impedio, is compounded of the pre position in and pes, a foot. a Præfectorum, &c., “ a military council ofhis officers being then held.** 8 Oppresserat, ** would have defeated three British regiments, un less,” &c. Oppresserat is here put for oppressisset. H 2 90 WASHINGTONII VITA. Princetoniam copiis Americanis adventantibus, acies Washingtonii media ab Anglis acerrimè pe tita, et sese fugæ mandare illicò' coactaX. Hisce in angustiis, Washingtonius ad suos adequitavit, interque Americanos fugientes, hostesque inse quentes, medium sese obtulit. Ducis precibus et exemplo tandem incitati, et pudore revocati, resti terunt,* telaque in hostes invicem vertere, et pugnâ eos lacessere cœperunt Americani. Et quamvis Washingtonius, aliquandiu inter acies duas de præliantes constiterat, nihilominus incolumis intac tusque evasit: eum, enim, ad majora servari vo
luit cœlum. - Hoc in prælio, copiæ Britannicæ fortissimè dimi cabant, tantamque præstiterunt* virtutem, quantam viros fortes pro aris et focis certantes, præ sese ferre* condecuit. Legionum una, quam Mawhood, tri bunus Anglicus* ductabat, Americanorum multi tudine interrita, adversarios sicis præfixis adeò acriter adorti, ut Washingtonii ordines penitùs, et ubique, perturbarentur, et ad locum vulgaritèr
1 Illico, “forthwith," a contraction ofin and loco. 2 Restiterunt, “resisted,” or made a stand; the perfect tense of resisto; now, resisto is compounded of the inseparable preposition re, again, and sisto, i. e. stare facio. 8 Præstiterunt, &c. * And showed as much valor as,” &c. 4 Ferre, ferre præ sese, * to show or exhibit,” (literally, to bear or carry before oneself.) 5 Tribunus, &c., “an English colonel.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 91
Maidenhead nuncupatum, incolumes fere ad unum perrexêre.' X. Aliæ legiones duæ, sine morâ, aut incommodo ullo Brunsvicum pervenêre. Imperator, tamen, Britannicus, hoc tam improviso repentinoque Wash ingtonii nisu* adeo vehementer exturbatus, ut Trentoniam reliquerit, cumque exercitu universo Brunsvicum contenderit. Ita unius spatio mensis, omnis Cæsareæ Novæ pars illa, Brunsvicum inter et flumen Delaware posita, à copiis Britannicis occupata, iterumque ab Americanis recepta et re cuperata fuit. Omnibus in locis, quas Washingto nius ab hostibus receperat, firmis præsidiis relictis,* cum reliquo exercitu recedere, et impedimenta ab hostibus tutari, satius visum. Resque gestæ* anno Christi millesimo septingentesimo septuagesimo sexto pauca, Novo Eboraco* excepto, commoda Britannis attulêre.
1 Perrexêre, “proceeded,” the perfect tense ofpergo. a JN'isu, “effort,” attempt, or endeavor; a verbal noun of the fourth declension, from the deponent verb nitor. 3 Firmis, &c., “strong garrisons being left in all the places,” &c. 4 Resque gestæ, “the military operations," exploits, achievements. 5 JNovo, &c., “New-York excepted,” that is, except the capture ofthat city by the British. 92 WASHINGTONII VITA.
CAPUT DECIMUM.
Ab erercitu utroque mala perpessa.—Washingtonii elogium. —Bellica Americanorum instrumenta, variis locis, capiunt. Britanni.—Hostium mora.—Brunsvicum contendit Wash ingtonius.—Philadelphia, fortissime resistentibus Ameri canis, ab hoste expugnata est. DUM hæc gerebantur, mala plurima exercitus uterque perpessus. Militum Americanorum plures, calceamentis eguère ; pedibusque nudis per aspera incedentes, vestigia cruore multo ac sanguine, ut plurimum, signabantur. Westes quoque ad frigus arcendum haudquaquam sufficiebant: vixque in exercitu omni unum inveniri poterat tabernaculum tentoriumve ; adeo, tamen, duci suo dediti addicti que erant, ut hæc tam gravia, tamque intoleranda infortunia animo æquo* tulerint. Ad hoc, eorum fiduciam* optimo jure meruit Washingtonius; et in milites ejus benignitas, affa bilitasque sermonis, ad mala, quoque, omnia simul cum militibus subeunda alacritas, virtusque in re bus arduis dubiisque, mirum in modum, militum
1 JEquo, “patient,” contented; this adjective oftem signifies level, even, uniform ; hence, when applied to the mind, it may import, unruffled, tranquil, &c. * Fiduciam, “their confidence;" that is, which they reposed in Washington. WASHINGTONII VITA. 93
studia animosque' in eum accendit. Præliis apud Princetoniam Trentoniamque factis, Annibalis va fritiem, cum Cæsaris virtute conjunxit; hæcque, de quâ modò meminimus, victoria, etsi haudqua quam incruenta fuerat, vehementer, tamen, liber tatis Americanæ amicos arrexit. Y. Mense* Martio, anno Christi millesimo septin gentesimo septuagesimo septimo, Dux Howe, quingentos milites, tribuni Bird ductu,* munimen torum Americanorum, haud longè* à Novo Eboraco distantium, destruendorum causâ, misit. Frustrà Washingtonius, armorum publicorum curatores,* ne impedimenta aliudve, ullo loco, quò hostium navibus aditus esset, deponerent, sæpenumerò commonefecerat. At eos serò delicti errorisque pœnituit. Paulo post, Tryonius, dux Anglicus, cum milli bus hominum duobus, Novo Eboraco solvit, Rem publicamque versus Connecticutensem cursum tetendit, ut bellica instrumenta, et apparatum Americanorum ibi deposita, summâque incuriâ
1 Animos, “their affections.” 2 Mense, &c., “in the month of March 1777. General Howe," &c. 3 Tribuni Bird ductu, “under the command ofColonel Bird." 4 Haud longe, the place whither this detachment was ordered was Peekskill, about fifty miles from the city of New-York. 5 Jlrmorum, &c., by these officers are here meant, “the commis saires;” for arma means not only arms, but also tools, implements, of any kind; Virgil uses arma, in the following line, for the tackle and rigging of a ship. * Colligere arma jubet, validisque incumbere remis.” 94 WASHINGTONII VITA. custodita, caperet. Hostes, multis vulneribus ac ceptis et illatis, pluribusque laboribus et difficul tatibus summâ virtute, et patientiâ mirâ, superatis, voti compotes tandem facti: multa, tamen, vul mera accepta, dum sese ad naves recipiebant. 7 Etsi ver jam ferè exactum fuerat, exercitus, tamen, Britannicus in aciem venire, hostesque prælio lacessere, apparatu castrensi deficiente, ne quivit. Hæcce hostium mora, ad bellica instru menta, apparatumque omnem expediendum paran dumque, Washingtonio tempus, otiumque, præbuit. Etsi imperio extra ordinem' a civitatum fœdera tarum Americanarum Congressu, voce unâ hones tatus fuerat, continere,* tamen, eos, qui nomina jam dederant,* quique stipendia jam penè meruerant,* difficillimum factu reperit. Ut, tamen, diutiùs apud exercitum manerent, pauci à præfectis suis ægerrimè inducti; plures, tamen, præ ducis amore,* in armis esse, patriam que tueri et defendere haud gravabantur. Magnum, certe, apud populares* Washingtonii momen mul tùm sæpe alias profuit: nunc, autem, quin domum
1 Extra ordinem, “extraordinary power,” or command. 2 Continere, to keep or hold together. 3 JNomina jam dederant, “ who had enlisted as soldiers.” 4 Quique, &c., “ and who had now almost completed the term of their enlistments :" see what has been said on the noun stipendium in preceding notes. 5 Præ ducis amore, *out of love for their general.” 6 Populares, &c., his great reputation, at least, with his country men. WASHINGTONII VITA. 95
abirent, militiamque omninò detrectaremt milites satis feliciter obstitit. Supplementa pluribus provinciis conscripta' nu merum militum statutum haud exæquaverunt: attamen, dum sese Britanni Novo Eboraco contine bant, multis copiis auxiliaribus firmatus Washing s tonius. Tunc, demum, castra movit, et haud procul à Brunsvico consedit, castraque est metatus. X. s Locus, quem castris delegerat, naturâ editus muni & tusque fuit; aditusque ad Washingtonii castra hos & tium copiis adeo difficilis, ut hostes, nisi maximo * periculo, appropinquare aut accedere minimè po | terant. Hinc,* Cæsareas tuebatur, hinc, autem, ac exercitûs Britanni motus omnes sedulò servabat. at Insidiæ multæ dolique a duce Britanno, ad Wash ingtonium ex hoc tam commodo tamque idoneo et loco eliciendum, incassùm struebantur ;* quare p Philadelphiam copiis maritimis aggredi satius vi iis sum: quæ pulcherrima urbs, resistentibus fortis simè Americanis, post pugnam longam cruentam , ■ que, tandem expugnata. || _- 1 Supplementa, &c., “the recruits raised in several provinces.” * Hinc, “on the one hand," he, (that is, Washington,) protected the Jerseys ; hinc, “on the other hand," &c. 8 Incassùm struebantur, ** were in vaim laid.” a tam ip*
CO' 96 WASHINGTONII VITA.
CAPUT UNDECIMUM.
Clades Burgoyniana.—Ingens Americanorum lætitia.—Mor ristoniam recedit Washingtonius.—Res difficiles quibus circumsessus est imperator Americanus.—Quosdam è suo numero ad exercitûs statum inspiciendum mittit Congres sus.—Foedus cum Ludovico decimo serto, Gallorum rege, initum est.—Philadelphiam vacuefaciunt Britanni.—Insu lam Rhodensem Gallicis et Americanis copiis expugnare visum est.—Classes ambas, Gallicam Britannicamque, tem pestas dirimit.—Canadam invadere statuit Congressus.— Contrd monet suadetque Washingtonius. INTEREA, civitatibus ferè omnibus mediis potiti erant Britanni, quum septentrionalibus provinciis res majores accidebant. Burgoyne, dux Britan nus, qui bellum lacubus' et provinciis proximis gereret, cum veteranis quibusdam copiis, missus * est.* Ticonderogam cepit, lacuque Georgio* lus trato, castra ibi ad fluminis Hudson origines po suit. ' Hic, autem,* ducis Britanni impetus a for tissimo Gates coercitus ; præliisque duobus Marte vario* factis, decimo septimo die Octobris, Christi
1 Lacubus, the lakes on the Canada frontier. 2 JMissus est, &c. *Was sent, (who should conduct the war,) to carry on the war on the lakes,” &c. 8 Lacuque Georgio, &c. * Lake George being traversed,” (that is, by him.) 4 Hic, &c., but, here. 5 JMarte vario, ** with various success.” w ASPHINGTONII VITA. 97 anno millesimo septingentesimo septuagesimo sep timo, sese unà cum exercitu suo dedere coactus est. Victoria hæcce per civitates Americanas uni versas gaudium ingens excivit. Gentes populique Europæi, at maximè Galli, qui præjudicio aut in vidiâ Britannorum gloriam jamdudum avebant imminui, cladis hujusce nuncium* lætissimè ac cepêre. Multi fortissimi peritissimique cohortis Hi bernicæ præfecti, coloniarum fœderatarum Ameri canarum tuendarum causâ, nomina ultrò dedêre.* Plures, sanè, Galli, nobiles domi,* pro libertate Americanâ sese insigniverant. In his præcipuus fuit Fayette, Gallus nobilis. Hicce adolescens fortis, undevigesimum* agens amnum, Americano rum partes* amplexus, ad libertatem eorum, tuen dam, imsitâ ad gloriam cupiditate, nobilique ad laudem impetu, impulsus est. Ineunte amno millesimo septingentesimo septua gesimo septimo, mense Januario, Morristoniam, op pidulum Novâ Cæsareâ situm, ut exercitui nudo perfugium præberetur, Washingtonius secessit. Hic,' tamen, multis incommodis circumsessus cir cumventusque fuit. Militum Americanorum nu merus, præ” hostium multitudine parvus erat ; etsi 1 JN^uncium, *the news of this defeat.” a JN'omina ultrò dedere, “enlisted voluntarily.'' s JNobiles domi, **noblemen at home,” thatis, in France, 4 Undevigesimum, &c., “in his nineteenth year.* s Partes, espoused the cause of the Americans. • Hic, « here,^ thatis, in Morristowm, in New-Jersey. t Præ, * in comparison with ;" in propörtion to. Í 98 WASHINGTONII. VITA. hostes, juxta ac* cives Americani longè aliter æsti mabant. Error iste, a Washingtonio, quippe qui* multitudinis magnæ speciem* præbere avebat, con sulto fovebatur. Præfectis, in locis, quò hostium copiæ minime accedere poterant, dispositis, com meatus invicem* facillime dabantur. Error, quo que, quo laborabant hostes, de vero militum Ameri canorum numero, Washingtonium ejusque exerci tum ab omni impetu hostili tutum securumque reddidit. • Dum regionem illam passim lustrabantur copiæ colonicæ, Britones populatum exeuntes vexabant, intraque fines exiguos sese continere cogebant. Velitationibus nonnullis duos inter exercitus ali
- \ quandiù factis, hiems reliqua traducta est. ---- Etsi jam anteà, hoc libro, satis multa de hujus amni rebus gestis dicta sint, pauca, tamen, disse rere, et paullo altiùs quædam repetere, tempus admonuit. Magnæ erant difficultates cum quibus conflictandum erat Washingtonio, ob exercitum sustentandum ac vestiendum. Hæ, autem, non solæ erant quæ heroi nostro, hoc tempore, undi que instabant. Pennsylvania et Cæsarea Nova eum enixè et magnoperè flagitabant, ut hostium incursiones a domibus suis propulsaret. His in civitatibus plures fuêre, qui damnorum pristino 1 Juxta ac, * as well as.” * Quippe qui, “ since," i. e., as one who, as being one who. s Speciem, “ the show,” or appearance. 4 Commeatus, &c., “ communication to and fro.” , WASHINGTONII VITA. 99 rum memores, et periculum ob hostium proximi tatem capiti' aut fortunis timentes, cujusvis opes contra illius potentiam crescere malebant, adeoque præjudicio ac invidià cæci fiebant, ut culpâ et incu riâ Washingtonii, omnia mala, quæ obtingebant, evenisse et accidisse aiebant. Qui* leges apud Pennsylvanos, tunc temporis, potestatem ferendi habebant, (eò, quòd, forsitam urbis primariæ captæ* pigebat,) ut* Washingtonium in hiberna ire, et exercitum sub pellibus,* seu tentoriis, ob frigus brumale, quod jam instabat, collocare et ponere voluisse auditum, multas de eo res dictu fœdas ad Congressum scripserunt, palamque turpia de , illo effutire, et prædicare haud dubitabant. Quæ omnia invictâ quadam animi vi facil limè edomuit, inimicosque fateri tandem coegit, Omnia quæ acciderant, nec ab ullo, Deo optimo maximo excepto, provideri,* nec si provisa essent, prohiberi poterant. Nunc ad res gestas Christi anno millesimo septingentesimo septuagesimo oc tavo enarrandas nosmetipsos accingamus.
1 Capiti, ** their lives.” * Qui, &c., “ a periphrasis for the Pennsylvania legislature.” s Urbis, &c., “their chiefcity,” viz. Philadelphia, ** taken" by the enemy. 4 Ut, ** when (as soon as) it was heard.” 5 Pellibus, * hides” or skins; put here for tents; for although the moderns do not construct their tents of hides, yet, to a Romam ear, the word is appropriate and customary; inasmuch as, the Ro mans made their tents, often, of hides. See Cæsar's Commenta ries, &c. 6 Provideri, ** to be foreseen,” anticipated.
… ss- -a • Zú • .… t O 100 WASHINGTONII VITA. Sub anni posterioris* finem, ad gnavitèr acriter que bellandum, heros noster nil infectum* reliquit. Ut tot milites haberent Americani, quot Britannos habere jam exploratum compertumque fuerat, ve hementissimè a Washingtonio fuit elaboratum. Quosdam è suo numero selectos, qui unà cum Washingtonio exercitûs statum inspicerent, in cas tra delegavit Congressus. Rationem,* eis, exhi bendam curavit Washingtonius, quâ omnia, ad ex ercitum alemdum, vestiendum, armisque ornandum necessaria, accuratissimè demonstravit. Ut stipen dium præfectis, qui de patriâ benè meruerant, in posterum* proferretur, ac propagaretur, enixè con tendit. Stipendium, ut minus æquo,* præsertim fide* imminutâ, illos edocuit ; mala, item, plurima, quæ tam præfectis quam militibus gregariis, hocce bello, communia fuerant; plurimos, etiam, fortes viros, qui sese" magistratu aut jam abdicaverant, aut propediem abdicare cogerentur, ob illorum oculos posuit. Hæc adeo salutaria monita eò gratiora tam ci
1 .Anni posterioris, the former year, viz., 1777. 2 Infectum, “undone,” unfinished. 8 Rationem, “a method," plam, or system. 4 Posterum, &c., (nempè, tempus) ** might be prolonged and ex tended in future.” 5 Ut, &c., “ as being unreasonably small;* literally, “as less than what was just.” 6 Fide, ** (public) credit being impaired;” alluding, doubtless, to the depreciation of the paper currency. 7 Sese, &c., “ who had already resigned their office,” &c. WASHINGTONII VITA. 101. vibus quam militibus esse debebant, quòd stipendii nil sese accepturum autumavit Washingtonius. Rerum! Americanarum scriptores gestarum, sub hoc tempus, fœdus cum Gallorum Rege, Ludovico decimo sexto, ictum, enarrabunt. Cujus fœderis nuntio accepto, Britanniamque perlato, Rex, Con ciliumque Regni Anglici publicum, sese omnia Americanis, quæ paulo ante abnuerant, concedere et condonare dixêre. Conditionum harum, à Britannis tùm primùm oblatarum, nuncium primum à Tryon, duce Bri tamno, qui tunc temporis Eboraco Novo præfuit, accepit Washingtonius. Conditiones istæ, à Bri tannis demum oblatæ, quæ,* si maturè aut tempes tivè datæ essent, pacem duas inter gentes procul dubio servâssent, properè a Congressu populoque Americano sunt repudiatæ. Eodem fere tempore, Gulielmus Howe, eques* Britannus, imperio militari sese abdicavit, Britan niamque est reversus. Henricus Clintonius, eques quoque Britannus, qui ei successerat, vix* ad mu
1 Rerum, &c., “ the writers of the American exploits, will relate that a treaty was made about this time with," &c. 2 Quæ (scilicet conditiones) ** which, ifthey had been made early or seasonably, would have doubtless preserved.” s Eques ; by this term is here implied, a knight, who, in modern Latinity, is called miles, or eques. The term is analogous to the English word, Sir, as a mark of nobility. Thus, Gulielmus Howe, eque®neans Sir William Howe. 4 Vir, &c., “had scarcely set about the performance of his duty, when he was ordered to evacuate Philadelphia." I 2 . 102 *WASHINGTONII VITA. nia obeunda sese accinxit, cum Philadelphiam vacuefacere jussus fuit. Quà vacuefactà, pluri misque levibus pugnis hostibus attritis vexatisque, exercitum Washingtonius, Cæsareâ Novâ, haud longè à mari aliquamdiù continebat. Classis Gallica, cujus expectatio Britannos Phil adelphiam vacuefacere coegit, serò' ad bellum hostibus inferendum advenit : Eboracum, quoque, Novum expugnare, aut omninò bello appetere, incommodum, et à re longè alienum est visum. Ad propugnaculum ab hostibus ædificatum, et in Insulâ Rhodensi situm, Gallicis et Americanis copiis in unum* collatis, expugnare satius, visum. Quo constituto, Sullivamus, dux Americanus, qui copias pedestres duceret, à Washingtonio est missus. Cum* paulum abfuit quin hostium opera expugnarentur, classis Britannica in conspectum venit. D'Estaing, Gallus nobilis, qui Ludovici decimi sexti classi præfuit, ut cum hoste quam primùm confligeret, naves solvit,* et in altum est provectus: at tempestas tanta subitò coorta, ut classem alteram Eboracum Novum, alteram Bos toniam, sese recipere, navium reficiendarum causâ, coegerit. Cum classes ambæ è conspectu jam ablatæ, et in altum procul à terra provectæ fuissent, Sulliva 1 Serò, &c., “ arrived too late to act on the offensive.” s Unum (scilicet locum) ** being united, or combined.” © s Cum, &c. * When the enemies' works were nearly stormed.” 4 JNaves solvit, “set sail, and stood out to sea.” VWASHINGTONII VITA. 103 • nus, de quo modò meminimus, sperans, navibus* Gallicis reducibus, hostiumque copiis maritimis aut captis, aut tempestate disjectis, sese perbrevi hostium opera omnia expugnare posse, propugna culum* acerrime aggredi et obsidere instituit. Con silio,* autem, D'Estaing, sese Bostoniam, reficiendæ classis causâ, recipiendi, cognito, in Sullivani fortis exercitu, querimoniæ liberæ exaudiri, et à militibus gregariis, in socios,* mali auctores, jactari et rejici
cœptæ. -• Hæc sententia nonnullisinimica videbatur. Mala attamem, quæ in re tam insperatâ timenda forent, providit* Washingtonii mens cauta, Fayetteque, Gallus prænobilis, imperatorem, hâc in re, pluri mùm adjuvit. Epistolis nuntiisque multis, super hac re, ultrò citroque missis, ad alia quædam avo cabatur Washingtonius. Sub anni insequentis finem, nempe, anni Christi millesimi septingentesimi septuagesimi octavi, cum plurima jam transacta fuissent, cumque hiems instaret, ad Canadam, Britannicam provinciam, et civitatibus Americanis conterminam, manu magnâ, invadendam, animum appulit Congressus. Colo
1 JWavibus, &c., “ the French ships returning.” * Propugnaculum, &c., *he resolved to assault, with the utmost
vigor, and besiege the enemy's fortress.” - - $ çonsilio, &£, « but the design of D'Estaing, ofrepairingto Bos ton, forthe purpose ofrefitting his fleet, being known,"(!o the ,Almer icans in Rhode Island and elsewhere.) 4 Socios, **their allies,” the French, s Providit, « foresaw the evils," &c. • 104 WASHINGTONII VITA.
miarum* fœderatarum Americanarum consilium Congressûs erat, anno insequenti, Canadam, in gentibus copiis, terrâ marique simul invadere. Consilium hocce Canadam invadendi concep tum, et penè perfectum erat, inscio Washingtonio. Ut* ad Benjaminum Franklin, philosophum cla rissimum, qui,* eo tempore, reipublicæ Americanæ, apud Parisios, vicem gerebat, literæ, hâc super re, scriberentur, à Congressu Washingtonio præcep tum. At Washingtonii mens provida tantum faci nus* tam exiguis copiis suscipere renuit. Qua propter ad Congressum, literas, hâc de re, exaravit, in quibus ab incepto tam periculoso cives dissuasit. Washingtonii, igitur, consilio tandem probato, ab incepto destiterunt, quippè quod plus laboris et periculi, quam gloriæ aut fructûs ullius, habiturum esset.
1 Coloniarum, &c. * It was the design of the Congress of the confederated American colonies.” The verbal noun Congressus, throughout this work, is, emphatically, and by way of eminence, eonfined to the Congress of the then colonies, now the UnitedStates of North America. * Ut, &c., literally, “it was directed by Congress to Washington that a \etter,” &c. * Qui, &c., a periphrasis for an embassadorto the French court. * Facinus; this substantive, from the verb facio, is a word of rather an ambiguous import, meaning, sometimes, a generous, gal lant, or noble acton; and, sometimes, a base deed; itis, however, generally taken in a bad sense. WASHINGTONII VITA. 105
CAPUT DUODECIMUM.
Spes pacis magnâ securitate Americanorum animos afficit.— Has spes inanes esse ostendit Washingtonius.—Supple menta annua tardissimè præbentur.—Legiones Novâ Cæ sareâ conscriptæ Washingtonii imperia detrectant.—Ad qfficium attamen perbrevi redeunt.—Cibariorum omnis ge neris caritas.—Propugnaculum, West-Point nuncupatum, adoriri parat Clintonius.—Ab hoc autem proposito dece dens, ad Rempublicam Connecticutensem iter intendere constituit, illamque regionem vastat. i. NuNc res anno millesimo septingentesimo sep tuagesimo nono gestas tempus explicandi. Hic,* et insequens annus, nullâ re memorabili gestâ, transiit. Civitates, Gallorum* societate animatæ, hostes, successu desperato, certamen tam iniquum detrectaturos ratæ,* segniùs remissiùsque agere cœperunt: has spes inanes esse Washingtonius enixè demonstravit; literis, enim, quas ad Con gressum misit, pacem longè abesse, eamque* ab animis hostium prorsus alienam esse, sedulo edo cuit.
i Hic, &c., “this, and the following year, passed, without any thing worthy of mention being achieved;” the years alluded to here, are 1779, and 1780. a Gallorum, &c., « encouraged by the alliance of the French.” s Ratæ, &c., “supposing the enemy, despairingof success, would decline so unequal a contest.” * 4 Eam, “it,'° that is, peace. I06 WASHINGTONII vitA. Ut supplementa annua,* omniaque, quæ ad exercitum alendum sustentandumque apta forent, quam primùm fierent, pararenturque, summopère institit:* tanta, autem, hominum animos mentes que invaserat securitas,* ut, monitis tam salutari bus spretis, vix tandem impelli quivit Congressus, quò imperatorem* milites iterum conscribere jus serit. Parata,* quæ ad bellum anno insequenti gerendum necessaria fuere, tardissime procedebant; et* cum exercitum in armis esse, bellumque hosti bus inferre oportuit, nihil aliud quam parata de cretaque nonnulla, ad milites scribendos, factum est Aerarium quoque ad summum inopiæ de ductum: quæ res imprimis magnas in exercitu difficultates concitâsse videtur. Quin imo, legiones Novâ Cæsareâ conscriptæ, Washingtonii imperio non audientes, quum iter facere, seseque cum alterâ exercitûs parte conjun gere jubebantur, prorsus abnuebant. Quo facto, Maxwell, dux Americanus, literas ad Washingto nium mittendas curavit, in quibus' eum certiorem
1 Supplementa annua, ** recruits for the year.” 2 Summopere institit, ** he vehemently insisted.” 8 Securitas, “indifference,” carelessness, apathy. 4 Imperatorem, &c., “to direct the commander-in-chief, (Wash ington,) again to enlist soldiers.” 5 Parata, &c., “the preparations which were makingfor conduct ing the war, the following year,” thatis, 1780. * Et, &c., “and, when the army ought to have been in the field, and in a condition to act on the offensive.” 7 In quibus, (scilicet literis,) **in which letter.” N. B. Literæ in YWASHINGTONII vitA. 107 fecit, legionum, earum præfectos omnes, tribuno suo dixisse,* ** nisi Cæsareæ Novæ consilium pub licum querelis injuriisque suis remedium finemque posuerit, sese triduo imperio militari, quod à Con gressu acceperant, procul dubio abdicaturos.* At Washingtonius, qui infortunia malaque plu rima, quæ exercitus Americanus, mirâ cum pati entiâ, diù perpessus fuerat, probè sciebat, præfec torum* istorum consilio temerario vehementissimè fuit commotus ; quanquam, enim, exercitûs que rimonias justas esse cognovit, mala, tamen, quæ in patriam* manatura ex tam temerariâ tamque inconsultâ ducum sententiâ forent, animo cauto planè jam prospiciebat. Itaque, rem tantam animo diù secum ipse volu tans, literas, quas earum legionum præfectis exhi beat, ad Maxwell, de quo modò mentionem feci mus, misit; quibus in literis, amici* ducisque vice fungens, militibus præfectisque Americanis super biam* insitam, virtutemque* quam sæpenumerò the plural, means a single letter or epistle, written from one person to another, on any business, or occasiom. 1 Dixisse, &c., “had told their colonel, that they, umless,” &c. * Præfectorum, &c., “by the rash measures ofthose officers,” (of the New-Jersey regiments.) * Patriam, &c., ** which would flow upom his country." 4.Amici, &c., « acting in the capacity of theirfriend and general." s Superbiam, this noum is here taken, as in many passages in the best classic writers, for that loftiness of soul, and contempt ofbase ness, which should ever constitute the most prominent trait in the character of those who follow the profession ofarms. 6 Virtutemque, “valor,” bravery. 108 WASHINGTONII VITA. arduis in rebus jam antea præstiterant, concitare est conatus, ** Nil,” inquit, * quod mihi unquam accidit, tam graviter me pigebat, quam charta a præfectis istis ad consilium Novæ Cæsareæ publi cum missa.” Ut paucis absolvam, præfectos illos, quanquam pertinacissimè in sententiâ aliquandiù perstiterant, mira Washingtonii affabilitas, constantia, comitas que sermonis, ad munia* officiumque suum per brevi redire coegerunt. Mihi quidem in primis difficile videtur, constantiorne* in civium effrenam libidinem licentiamque coercendo, an contra hos tes acie pugnando fortior fuerit, dignoscere. Ad hanc præfectorum nonnullorum defectionem, aliud accessit malum; exercitus, nempe, Ameri canus, non vestibus modò idoneis, verum etiam victu necessario indigebat. Annus, etiam, messes largas, frugesque amplas, libertatis propugnatori bus invidebat. Agricolæ, porrò, vomerem* in gla dium convertere sæpe cogebantur; fides,* quoque, publica adeo infirma erat, ut nihili penderetur; adeo, denique, magnis difficultatibus circumven tus erat Washingtonius, ut cibaria quædam, exer
1 JMunia, “their duties,” or employment. s Constantiorne, &c., *whether he may have been more uniform in restraining, &c., or braver in fighting, &c.” s Vomerem, the ploughshare ; that is, to abandon agricultural pursuits, and assume the habits and costume of a soldier; a com mon figure. 4 Fides publica, “the public credit;” afluding to the depreciatiwn of the paper-currency. wasmiseronii vita. 109 citôs alendi causâ, magistratus poscere, necessi tate temporum dirà, sæpe coactus. Aliàs, cibario rum inopiâ, manipulos diversas in regiones qui* victum necessarium vi et armis pararent, mittere Cogebatur. Subsidium* hocce tandem quoque defecit; re giones, enim, exercitui proximæ, victum militibus necessarium ministrare prorsùs abnegârunt. Multi, enim, coloni Americani, Britannorum sociórumque sævitiâ excitati, et Washingtonii comitate et leni tate capti allectique, omnia ad victum necessaria ultrò* dedêre. Washingtonio, igitur, quem ante hac tutorem defensoremque populares* duxerunt, aut exercitum dimittendi, aut vi et armis cibaria parandi, necessitas dira imponebatur. Exercitus* eum cibaria, cives libertatis bonorumque defensio nem poposcêre. Exercitûs necessitudinibus subvenire, civesque injuriâ non afficere, in primis arduum videbatur. Disciplinam, porrò, militarem apud exercitum, li
i Magistratus, &c., “to demand, or call upon the magistrates for certain provisions, for the purpose,” &c. . 2 Qui, &c. (scilicet manipuli) **which (detachment) should pro cure.” 8 Subsidium, * succor,” that is, the mode of procuring supplies, by making forcible requisitions om the citizens. 4 Ultro, * of their own accord,” spontaneously ; that is, without any compulsion, or restraint. 5 Populares, **his countrymen.” 6 Exercitus, &c., **the army called upon him for provisions, the citizens for the protection of their liberty and property." 10 J 110 WASHINGTONII VITA. beris' ex hominibus, maximâ ex parte, conflatum, difficillimum semper fuit: apud exercitum omnibus necessariis rebus nudum expertemque, vix morta lium est. In hàc rerum difficultate, ita sese gessit Washingtonius, ut militibus, juxta ac civibus caris simus sit factus. Nulla, itaque, res memorabilis, exercitu tam mudo, tamque malè necessariis om nibus rebus instructo,* geri poterat. Hostes, contra, qui Novum jam Eboracum ali asque regiones impunè tenebant, et, quocumque libuit,* liberrimè vagabantur, omnibus rebus ne cessariis plenè ornati instructique, hominum mul titudine longè præstabant,* atque terrorem maxi mum, quacumque incedebant, incolis incutiebant. Hæcce militum inæqualitas* ad flumen Hudson clarissimè est perspecta ; quum, enim, duo exer citus castra movere cæpissent, Britanmi flumen tra jicere, copiasque in unum* conferre facillimè pote rant, Americani, autem, ob numerum exiguum, nil magnum ordiri, neque longiùs a castris prodire audebant.
1 Liberis, &c., “composed, in a great measure, of freemen.” It was, most assuredly, eminently difficult to restrain such an army, and reduce it to habits of military discipline. 2 Instructo, “furnished,” provided, or equipt. 8 Quocumque libuit, “whithersoever they pleased,” or had a mind. 4 Præstabant, “exceeded (the .Americans) by far, im the number of mem.** s Hæcce militum inæqualitas, ** this (numeral) disparity of the soldiers.” “ Unum, (locum) “into one place or body;” to unite them. WASHINGTONII vITA. 111 Locum propugnaculumque non procul à Novo Eboraco positum, vulgò West-Point dictum, inco lumem* servare vehementissimè avebat Washing tonius. Ut locus iste servari incolumis posset, manipulos, civitatibus multis, ob periculi instantis magnitudinem, petentibus, necessariò denegare cogebatur. Ineunte anno,* Henricus Clintonius, eques Anglicanus, qui summam imperii jam tene bat, quasi locum illum adorturus esset, castra mo vit: at quò magis locum Americanis tam utilem aggredi videbàtur Clintonius, eo magis animum intendit Washingtonius, ut locus iste quàm muni tissimus esset ;\ locoque illo perbrevi munimentis et præsidio firmo ab omni impetu hostili tuto facto, Clintonius, dux Britannus, ab oppugnatione desti tit, et ad Rempublicam Connecticutensem iter in tendere constituit. Quâ in regione, pulcherrimas multas urbes, et oppida, partim incendit, partim diruit, partim ex pugnavit. Washingtonius, autem, qui rerum mag narum servandarum causâ, parva amittere, et neg ligere instituit, non plus auxilii, regionum incolis earum, per quas iter hostes faciebant, qùam quod ad hostium vim prohibendam satis foret, ferre pot
1 Incolumem, ** gafe :*' this adjective has regard to the gender of the noun locus, rather than to that of propugnaculum ; for, the mas culine is more worthy than the feminine, and the feminine is more worthy than the neuter; but in things without life, the neuter is generally preferred; but not always: See the sentence in hand. 2 Ineunte anno, “in the beginning of the year,” &c. 112 WASHINGTONII VITA. uit. Etsi nihil magnum tam exiguâ manu gerere poterat, vigilantia, tamen, Washingtonii tanta fuit, ut hostes, quacumque ratione poterat, vexare haud destitit.—Ludovicus' decimus sextus, . Gallorum rex, Americanorum partes amplexus, eos militibus, navibus, et pecuniâ plurimùm adjuvit. ; 1 Ludovieus, &c. Louis the Sixteenth, king of France, having espoused the side of the Americans ; the generous and seasonable ij aid afforded by this monarch to the Americans, ought everto com mand and secure the applause and gratitude of all lovers of the rights of man. WASHINGTONII VITA. 113
CAPUT DECIMUM TERTIUM.
Incipit annus Christi millesimus septingentesimus octogesi nus primus, secumque affert seditionem gravem legionis Pennsylvaniensis militum.—Ad officium tandem seditiosu isti milites redeunt.—Bellum in Carolinâ acerrime gestum. —Prælium Guilfordiense.—Eboraci apud Virginienses obsidio.—Comitis Cornwallis eaeercitusque Britannici dedi tio.—Magna apud Americanos lætitia.
FoRTAssE haud longè a re nostrâ alienum erit, quas res Americani, Christi anno millesimo sep tingentesimo octogesimo primo, præstiterunt, pau cis disserere. Anno superiore, nihil memorabile gestum. Hic, autem, annus, de quo nunc agi mus, seditionem gravem apud milites legionis' Pennsylvaniensis secum attulit. Die Januarii pri me, tredecim millia militum legionis istius, in se ditionera apertam erupêre: ad Congressum sese processuros, v, nisi injuriis remedium satisfactio nemque impetrâsstat, militiam penitùs detrectatu ro8 dictitantes. Wayne, dux Americanus, qui legioniisti præerat, seditionem compescere* incassùm nitebatur.«Om
1 Legionis, &c., “ of the Pennsylvania regiment,” or line ; who were generally natives of Ireland, and, although notboundto Amer ica by the accidental tie ofbirth, yet were inferior to none in valor, or in ardor for the cause ofliberty. * Seditionem compescere, “to queli the mutiny.” J 2 114 WASHINGTONII VITA.
nes Princetoniam versus, unà cum sex tormentis' majoribus bellicis, iter facere coeperunt. Omnium, quæ postulârunt, literis scriptis, ad Congressum rationes* miserunt; Quibus in literis petebant, ut stipendium, sibi jam diu debitum, è vestigio* pen deretur ; utque stipendium in posterum omnibus, qui nomina* profiteri perseverarent, salvum præ staretur.* Legionis Pennsylvaniensis præfecti, Congressus pars quædam, et de consilio Pennsylvaniensi pub lico delegati nonnulli, seditiosos milites istos in gratiam cum præfectis reducere conabantur.X Etsi horum postulata justissima erant, tamen, dum in seditione apertâ continuarent, nil his concedendum jure posse Washingtonius duxit ; quòd si eorum postulatis venia aut licentia ulla daretur, exemplum pessimum disciplinæ militari exhiberetur. Ut bre vis sim, seditiosi tandem ad officium redire induce bantur: hostes, interea, ut regis Britannici partes milites isti Pennsylvanienses amplecterentur, nil infectum* aut intentatum reliquêre: at, hi, contra,
1 Tormentis, &c., by this are hexe meant, cannon, or field-pieces. 2 Rationes, “an account o£their demands.” 8 E vestigio, * forthwith," instantly. 4 Qui nomina, &c., “ who should continue to enlist," or remainin the service. 5 Salvum præstaretur, “should be secured,” or guaranteed. s Infectum, “undone,” “unfinished:” Sir Henry Clinton, the commander-in-chief of the British forces in America, offered these mutineers very advantageous terms, if they would join the British • army; but they, only desirous of a redress of grievances, spurned - _* *-'
WASHINGTONII VITA. 115 etsi præfectorum suorum imperio parere recusa bant, hostium tamen conatus conditionesque ab eis sibi oblatas statim respuebant. De his militibus Pennsylvaniensibus, deque eâ seditione satis jam dictum puto: nunc ad rem, et heroa nostrum revertamur. Cum hostes haud pro cul a Washingtonii villâ fundoque' bellum gere rent, ad montem Vernonium milites nonnullos, qui recentia cibaria petant, exposuerunt. Multo rum, qui antea postulata hostium talia concedenda mon putabant, ædificia cremabantur. Id ne malum accideret, Washingtonii villicus et dispensator hos tium postulata concedenda esse censuit. Quod* cum Washingtonius comperit, villicum suum graviter objurgavit, et dixisse fertur, ** sese ædificia sua omnia comburi, quàm auxilium ullum de fundo* suo ad hostes asportari aut deferri, na luisse.” Ad priores omnes difficultates Washing tonii hæc quoque nova accessit. Hocce anno, bellum acérrimè in Carolinâ gerere his offers, and actually seized and detained the persons sent by him to effèct this object; some of whom were subsequently hanged as spies. 1 Villâ fundoque, ** his country-seat and farm,” situate on the Po tomac, and called Mount Vernon, in honor of a British admiral of that name, under whom our hero's brother had served. a Quod, &c., ** which, (that is, thathis steward had supplied the enemy with provisions from his estate at Mount Vernon,) when he discovered.” - 8 Fundo, a farm, with a house attached: thus, Horace, “·îpto cum lare fundus,” * a farm with a suitable house.” 116 wASHINGTONII VITA. instituunt Britanni. Cum diù, atque marte vario,' pugnatum esset, exercitus, tandem, ambo, certa men, loco, vulgò Guilford apud Carolinienses dicto, iniére. Britannos Cornwallis, comes* Anglicus, *. Americanos, autem, Greene, ducebat. Prælium istud, de quo nunc agitur, decimo quinto Martii mensis die, anno* supra dicto, commissum ; at dis ciplina militaris, quâ Britanni tunc temporis gen tes omnes superabant, tandem evicit ;* itaque pe nitùs fusi fugatique sunt Americani, et omnes in partes disjecti.* Quo prælio facto, Cornwallis, comes Anglicus, Virginiam versus iter tendere instituit. Henricus, autem, Clintonius, eques* Britannus, qui, tempore eo, copiis omnibus Britanni regis, his in regionibus, præfuit, auxilii ad Cornwallis nihil mittere pote rat ; quippe qui, Washingtonium Eboracum novum è vestigio" adorturum, verebatur ; nihil, porrò ad
1 JMarte vario, ** various success.” ' 2 Comes, an earl, or count, is so called in modern Latin, 8 ./lnno, the year above mentioned, thatis, 1781, 4 Evicit, “prevailed.” 5 Disjecti, ** scattered im all directions.” 6 Eques, a knight, called usually, Sir Henry Clintom. 7 E vestigio, “forthwith.” Whether the design of Washington to attack New-York, at this period, was real or feigned, is not, per haps, perfectly ascertained; the good effects, however, resultingto the American cause, from the continual alarm under which Sir Henry Clinton labored for the safety of New-York, were highly auspicious to the successful termination of the contest between both nations; inasmuch as Sir Henry was prevented from detaching any $uccor to Lord Cornwallis; for had he sent any, his lordshipwould have received such an augmentation offorce as would have enabled WASHINGTONII VITA. 117 eum decipiendum a Washingtonio fuit prætermis sum crebrisque castorum mutationibus, Clintonium formidine perpetuâ exagitavit. Cornwallis, inte rea, oppidulum apud Virginienses, Eboracum vulgò nuncupatum, cepit, expugnavitque, nullo ferè re sistente ; quem, tamen, subsequebatur duobus cum hominum millibus, La Fayette, Gallus prænobilis, qui, motuum* hostilium observandorum causâ, a Washingtonio fuerat præmissus. Sub Sextilis finem, De Grasse, comes Gallicus, qui classi Ludovici decimi sexti præpositus fuerat, cum triginta navibus longis, in conspectum venit. Agmina socia, ad oppidulum Eboracum apud Vir ginienses obsidendum, partim terrâ, partim mari procedebant. Copiæ omnes, nonnullis militibus Virginiensibus, quos Nelsonius, dux Americanus ducebat, receptis, ad duodecim hominum millia, vigesimo Septembris die, ut Eboracum expugna rent, ubi Cornwallis cum exercitu suo consederat, maximo studio, accingebantur. Classis, insuper, Gallica, quam De Grasse ducebat, eodem ferè tempore, in conspectum venit, et ne commeatus,* aut auxilium ullum hostibus afferri poterat, sedulò prohibuit. him to bid defiance to, if not to capture, any combination of force which France or America could at that time oppose to him. 1 Motuum, &c., “ for the purpose of watching the movements of the ememy.” 2 Commeatus, *provisions;” this noun properly signifies a pass ing to and fro, a communicatio: 118 w ASPHINGTONII VITA. Primo obsidionis die, Scammellius,* tribunus Americanus, præfectus egregius, mortem pulcher rimam obiit. Sub idem tempus, Cornwallis, lite ras, ab Henrico Clintonio, equite, accepit, quibus in literis, certior factus est,* * Digbyum ducem Anglicum navalem, ad oras Americanas, cura navibus longis quibusdam appulisse ;* præfectos que omnes Britannos, auxilium ad eum quam pri mùm mittere constituisse.* Quibus literis perlec tis, non cunctandum sibi censuit Cornwallis, quin ad fortiter resistendum sese illicò accingeret. Die Octobris decimo, agmina socia* exercitûs Britannici propugnacula et opera expugnare con tendebant; hostes, interim, haud timidi resistunt: maximâ vi et virtute utrinque certatur, Dum hæc geruntur, Cochranus,* præfectus Britannus, cum literis alteris à Clintonio ad Cornwallis est missus.A< Fortis ille præfectus, quò intenderat, incolumis pervenit, classemque Gallicam navigio aperto, evitavit. Eodem, quo Americami Gallique, oppi dulum Eboracum expugnare cœperant die, literas
1 Scammellius ; Colonel Scammel, an Americam officer of um common merit, who was mortally wounded, and taken prisoner. 2 Certior factus, &c. “He, (Cornwallis,) was informed that Ad miral Digby," &c. s .Appulisse, had arrived on the Americam coast, with some ships of war. 4 .Agmina socia, “the allied troops” (of France and America.) 5 Cochranus. This was Major Cochran of the British army, who had been sent by Sir Henry Clinton, with the duplicate ofhis letter to Lord Cornwallis. WASHINGTONI1 VITA, 119 - a Clintonio ad Cornwallis missas tradidit, et statim fere interficitur. Obsessores,' interim, Charonta,* navem longam Britannicam, armis ignivomis in cenderunt. Comitem Cornwallis sub hoc tempus, monitum fuisse ferunt, ut, relicto Eboraco, saluti suæ exer citûsque* receptu celeri* consulat. Quòd si sese recipere cœpisset Cornwallis, et si exercitus ejus fugatus, aut captus fuisset, mobilis istius ducis te meritas magis reprehendenda, quàm virtus aut fortitudo in graviter seque exercitumque defen dendo, laudanda videretur. Undecimo obsidionis die, obsessores propiùs accedere cœperunt ; inte rim sociorum vis crescere, Britannorumque virtus indies minui cœpit. Tandem, autem, vulneribus multis datis accep tisque, Cornwallis, aut exercitum dedendi, aut communi omnium saluti, fugâ, consulemdi, me cessitatem sibi impositam videbat. Quocirca, multa secum ipse volvens, ad extremum, cum ex ercitu recedere, si fieri potuit, decrevit. Navigia, igitur, quam plurima statim fieri, omniaque, quæ ad exercitum transportandum opus esset, parari jussit. Summo silentio omnia gerebantur. In
1 Obsessores, **the besiegers,” viz. the French and Americam troops. 2 Charonta, “the Charon,” of forty-four guns, set on fire by the artillery of the besiegers, who, likewise, fired mortars. 8 Exercitûs, a genitive case, depending on saluti implied. * Receptu celeri, “by a speedy retreat.” 120 *wASHINGTONII VITA. • animo habebat Cornwallis, impedimenta* omnia relinquere;—manipulumque, qui saucios ægros que curarent, in castris manere jussit, literis, item, scriptis, quæ, post discessum, Washingtonio daren
tur. - Dimidiâ jam exercitâs parte ibi flumen trans portatâ, tempestas magna subitò coorta est, quæ navigia scaphasque omnes adeo disjecerat, ut exer citûs pars, quæ cis flumen erat, neque trajicere ;* neque, ob* cæli sævitiam, pars illa, quæ flumen jam transmissa erat, aut sese ad commilitones re cipere,' aut ratione ullâ, reverti poterat ;> tandem, autem, quum jam meridies instaret, navigiis scaph isque omnibus, parvo accepto incommodo, reduc tis, nil áliud, præter deditionem sibi relictum vide bat fortis Cornwallis. Die, itaque, Octobris mensis decimo septimo, Comes Cornwallis, literas ad Washingtonium mit tendas curavit, quibus, per viginti quatuor horarum spatium tantummodò inducias* petebat, itemque ut de deditionis justæ conditionibus inter eos conve niret."—Legati," itaque, utrinque, eâ de re, missi: 1 Impedimenta, &c., “ to leave behind all his baggage.” What a soldier carries usually in a knapsack, or on his back, is called in Latin, sarcina. 2 Trajicere, &c., “could neither cross over” (to Gloucester Point.) 8 Ob, &c. “By reason of the boisterous state of the weather." 4 Recipere, &c., “to retreat to their fellow-soldiers.** 5 Inducias, “a truce,” or cessation of arms ; an armistice. 6 Conveniret. * It might be agreed upon;^ the verb conveniretis put here impersonally. 7 Legati, &c., “deputies were sent,” &c. WASHINGTONII · VITA. 121 sociorum' vicem gerebant De Noailles, Gallus no bilis, et Laurens, tribunus Americanus, cujus pa ter, eo ipso tempore, turri Londiniensi captivus tenebatur. Undevigesimo* Octobris die, Christi anno mil lesimo septingentesimo octogesimo primo, Corn wallis cum exercitu universo, sese in American orum Gallorumque ditionem, jure belli, dedidit. Septena, aut ampliùs, hominum millia, eo die, de debantur. Præfectis* militibusque captis sarcinas intactas habere permissum. Quindecim, porrò, nautarum millia, sese quoque dedere cogebantur ; omnes, item, naves longæ,* in victorum potesta tem deveriêre. Copiæ terrestres* Congressui, ma vales, autem, Gallis dabantur. Paucis diebus post deditionem, Henricus Clinto nius eques* Britannus, Novo Eboraco solvit, et cum viginti quinque navibus longis, militibus delectis 1 Sociorum, &e., ** represented the allies,” i. e., the French and Americans. 2 Undevigesimo, &c., “ on the 19th day of October, 1781,” Corn wallis, with his whole command, surrendered prisoners of war ; which joyous event diffused an universalelevation of spirits through out the Americam continent. s Præfectis, &c., “ it was allowed the officers and soldiers taken, to possess their baggage untouched;” a concessiom, which, although occasionally denied to the wanquished, on this emergency was most assuredly highly honorable to the victors. 4 JNaves longæ, *vessels of war* are thus called, frequently, iri Latin. s Copiæ terrestres, &c., “the land forces were assigned to Con= gress, the naval ones to the French.” • Eques, a knight; Sir Henry Clinton, commander of the forees, 11 Ε 122 vvASHINGTONII VITA. refertis, in subsidium Cornwallis devenit; at, post quam deditionem factam esse accepit,' Novum versus Eboracum cursum denuò intendit. In re tam lætâ, gaudium patriæ amatorum ce landum, aut reprimendum haud censuit Washing tonius: omnes, enim, ad unum, præfectos, mili tesque, pro concione, ob virtutem et patientiam invictam, quam sæpenumero arduis in rebus præ stiterant, summoperè laudavit. Supplicationem, quoque, Deo optimo maximo, qui Americanos tam insigniter adjuverat, decrevit; edixitque, ut om nes, Deo, ob hoc tantum beneficium, gratias ex animo* haberent. Washingtonius, autem, valde nitebatur, ut captivi* summâ cum humanitate trac tarentur. Per tres provincias, Virginiam, nempè, Terram Mariæ,* et Pennsylvaniam, ejus jussu dis tributi cibariis* eisdem, quibus exercitus America
nus, vescebantur. - Gratiæ maximæ Washingtonio, Rochambeau
1 Jlccepit, “he heard,” or understood. 2 Ex animo, “from their heart;” that they should return hearty thanks. 8 Capitivi, &c., “that the prisoners should be treated with the greatest humanity." The noun humanity in English, has not pre cisely the same meaning as the Latin word humanitas ; as humani tas, from homo, implies a combination of those qualities which tend to the perfection of human nature. 4 Terram JMariæ, the land of Mary, that is, *Maryland.” 5 Cibariis, &c., “were fed on the same provisions as the Americam army.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 123 comiti Gallico,' itemque præfectis et militibus cunctis ob virtutem eximiam à Congressu age bantur: itemque decretum fit, ut, in sempiternam rei memoriam, columna marmorea Eboraci statu eretur, societatem Galliam inter et Civitates foede ratas Americanas posteris tradens. Washingto mius, autem, Eboracum Novum versus* exercitum ducere decrevit; ubi, quoniam urbem istam ex pugnare nequiverat, in hiberna cum exercitu se cessit.
1 Comiti Gallico, ** a French Count;” usually called Count De Rochambeau. 2 Versus, “towards.” 124 wAspIINGTONII VITA
CAPUT DECIMUM QUARTUM.
Carletonius, Eques Anglicus, Novum Eboracum, summam imperii gerens, advenit.—Certiores facit Washingtonium Congressumque, de pace apud Parisios agi fuisse coeptum. — Par inter Regem Britannicum Coloniasque Americanas. — Franklinii elogium.—Bello confecto, novæ, propter mili tum stipendia, turbæ eæcitantur.—Fortitudo Washingtonii inque patriam amor. QUINTo Maii die, anno millesimo septingente simo octogesimo secundo ab Christo nato, Guyus Carletonius, eques Anglicus, Eboracum Novum advenit, qui à rege Britanno summam imperii ac ceperat. Statim atque' ad oras Americanas appu lit, Washingtonium Congressumque certiores fecit, ** de pace apud Parisios agi cœptum fuisse.* Co piæ, interea Anglicæ, præsidia omnia, quæ tenue rant in Carolinâ Australi, et Georgiâ, deseruêre,* et Eboracum Novum sese conferre constituerunt, De pace duas inter Nationes, sub mensis Novem bris finem, anno supra scripto, tandem Lutetiæ
1 Statim atque, &c., “as soon as he arrived on the Americam coast, he informed Congress and Washington, that” &c. 2 Deseruêre, &c., “abandoned all the posts, which they had possessed in South Carolina and Georgia.” Although the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in Virginia, did not put an immediate termination to hostilities, yetit convinced the British ministryofthe impracticability of subjugating America. WASHINGTONII vITA. 125 Parisiorum conventum erat :' quâ factâ pace, rex Britannus Colonias omnes Americanas liberas, et sui juris* esse agnovit et confessus est. Unus ex eis, qui pacem duas inter gentes con ciliabant, fuit Benjaminus Franklinius, utriusque juris Doctor, et in philosophiâ praeclarus. Hic vir egregius, decimo septimo Januarii mensis die, Christi anno millesimo septingentesimo et sexto, Bostoniæ apud Novanglos,* natus fuit. Philadel phiam adhuc puer demigravit, ubi ingenio simul ac industriâ bonorum omnium laudes adeptus est. Juvenibus quibusdam ingenuis sibi adscitis, Frank linius societates literarias plurimas instituit, quæ Bostoniam, Eboracum Novum, aliâsque* ad urbes, paulatim serpsêre. Anno millesimo septingentesimo vigesimo quin to ab Christo nato, Franklinius Britanniam deve nit, ibique aliquandiù commorabatur. Belli initio, Franklinius, pacem," quàm duellum malebat. Februario Mense, anno millesimo septingentesimo
1 Conventum erat, “it had been agreed upon,” an impersonal verb. 2 Sui juris, “at their own disposal ;'* inotherwords,independent, and sovereign. s JNovanglos, in New-England; literally, among the New-Eng landers. This celebrated philosopher was born in Boston, on the 17th January, 1706, and died in Philadelphia, on the 7th April, 1790, in the 85th year of his age. 4 Aliasque, &c., « and to other cities :° the penetration of Frank lin,in the institution ofthese literary societies, isfullyevincedbythe practical good resulting to the community, from them. • Pacem, &c., “preferred peace to war.". - Κ 2 126 WASHINGTONII VITA. septuagesimo septimo, qui pacem* Britanniam in ter et civitates fœderatas Americanas conciliaret, à Congressu missus est : quod negotium sibi à Congressu creditum, mirâ facilitate,* industriâ et prudentiâ confecit, Septuagesimum annum agens, ad Gallicæ stu dium et scientiam linguæ animum appulit. Wa letudine firmâ multos per annos usus, podagrâ ad extremum laborans, patriam revisit; ubi, munia multa, civium causâ, jam senex obivit ; at vale tudine in pejus quotidiè ruente, muniis* omnibus sese abdicavit, privatusque* aliquandiu degit. Tan dem, octogesimum quintum agens amnum, die Aprilis* septimo, Christi anno millesimo septingen tesimo et nonagesimo, fato* functus est. Frank linii ingenium, amorque in patriam, nomen ejus celeberrimum meritò fecêre. Ejus, porro, vita, juvenes Americanos ad facinora præclara' incitare
1 Qui pacem, &c., “ who should procure peace between Britain;" i. e. in order to procure peace. 2 Facilitate, by this noun is not so much here understood, easiness, as that facility of access and deportment, for which Dr. Franklin was so remarkable. s JMuniis, &c., “ he resigned all his (public) offices or employ
ments.” - 4 Privatus, “as a private individual ;'' without being in any office. 5 .fiprilis, &c., “on the seventh day of April, one thousand sewen hundred and ninety.” 8 Fato, “fate,” literally, “he discharged fate ;" or, rather, the decrees of fate or destiny ; that is, “he died.” 7 Facinora præclara, 'jllustrious deeds.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 127 debet :' quippè qui, sine claris ullis natalibus, ani mi tantummodò vi quâdam, claritudinem summam est assecutus. Hocce inbello, octoginta hominum millia Ameri cani, Britanni verò quadrigena millia, amiserunt. ' Talis, porrò, belli hujus exitus fuit, quod Columbi terram inter orbis terrarum nationes posuit. Bello jam confecto, exercitum dimittere Con gressum oportebat. Civitates, autem, militibus fortibus, qui martia ob patriam pugnando vulnera passi, stipendia* tam meritò debita persolvere ne quibant: quique animam, ob patriæ amorem, si opus fuerit, effundere haud timebant, sine præmio aut mercede ullà, domum jam erant dimittendi. Literæ, auctoris nomine celato, per castra Ameri cama, tumultûs* causâ excitandi, sedulò circum ferebantur. Washingtonius, qui tunc in castris erat, periculum providebat, ac nequis literis ex istis tumultus aut seditio oriretur, sedulò cavebat. Con silio,* itaque, præfectorum convocato, mala, quæ
1 Stipendia, from the noun stipo, is, emphatically, the pay or wages given to such as serve in war: hence, the expression, merere or mereri stipendium, “to serve in war.” 2 Tumultûs, &c., “for the purpose of exciting a mutiny.” These anonymous letters, while they discovered theutmost turpitude in the authors, redounded admirably, to the address, vigilance and patri otism ofWashington, who appeased those tumultuous feelings both in officers and privates, they were so well calculated to excite. • a Consilio, &c., “ a meetimg of the officers being, therefore, con voked.” Washington, like a real patriot, instead of availing him self of the favorable occasion here presented, of becoming despotic, was only solicitous to quel the excitement of the troops, 128 WASPIINGTONII vITA. ex proposito tam temerario oritura credebat, de monstravit. Fortitudo ejus amorque in patriam, nunquam aliàs magis, quàm hâc in re, enituêre. Cum tumultum istum suum in commodum con vertere potuisset, cumque rex aut tyrannus fieri perfacile licuisset, Washingtonius, tamen, civium libertatem et jura duntaxat respiciens, militum animos lenibat, civiumque libertatem integram et inviolatam servabat. WASHINGTONII VITA. 129
CAPUT DECIMUM qUINTUM.
Exercitui Americano valedicit Washingtonius.—Novum Ebo racum vacuefaciunt Britanni.—Washingtonius, Annapo lim prqfectus, diploma militare suum Congressui tradit.— Washingtonii laudes.—Ad montem Vernonium properat.— Vitae domi ratio.—Mons Vernonius depingitur.—Præses primus Washingtonius electus est.—Jurejurando, ad munus suum pertinente, Novi Eboraci sese obstringit.—In aerario pecunia deficit.—Inter cives, de nov4 reipublicæ formâ, dis sentiones ezoriuntur.
DIE secundo mensis Novembris, exercitus omnis Americanus dimittendus erat.* Die illo, Wash ingtonius, præfectis cunctis militibusque valedix it. Mensis ejusdem vigesimo quinto die, exercitus Britannus Eboracum Novum vacuum reliquit, in eamque urbem paulo post, Washingtonius ingres sus est, summo cum consensu lætitiâque civium omnium, paucis tantummodò exceptis, qui, repub licà turbatâ, omnia, quàm otium malunt. Exer citu dimisso, Washingtonius Annapolim profectus, ut diplomate sibi à Congressu, belli initio, dato, sese abdicaret : quâ imperii abdicatione à Con
1 Dimitt%dus erat, ** was to be disbanded.” Washington dis played the greatest address in discharging so meritorious and ex tensive an army, without being able to remunerate them, in any degree, for those gallant services, which effècted the independence of a large continent. 130 WASHINGTONII VITA. gressu palam acceptâ, Washingtonius à Consilio civitatum foederatarum omnium Americanarum publico conditor* alter tutorque reipublicæ judica tus est. Eo præsente, pericula multa, et mala, quæ sæpenumerò perpessi, inter semetipsos recen sebant ;* libertatis, quam nemo bonus,* nisi cum animâ simul amittit, pacisque,* Washingtonii dex terâ maximè partæ, animis gratissimis recordabam. tur. , Washingtonium stupebant, major altiorque qui privatus videbatur, (quippè qui imperium li bentissimè deposuerat, cum tenere facillimè potu isset) quàm quum exercitum victorem imperator duceret. 'Diploma Washingtonio à Congressu da tum, quod eis nunc reddidit à quibus fuerat accep tum, hlc subjiciendum putavimus: “ Coloniarum fœderatarum delegati, GEoRgio WAsHINGTONIO salutem dicentes, eum copiarum omnium, quæ jam vel conscriptæ sunt, vel olim conscribentur, ducem et imperatorem constituère.”—Quod diplo ma, à Peytonio Randolph Congressûs præside, et Carolo Thompson à secretis, decimo septimo Junii
1 Conditor, &c., “ a second founder and guardiam ofthe republic." If those who originally established the American Colonies, merited applause, most assuredly, Washington was entitled to equal re nown, who secured the liberties and rights qf those colonies, after their settlement. a Recensebant, “they recounted,” reviewed. • • 8 JWemo bonus, “no good mam,” that is, no mam of probity or honor. 4 Pacisque, &c., “ and the peace, acquired, chiefly, by Washing ton's valor.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 131 die, Christi anno millesimo septingentesimo sep tuagesimo quinto, signatum scriptumque, Wash ingtonio traditum. xr Tempore, quo diploma hocce accepit Washingtonius, coloniis fœderatis' auxilii externi spes nulla ; sine armis militaribus* erant, sine propugnaculis, navibus, copiis bello exercita tis, præfectisque* rei militaris peritis. Imperio ac cepto, Washingtonius vitam supplicio summo, rem autem publicationi, obnoxiam fecit. Quantas res pro patriâ gessit ! quanta, denique, mala, pro liber tate communi certans, æquo animo subiit ! Si Camænæ omnes, si facundia et suadela ipsa mihi centum ora, vocem ferream, linguamque Cicero nem ipsum eloquio vincentem, darent, , haudqua quam Washingtonii laudem, tam multis et variis meritis dignam, memorare aut prædicare possum. Res ejus gestæ majores sunt, quàm ut sermone pedestri dignè scribantur. Maronis doctiloqui, aut vatis Mæonii,* musam ingeniumque postulant. » Washingtoniusjam ad montem Vernonium prope rabat, ubi à conjuge piâ, vicinis, famulis, servisque
i Coloniis fœderatis, &c., (scilicet, erat,) “the United Colonies had no hope of foreign assistance.” 2 Jlrmis militaribus, “military arms;” the implements of war. The noun arma signifies, the tools or instruments of any art, trade, or avocation : thus, Virgil, Cerealia arma, “the utensils of hus bandry.” s Præfectisque, &c., “ and (without) officers skilled in the art of war.” 4 Vatis, the Meonian Bard, that is, Homer, so called from Mæonia or Lydia, his country according to some. 182 WASHINGTONII VITA. lætissimè est acceptus, et, habitu militari deposito, gladium vomere libentissimè commutavit. Agri culturâ maximè delectabatur. Fundo ad Vermo nium montem posito, præcipuè occupabatur, qui triticum, poma terrestria, linum, multos, præterea, pecudum, jumentorumque greges, quotannis ex tulit.* Eo inspectante, pannos* varios fabricave runt ejus servi, et vestium satis ad vestiendum ferè mille hominum, singulos in annos,* fecerunt. Pe regrini omnes, qui Americam septentrionalem pe ragrare instituerunt, Washingtonium semper vise bant. Canes multos circum se alebat, et unà cum familiaribus quibusdam, tunc temporis* Alexandriæ degentibus, nonnunquam venabatur. Vitam* ejus moderabatur temperantia: diluculo primo, è lecto surgere solebat, totoque die rebus rusticis absumpto, horam* circiter nonam dormitum" ivit.XJHæc fa cere haud destitit, nisi cum hospitum præsentia eum prohibebat. Mensa ejus saluberrimis cibis 1 Extulit, (scilicet, qui fundus,) (which farm at Mount Vernon) produced, or brought forth, &c. 2 Pannos, cloths of various kinds. s Singulos in annos, * each,” or “every year.” 4 Tunc temporis, &c., “then residingat Alexandria,” not far from Mount Vernon. s Vitam, &c., “temperance regulated his life.” The deponent verb moderor, governs the accusative or dative case. It is derived from the noun modus, and, in import, is equivalent to modum statuo, “I set,” or “appoint bounds or limits to any thing.” s Horam, &c., “about nine of the clock" (in the evening.) 7 Dormitum, the former supine, placed after ivit, averb ofmotiom, as grammarians, usually, account for it. The position, however, is not accurate; itis a verbal noum, governed by ad, understood. WASHINGTON 11 VITA. 133 vinoque instruebatur; attamen, victu simplici, ut plurimùm, utebatur, vinique minimè bibax fuit. Academiam Alexandriæ munificentissimè institu endam curavit. Pauperibus benefacere haud ces savit; instar, enim, solis, mundum universum be neficio afficere volebat. Hic, autem, non alienum videtur, locum, herois nostri præsentiâ celebratum, paucis' depingere. Vernonius mons, ripâ* Virginiensi Potomac flumi. nis, ubi duo milliaria latum, pulcherrimè situs est.x Mons iste acclivis pedibus* ducentis mare superat, cujus* fastigium jugera decem continet, et in me dio, simplicitate augustâ, villa apparet.* Domûs frons, quæ* flumini contraria, porticu nonaginta sex pedes longâ, et viginti altà, decoratur. Alæ memo ribus fruticibusque variis ornantur; prospectus à fronte in agros valdè delectat ; sylva, insuper, parva, quæ secundùm' ripas fluminis Potomac per tinet, Anglicanas, et Americanas bestias, tam* fe
1 Paucis, (scilicet, verbis,) ** briefly,” in a few words. 2 Ripâ, &c., *on the Virginia bank of the river Potomac, where that riveris two miles wide.” s Pedibus, &c., “ exceeds the sea by twohundred feet;” thatis, it rises above the level of the sea two hundred feet. 4 Cujus, (scilicet, montis,) “the summit,” or ** top of which," &c. s Villa, &c., “the country-seator mansion appears in the middle.” s Quæ, &c., ** which is opposite the river” (Potomac.) 7 Secundùm, &c., (or secùs,) **along the banks ofthe river Poto mac.” s Tam, &c., ** as well wild as tame ;" both wild and tame ; es peciaily deer, with which the forests around Mount Vernon were well stocked. 12 I. 134 WASHINGTONII VITA. ras, quam cicures, alit. Hæ res, unà cum navi bus, quæ flumine labuntur, locum istum prorsùs jucundum reddunt./ Parvulum trans rivum, à parte septemtrionali, campus latus segetes, et pas cua, greges multos et armenta ostendit ; latum, interim, flumem, et silvæ remotæ, culti colles, val lesque ad terram Mariæ pertinentes, grande aliquid spectantium oculis offerunt. In his locis amænis simis quatuor ferè annos attriverat Washingtonius, cum ad Congressum civitatum omnium fœderata rum Americanarum, qui* Philadelphiæ convenit, ! missus sit: cujus conventus moderator electus fuit. Y. Etsi multæ et variæ sententiæ apud cives, de novâ reipublicæ formâ, erant, una, tamen, sententia omnes tenebat, summam rerum administrationem Washingtonio mandari oportere. Washingtonius igitur, summo omnium bonorum consensu, civita tum fœderatarum Americæ septentrionalis Præses primus electus fuit. ; Die Martii quarto, Christi anno millesimo septingentesimo octogesimo nono, formam reipublicæ novam lucem videre, à Con
1 Qui, (scilicet, Congressus,) ** which convention assembled at Philadelphia.” This convention, of which General Washington 1 was appointed president, convened at Philadelphia, om the first Monday in May, 1787. The object of which convention was, to deliberate on the propriety of adopting or rejecting the constitution; happily, however, for the liberties of America, and for the rights of man, the good sense of this convention triumphed over local preju dices, and, after a very warm opposition, on the 17th of September, 1787, they closed their labors, and submitted the result to the differ ent states for their ratification or rejection. wAshingtonii vitA 135 gressu populoque statutum fuerat; at causis qui busdam intercedentibus, Washingtonius de præ sidis officio haud ante diem decimum quartum Aprilis certior fuit factus. * Postridie ejus diei, Ebo racum Novum profectus estx Dum eò cursum ten debat, via, per quam ivit, populo frequenti referta. Multi jam militiâ functi, colonique, honoris gratiâ, ei obviam procedebant. Pons domini, civis Phil adelphiensis, haud procul ab urbe situs, quem tra jicere volebat Washingtonius, floribus omnibus co ronisque ornabatur. Postquam Eboracum Novum venerat Washingtonius, ut'jurejurando sese, (prout lex postulat,) obstringeret, nequid detrimenti, eo præside, libertas Americana caperet, à populo Con gressuque petitum. Præsidis officio accepto, Wash ingtonius orationem habuit luculentam, quam,* quia sciunt omnes, præterire est animus.—Cum rerum habenas et moderamen sumpsisset Wash ingtonius Civitatum Americanarum, status adeo infirmus omnibus videbatur, ut multi, rationem rempublicam gubernandi novam non diù duratu ram esse, crederent. ' Grande* æs alienum, et à $ 1 Ut, &c., “ it was desired, by the people and Congress, that he would bind himself by a solemn oath, (as the law requires) that the liberties of America should receive no detriment during his pre sidency.” This oath, prescribed by the constitution, was adminis tered, at New-York, to General Washington, by R. R. Livingston, chancellor ofthe state of New-York. 2 Quam, &c., (scilicet, oratiomem,) ** which (speech) because,” &c. s Grande, &c., “ large debts were due both by Congress and by private (individuals) to many foreigners.” 186 WASHINGTONII VITA. Congressu et à privatis, peregrinis multis debeba tur. Conatus omnes, nummorum debitorum sol vendorum causâ facti, incassùm erant; tum, quia in ærario nihil erat; tum, quia, pecunia, quâ vulgò utebatur plebs, nihili pendebatur: has ob causas, fiebat igitur, ut persolvere ferè poterat nemo. Ad hoc, cives inter sese, de ratione novâ rempubli cam ordinandi, vehementissimè dissidebant. Ra tionem illam multi indignabantur, quorum' plu rimi in Congressum novum electi erant. Con ventum novum nonnulli flagitabant, alii, autem, facta infecta* volebant. Civitates* duæ, Septen trionalis, nempe, Carolina, et Insula Rhodensis, ad novam reipublicæ formam accedere recusabant. * Ad hoc,* iræ acerbæ civitates foederatas Ameri canas inter gentemque Britannicam acriter exer cebantur. Altera* gens alteram fœdifragam ap pellare. Fines, insuper, civitatum fœderatarum haudquaquam statuti aut vulgò cogniti erant.
1 Quorum, &c., “of whom very many;* that is, ofthose dissatis. fied with the new constitution. 2 Infecta, “undone,” not done ; that is, those who were opposed to the new form of government, wished that what had been were not done, or, in other words, that it were reversed. s Civitates, &c., “ two states, namely, North-Carolina, and Rhode Island.” 4 .Ad hoc, &c., “ moreover bitter animosities, were cherished be tween the United States of America and the English nation.” 5 .Altera, “onenation called the other a treaty-breaker.” N. B. The infinitive mood appellare is governed by cæpit understood, agreeably to some grammarians, whilst others assert that it is put for appellabat, the imperfect tense. WASHINGTONII VITA. 137
Exercitus civitatum omnium Americanarum sex centos homines vix continebat. Nec pecunia quidem, ad amicitias emendas, nec vis ulla ad pericula propulsanda, civitatibus novis aderat. Plu rima alia mala exitium libertati Americanæ mini tabantur, eo, præsertim, tempore, quo reipublicæ Americanæ gubernacula sumpsit Washingtonius. 138 washingtonii vita.
CAPUT DECIMUM SEXTUM.
Homines idoneos, qui reipublicæ munia obeant, delegit Wash ingtonius.—Lincolnius, Griffinus et Humphreys, qui cum Indis agerent, à Washingtonio missi sunt.—Foedus cum Indis ictum est.—Alios Indos Duae Wayne superat.—Paae his cum Indis quoque facta est.—Dominus Jay, qui pacem cum Hispaniarum rege conciliaret, dimissus est.—Re in fectâ, domum redit.—Disceptatio longa inter legatum His paniensem Præsidemque Americanum.—Multi de civibus Americanis malo in Præsidem animo sunt, et ad Hispanos sese defecturos minantur.
QUANTUM utilitati communi profuerit Washing tonius, quantamque Americam, ex humili, reli querit, in primis ejus est, qui ad “patris patriæ* vitam scribendam , accingitur. Muniis civilibus omnibus à Congressu constitutis, homines idoneos, qui munia ea à Congressu præscripta fideliter obi rent, designare præsidis fuit. Homines idoneos, qui rempublicam rectè integrèque administrarent, seligere, simulque eos potestate donare, imprimis arduum erat; hoc,' autem, in delectu faciendo, ab irà, odio, amicitiâ, et inimicitiis penitùs vacuus fuit Washingtonii animus. His tot tantisque difficultatibus circumventus
1 Hoc, &c., “but in making this selection of officers, the breast of Washington was free from anger," &c. WASHINGTONII VITA. 139 Washingtonius, Alexandrum Hamiltonium,* tri bunum, ærario præfecit. Rerum* exteris cum nati onibus gerendarum curam Thomæ Jeffersonio tra didit. Dux Knox bello præpositus. Edmundum Randolphium* causarum publicarum procuratorem constituit. Hi* præsidis primi consiliis intimi erant. Præfecti,* qui ab unâquâque civitate ærario præpo siti fuerant, eadem munia denuò obibant. Pacem amicitiamque cum Indis* confirmare in primis studebat Washingtonius. Dux Lincolnius, dominus Griffinus, et tribunus Humphreys, qui cum Indis agerent, à Washingtonio præside missi sunt. Hi Indorum istorum principibus quibusdam haud procul à finibus Georgiæ occurrebant. At pax non convenit, quia, credo, Indorum istorum principes Hispanorum quàm Americanorum im peria perferrè malebant. Insequenti, tamen, anno, quod superiori fieri
1 .Alexandrum Hamiltom, Col. Hamilton, of New-York, was his secretary of the treasury. 2 Rerum, &c., Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, was Washington's secretary of state. a Edmundum Randolphium, Edmund Randolph, was his Attorney General. 4 Hi, &c., “these were the cabinet council of the first president,” (Washington.) 5 Præfecti, &c., “ the officers, who had been appointed by each state, to conduct the concerns of the treasury, were again engaged in the discharge of the same (public) duties.” 6 Indis, the (American) Indians, viz. the Creeks ; the embassy of General Lincoln, Mr. Griffin, and Col. Humphreys, was inef fectual ; at length, however, it was effected by the address, and skill of Col, Willet. 140 VWASHINGTONII VITA. nequiverat, tandem factum est. Satius* præsidi visum, Eboraci Novi, quàm Hispanorum intra fines, cum Indis agere. Ut hoc faciliùs fieret, Willetius, exercitûs nuperi* tribunus, quasi de privatis rebus acturus foret, à Washingtonio est missus. Hæc præsidis mandata adeo callidè tri bunus iste fortis exsequebatur, ut* nationis illius principes Novum Eboracum venire polliciti sint. Foedus,* itaque, die septimo Sextilis, anno Christi millesimo septingentesimo et nonagesimo, istâ cum gente Indorum, Eboraci Novi, ictum fuit. Pacem aliis cum Indis confirmare incassùm conatus est Washingtonius. Præsidem usus* jam edocuit, spe omni pacem cum Indis confirmandi ademptâ, militum quod satis esset, in armis habere. Hanc,* autem, rem ad umbilicum ducere difficil limum fuit. Indorum nationes hominum multi tudine abundabant, nec' militaris disciplinæ ex
1 Satius, &c., “it seemed better to the president, to treat with the Indians, at New-York, (the then seat of government,) than within the limits of the Spanish territory.” 2 Nuperi, &c., “ a colonel in the late army, was sent by Wash ington, (to the Creek Indians,) as if he were to treat on private matters.” s Ut, &c., “that the chiefs of that nation, (viz. the Creeks,) pro mised to come to,” &c. 4 Fædus, &c., “a treaty was, therefore, made with that nation of Indians, at New-York, on the seventh day of August, 1790.” 5 Usus, &c., “experience had already thoroughly taught the president.” 6 Hanc, &c., “but to bring this business to a close was most difficult.** 7 Nec, &c., “nor were they devoid of military discipline.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 141 pertes erant. Arma et apparatum bellicum à Britannis intra civitatum fœderatarum Americana rum fines degentibus accepisse ferebantur.* Har mar et Sinclair, duces Americanos, clade insigni affecerant,* et* per quinquenium ferè invicti per
Imansêre. X* .^ Tandem, autem, Christi anno millesimo septin gentesimo nonagesimo quarto, Wayne, dux Amer icamus, eis calamitatem insignem intulit, et, paulo post, pax* hos inter Indos civitatesque fœderatas Americanas facta est. Dum hoc bellum gere batur, conatus* crebri ad amicitiam Indorum alio rum conciliandam nequicquam facti. Eodem, fere, tempore, nova cum Indis agendi instituta ratio," nempè, ut moribus' feris barbarisque relictis, ad humanitatem, agrorum cultum, aliasque artes in genuas adducerentur. _- Ita, Washingtonio rerum habenas tenente, pax
1 Ferebantur, &c., “they (the Indians) were reported to have received.” 2 Affecerant, &c., “ they (the Indians) had affected with a signal defeat.” 8 Et, &c., “ and they (the Indians) remained unconquered for almost the space of five years.” 4 Pax, &c., “peace was made between these (the Indians) and,” &c. s Conatus, &c., “frequent efforts were in vain made to conciliate the friendship of other Indians.” 6 Ratio, a new method oftreating with the Indians was instituted (by Washington) nearly at the same time. 7 Ut moribus, &c., “ that, having abandoned their savage and barbarous manners, they might be brought to civilization, agricul ture,' &c. 142 WAshINGtoNII VITA. cum Indis facta est, quæ hactenus inviolata per mansit, et diù duratura videtur : conditio, porrò, immanium* Indorum illorum indies in melius cres cere videtur. Ratio,* enim, Indos Americanos ad humaniorem vitæ institutionem alliciendi, à Washingtonio inchoata, ab* ejus successoribus se dulò servata est. χ… Res eædem, quæ ante Washingtonium Præsi dem evenerant, quo minùs* pax civitates foederatas Americanas inter et Hispaniam fieret, et nunc ob stitêre. Christi anno millesimo septingentesimo septuagesimo nono, dominus Jay,* à Congressu priori, qui pacem cum Hispaniarum rege, si modò fieri posset, conciliaret, fuit dimissus. At, cum per biennium ferè pacem isto cum rege facere conare tur, re infectâ,* domum tandem reversus est. Disceptatio' longa legatum inter Hispanum et
1 Immanium, &c., “ of those savage Indians seems to be daily improving.” 2 Ratio, &c., “for the manner of alluring the American Indians." s .Mb, &c. ** was diligently observed by his successors (in the presidency).” 4 Quo minùs, &c., “hindered peace from being made between the United States of America and Spain.” 5 Dominus Jay, &c., “ Mr. Jay (of New-York) was sent by the former Congress, (that is, the Congress which had directed the affairs of America, before the adoption of the federal constitution,) who should procure a peace, (to procure a peace,) with,” &c. 6 Re infectâ, “the thingbeing unfinished ;" without accomplishing the business on which he had been sent. 7 Disceptatio, &c., “ a long debate took place between the Spanish ambassador, (Mr. Gardoqui,) and the American President;" Or rather, his secretary of state, (Thomas Jefferson.) WASHINGTONII VITA. 143 Præsidem Americanum de populi utriusque finibus facta. Tergiversantibus, autem, Hispanis, quum que civitates fœderatæ Americanæ jus suum armis persequi nequirent, multi de civibus Americanis malo in Præsidem animo esse. Hispanorum in jurias tam iniquè tulerunt ut sese ad Hispanos ab Americanis defecturos palam minarentur X 144 WASHINGTONII VITA
CAPUT DECIMUM SEPTIMUM.
Quatuor Galli, qui bellum Hispaniæ inferrent, à legato Gallico Philadelphiâ missi sunt.—Washingtonius hos Gallos coer ceri imperat.—Kentuckienses, de fluminis Mississippiensis libero usu Congressum orant.—Thomam Pinckneyum, ad Hispaniarum regem, legatum mittit Washingtonius.—Fa dus cum illo rege ictum.—Joannes Adams cum Britannis fœdus ferire frustra conatur.—Cur recusabant Britanni.- Hammondius d Britannorum rege ad civitates Americanas primus legatus missus est. His tot difficultatibus circumdatus Washingto nius, quid ingenium, quid mens sibi conscia recti, efficere posset, sæpius expertus. Christi anno mil lesimo septingentesimo nonagesimo tertio, Galli' quatuor Philadelphiâ profecti, qui bellum Hispaniæ à civitatum fœderatarum partibus nonnullis infer rent, legato Gallico missi sunt. Washingtonius, autem, nequid bellum genti cum civitatibus fœd eratis Americanis amicitiâ conjunctæ inferretur, cavere et providere debebat. Gubernatori,* igitur, civitatis istius in quam 1 Galli, &c., “four Frenchmen, having set out from Philadelphia, were sent by the French ambassador, (Mr. Genet) who should make war (to make war) on Spain, from some parts of the United States." 2 Gubernatori, &c., “ the governor of that state,'* viz. Kentucky. These Frenchmen were commissioned by Genet, to prepare and raise a force in Kentucky for the invasion of New-Orleans; an act which militated against every principle of national sovereignty. ® WASHINGTONII VITA. 145
Galli isti quatuor iter fecerant, imperavit, ut homines illos intra fines suos contineat, neve bel lum cuilibet inferre sinat. Wayne, insuper, dux Americanus, à præside jubebatur propugnacula extruere, et, si transire conentur, eos vi prohibere. Cives multi Kentuckienses, in Hispanos animo adeo malè affecto erant, ut Gallis libentissimè suc currere, Hispanorumque intra fines bellum gerere, vellent. -t- Dum hæc geruntur, Kentuckienses multi Wash ingtonium Congressumque petebant, ut* flumine Mississippiensi sibi uti liceret; simulque* præsidem iniquitatis insimulabant, qui regionum occiden talium incolis jura tam necessaria denegaverat. Hæc Kentuckiensium petitio , verbis liberrimis scripta erat, et, ni remedium tot tantisque incom modis et injuriis propositum fuerit, sese* ab soci etate omni cum reliquis civitatibus Americanis discessuros prædicabant. Hos* tumultus sedare, Gallos à bello Hispanis, 1 Ut, &c., “ that it might be permitted them (the Kentuckians) to make use of that river," (the Mississippi) respecting which, the dispute between Spain and the United States chiefly depended; the Κentuckians, and the inhabitants of the western country generally, conceived themselves neglected by the government, as respects the navigation of that river. 2 Simulque, &c., “ and at the same time, he charged the president with injustice, who had denied to the inhabitants,” &c. 8 Sese, &c., “ they (the Kentuckians) affirmed and proclaimed, that they would depart from all confederacy with the remaining Americam States, unless a remedy,” &c. 4 Hos, &c., **to appease these disorders, to deter the French from.” &c. 13 M. 146 WASHINGTONII VITA. inferendo deterrere, simulque, armis depositis, pro libero usu fluminis Mississippiensis cum Hispania rum rege pacisci, Washingtonio contigit. Quod, etsi difficillimum erat, ad exitum, tamen, felicem perduxit Washingtonius: \ Ante Kentuckiensium petitionem præsidi Congressuique oblatam, Wash ingtonius, (quippè qui incolarum occidentalium ægrimoniam solicitudinemque probè cognoverat,) virum inclytum Thomam Jeffersonium jussit, ut Reipublicæ Kentuckiensis gubernatorem certiorem faceret,* sese* omni ratione laborare et niti, ut, Kentuckienses, sine molestiâ aut impedimento ul lo, eo flumine uterentur. Ad hoc, Galli à bello civitatibus Hispanis inferendo deterrendi à præside erant. Washingtonius, interim, Thomam Pinckneyum ad Hispaniarum regem legavit. Et, Christi anno millesimo septingentesimo nonagesimo quinto, fœ dus cum Hispaniarum rege ictum fuit, quo fœdere, omnia quæ de finibus fluminisque Mississippien sis usu petebant Americani, facillimè ab Hispanis concedebantur. -{- His, igitur, rebus fiebat, ut Kentuckiensium aliorumque querimoniis ægrimoniisque impositus sit finis. Otium et tranquillitas in civitatibus om
i Certiorem faceret, &c., “ that he would inform, or acquaint the governor.” * Sese, &c., “that he (Washington) was laboring and endeavo ing, that,” &c. - -_ _ -
WASHINGTONII . v ITA. 147 nibus Oceanum Atlanticum attingentibus è vesti gio restituebantur. Rerum harum maxima, na vigatio, nempè, fluminis Mississippiensis, cujus causâ, legati multi ultrò citroque missi fuerant, tandem finita. Magnæ erant difficultates, quibuscum' conflic tandum fuit Washingtonio, amicitiæ cum Hispa nis, tempore illo, conciliandæ causâ ; at, multò majores à Washingtonio superandæ erant prius quam pax Britanniam inter et civitates America nas fœderatas confirmaretur. Gens* altera uti supra diximus alteram fœdi fragam appellare. Belli* mala finiérat pax; iras, autem, animosque duas inter gentes haudquaquam mulserat.* In civitatibus fœderatis Americanis, haud deerant,* qui Britanniam Americæ inimicam esse, bellumque nuperum repressum tantummodò, non, verò, suppressum fuisse, crederent. Paulo post belli finem, Joannes Adams, à Congressu priori,* qui fœdus cum Britannis feriret dimissus
1 Quibuscum, &c., (scilicet, difficultatibus,) with which Washing tom, (as president) had to struggle, for the purpose ofprocuring,” &c. * Gens, &c., one nation, as we have remarked above, charged the other with a violation of the treaty. s Belli, &c., *the peace had terminated the calamities of war, but it had by no means assuaged the resentment and animosity between,” &c. - 4 Haud deerant, &c., (scilicet, homines.) There were not want ingthose, who believed that Britain was unfriendlyto America, and that she,” &c. s Qui, &e., **who should make a treaty (to strike a league) with the British.” 148 WASHINGTONII VITA. est: at Britanni, eo tempore, Americanorum ami citiam respuebant.^' Cum Britannos oraret, ut, ex foedere, propugna cula nonnulla intra civitatum fœderatarum Amer icanarum fines sita desererent,' responsum fuit, ** Americanos* leges, quæ pecunias civibus Britan mis debitas haud persolvere jubeant, tulisse.* Jus titiam adeo adamavit Washingtonius, ut eam* pa triæ amori non posthabuerit. x Hæc, autem, ad amicum quendam, eâ de re, scripsisse fertur. ** Civitates istæ improvidè im * feliciterque, ne injustè dicam, profectò fecêre, quæ* leges, fœderis violandi causâ, tulerunt. In adversarios* rectè justeque facere, ubique tutum. Si fidem servâssent Britanni, et propugnacula* occidentalia nobis non reddidissent, deorum ho minumque fidem rectè imploraremus.” Alium ad amicum, eadem de re, scribens, sic locutus Washingtonius: “ Quam valdè nobis
1 Desererent, &c., “ should abandon some forts situated withim the limits of the United States of America, it was replied (by the British.) * Americanos, “that the Americans had enacted laws, which,” &c. . s Ut Eam, &c., (scilicet, justitiam,) **that he (Washington) did not esteem it less than his love for his country.” 4 Quæ, &c., (scilicet, civitates,) * which had enacted laws, for the purpose of violating the treaty.” 5 In adversarios, &c., “ to act well and justly towards our adver saries is, everywhere, safe.” 6 Propugnacula, &c., “ and, (if) they, (the British) had not re stored to us the western posts.” WASHINGTONII vITA. 149 dolendum, causam' fœderis violandi tam justam Britannis esse, quàmque turpiter, ex rerum diffi cultate, nobis agendum.* Cum primùm præsidis officium accepisset Washingtonius, ratione omni sibi nitendum putabat, ut, quid consilii caperent Britanni, quidve* de rebus Americanis sentirent, compertum haberet,X Hâc de re, domino* Mor risio, (qui Europam, quibusdam de causis, pro fectus fuerat,) negotium mandatumque dedit Washingtonius. Quæ* mandata fideliter capes sivit Morrisius ; at, Britannos, civitatum fœdera tarum voluntati haud obtemperaturos, comperit. " Post, verò, annos duos, cum stabilitas firmatasque civitatum fœderatarum clarissimè perspicerentur, Britanni, dominum* Hammondium, legatum pri mum, ultrò misère. Quo facto, Washingtonius præses Thomam Pinckneyum ad Britannorum re gem legavit.' 1 Causam &c., “that the Britiah should have sorighteous areason for,” &c. a Quidve, &c., “or what they (the British) thought of American affairs.” - * Domino, Mr. Gouverneur Morris, of New-York, who was carried to Europe on private business. The natural order of this sentence is thus: Washingtonius dedit negotium mandatumque, de hâc re, domino JMorrisio, qui, &c, 4 Quæ, &c., ** which commission Morris faithfully executed.” s Dominum, Mr. Hammond, who was the first ambassador sent by the British government to the United States. s Legavit, ** sent as an ambassador or envoy;" from which comes the noun legatus : this mission was in consequence of the previous Qme of the British goyernment, |M 3 150 WASHINGTONII VITA.
CAPUT DUODEVICESIMUM.
Pellum inter Gallos Britannosque eaeoritur.—Civitates fæde ratas ab eo bello cohibere studet Washingtonius.-Amer icanorum in Britannos odium.—Dominus Jay ad Sancti Jacobi aulam legatus missus est.—Fædus memorabile, iræque propter illud excitatæ.—Civitates fæderatas Washingtonii prudentia belli calamitatibus eripit.—Fœdus Jayianum d Congressu sancitum.—Genetius, legatus Gallicus, ad civi tates Americanas missus est.—Graves cum Washingtonio inimicitias eaeercet.
SUB idem tempus, bellum Galliam inter et Bri tanniam Magnam exortum est. Washingtonii, verò, prudentia et sapientia, belli hujusce jam inde ab initio, civitates foederatas Americanas na tioni neutri obnoxias esse voluêre. Belli, porrò, eventus, quam sanum hocce Washingtonii con silium fuerit, plenissimè demonstravit ; etsi, prin cipio, à multis res hæcce vehementissimè fuit im probata. Bellum' nuperos inter civitatum fœderatarum Americanarum hostes, et earundem amicos, in civium pectoribus iras plurimas odiaque fœda in gentem alteram, et, in alteram, amicitiam excivit.
1 Bellum, &e., **the war between the late enemies of the United States of America (viz. the British) and the friends of the same (states,) (viz. the French) excited, in the breasts ofthe (American) citizens,” &c. WASHINGTONII VITA. 151 Cupere* et favere Gallis ob societatem antiquam Americani ; multique, patriam periculo objectare, quàm Gallis suppetias non ferre, maluêre. Præsidis edictum civium plurium voluntati votisque planè repugnabat. Cives,* enim, Americanos, à studio partium immunes servare, difficillimum fuit. , Washingtonii, insuper, consiliis populus adhuc favebat, at, hâc in re, civium pars bona,* præsidis resistere edicto, quàm obtemperare, malebant. Præsidis, tamen, constantia et sententia flecti aut mutari nequibant; et utilitati communi inservire, quàm gratiam suam augere, satius ei visum, Odium, porrò, in Britannos haud minus fuit. Britannos, enim, Indos ad bellum Americanis in ferendum impellere, nautasque Americanos vi* capere, Turcasque in cives foederatarum civitatum incitare, à plerisque, pro certo, creditum.* Bri 1 Cupere, &c., “ the Americans wished well to, and favored, the French, in consequence of their former alliance.” The infinitives cupere et favere are governed by cæperunt, understood ; or, perhaps, they may be considered as being put for the imperfect tense of the indicative. See preceding notes to this effect. 2 Cives, &c., ** for, to keep the American citizens free and exempt from the zeal of party was most difficult;” that is, to keep them in a state of neutrality. s Pars bona, * a good part,'' (that is, a great part,) of the citi Zens, &c. 4 Vi, &c., « that they (the British) took Americam sailors by force.** 5 Creditum, «was believed, for a certainty, by most persons.” The verb creditum, may be considered as am impersonal passive verb ; or perhaps, more correctly, the whole sentence, from : IBri tamnos to incitare” inclusive, may be viewed as the nominative to the verb creditum, in which case, it is not an impersonal. 152 WASHINGTONII VITA. tannosi quippe civitatum fœderatarum America narum magnitudinis crescentis zelotypos esse, Americani autumabant. Nonnulli* in Congressu pecunias Britannis debi tas persolvi non oportere aiebant; communicatio nemque omnem, dum* meliùs rectiùsque in Amer icanos facere inciperent Britanni, penitùs prohi beri. Bellumque præsens duas inter gentes inten tare omnia videbantur, Gallorum fautores bellum cum Britannis exoptare ; alii, autem, Britannis magis obnoxii, bellum cum eis reformidare. Interea, cum omnes bellum jam instare putarent, Washingtonius, pacem otiumque retulit, domi• numque Jay ad sancti Jacobi aulam apud Anglos legavit. Quâ re, induciæ dabantur, cunctisque litibus, quæ gentem utramque aliquamdiù exagit averant, finis tandem impositus. Præsidem quavis cum gente, inconsulto senatu, de pace agere sine bant; foedtis, itaque, Britanniam Magnam inter et civitates fœderatas Americanas, fuit ictum.
- . Fœdus* istud, de quo nunc agitur, commodissi - - mum, quod confici aut comparari poterat, dixit
1 Britannos, &c., “for, the Americans affirmed, that the British were jealous of the growing greatness of the United States.” 3 Nonnulli, &c., “some in Congress said, that moneys due to British (subjects from the Americans) ought not to be paid.” 8 Dum, &c., “until the British should begin to act better, and more uprightly towards the Americans.” 4 Fœdus, &c., “Jay said, that that treaty, respecting which we are now discoursing, was the most advantagequs, that could be concluded,” &c,
* WASHINGTONII vItA. 153 Jay ; quodque ab Americanis haud respuendum arbitrabatur. Senatu Americano isto de foedere deliberante, senatorum unus, contra senatûs leges atque regulas, fœderis exemplar,* ad typographum quendam, divulgandi causâ, misit. Quo* cognito, scintilla velut ignis, indignatio maxima civitates cunctas foederatas Americanas commovit. Iræ et ægrimoniæ, quæ aliquamdiù sopitæ videbantur, ab integro,* exarsére. X Quinetiam, nonnulli potestatem ferè omnem Britannis concessam illo fœdere, Gallosque socios veteres fidosque, turpiter desertos prædicabant. Illi,* verò, qui moderati modestique haberi vole bant, nimium Britannis concedi, minimum, vero, accipi, dixêre. Consilia* plurima Bostoniæ, Ebo
^ raci Novi, Philadelphiæ, aliisque in urbibus con vocabantur, quibus in consiliis, foedus istud, populo libero et forti penitùs indignum esse, decretum.*
i Eremplar, &c., ** one of the senators, contrary to the rules and regulations of the senate, sent a copy of the treaty, to a certain printer, for the purpose of givingit publicity.” 2 Quo, (scilicet, fædere,) **which being known, (by the public,) the greatest indignation, like a spark of fire, agitated,” &c. * Jlb integro, “afresh,'* anew, again ; thus the Mantuan Bard, “magnus ab integro sæclárum nascitur ordo.” 4 Illi, &c., “but, those who wished to be esteemed moderate and unassuming.” s Consilia, &c., “very many meetings were called together at Boston,” &c. 6 Decretum, &c., *it was resolved, or voted;” a passive im personal : unless we make the whole sentence from “faedus to esse” inclusive, the nominative to decretum; which, in strict grammatical propriety, is really the case; for every verb must have a nominative. 154 - WASHINGTONII VITA.
Hi animorum motus, tempestatesque tantæ, Washingtonium incitare ad cogitationem ma jorem, non verò ad consilii aut, sententiæ mutati onem compellere aut adigere quivêre.XAd ami cum quendam sic scripsisse fertur Washingtonius, “ratio' una tantummodò restat, eademque verum quærere, idque solum persequi, demonstrat.” Foe dus jam pridem sancire Washingtonium consti tuisse ; idque bello præstabilius duxisse, omninò verisimile* est : attamen, eum vehementissimè pigebat, foedus istud adeò à plebe reprehendi, si mulque sibi plaudebat, cum reputaret, tempus for sitam haud procul abesse, quo plebs consilia in melius referret. Pacem cum orbe terrarum uni verso (dummodò honestè fieri potuit) servare ave bat Washingtonius. Mala bellis tanta inesse pu tavit, ut, nisi necessitudo maxima posceret, ea* non suscipienda aut sumenda arbitratus sit. Domini Jay legationem, ultimam cum Britan nis pacem servandi rationem, meritò, duxit* Wash
1 Ratio, &c., “one method only remains, and the same points out to seek the truth, and follow it alone.” A noble sentiment. 8 Verisimile, &c., “it is altogether probable, that Washington had long since resolved to ratify the treaty, and that he considered it (the treaty) as being better than war.” s Ea, &c., (scilicet, bella,) “that he thought they should not be undertaken or engaged in, unless the greatest necessity should demand it.” 4 Duacit, &c., “Washington deservedly considered that the em bassy of Mr. Jay, was the last method of preserving peace with the British, and thusthe rejection of the treaty just now made with the British, hewell knew would, assuredly, be theharbingerofwarn WASHINGTONII VITA. 155 mngtonius, fœderisque, modò cum Britannis icti, rejectionem belli prænunciam proculdubio fore probè cognovit. Quæ præsidis prudentia civita tes foederatas Americanas belli* calamitatibus eri puit; at* civium in Britannos animi iræque haud quaquam minuebantur. Præsidis gratia* apud cives aliquantulùm, eo fœdere, fuit imminuta ; quod,* tamen, multò ante, providebat. Fœdere tandem à Congressu sancito, id* irritum efficere, à quibusdam enixè tentatum ; pecunias, enim, vim fœderi daiido necessarias,* primò dene gare” Congressus. Nonnulli, porrò, in Congressu, præsidem, chartas, documenta, et auctoritatem flagitare,* quibus fretus, dominus Jay, foedus tale cum Britannis ferire ausus erat. Hæc Congressόs flagitatio Americanos primùm conquirere docuit, præsidem an Congressum penes fœdera feriendi potestas esset. Hâc super re, disceptatio longa in Congressu facta.
1 Belli, &c., “ rescue from the calamities of war." 2 .Mt, &c., “but the animosities and anger ofthe citizens towards the,” &c. 8 Gratia, &c., “hisinfluence and popularitywith his countrymen.” 4 Quod, (malum, or negotium,) &c., “ which he foresaw long be fore.** 5 Id, &c., (scilicet, fœdus,) “to make it void, was earnestly at vempted by sonae, (in the House of Representatives of the United States.”) s JNecessarias, &c., “necessary for giving energy to the treaty.” τ Denegare, supply cæpit (begam,) see former notes. a Flagitare, &c., ** earnestly to demand of the president the pa pers," &c., the infinitive flagitare may be said to be governed by cæperunt, implied. 156 wASII INGTONII VITA. Cum sententiæ istæ præsidi nunciarentur, re spondit, ** diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum. Eo, autem, tempore, angustiis magnis premebatur Washingtonius. Foedus istud vulgus improbabat; illi, qui sententiæ hujusce autores fuêre, sese cer — tiores, isto de fœdere, fieri tantummodò postulavére.* Nec, verò, ignorabat Washingtonius, si Congressôs voluntati, hâc in re, non obtemperaverit, neminem non dicturum, præsidis culpâ aut incuriâ, foedus tam turpe cum Anglis percussum fuisse. At offi cio fideliter fungi, nullàque pallescere culpà, Wash ingtonio vulgi favore carius fuit. Rempublicam Americanam salvam tutamque tenere, jusjuran dum cogebat. Foedera* feriendi potestatem pe nes præsidem esse, et leges ita voluisse, Wasli ingtonio planè videbatur. Has cogitationes secum diù ipse volvens, hujus cemodi responsum ad Congressum misit. ** Sen tentiam* vestram, quæ me chartas, documenta, et præcepta flagitaverat, quibus fretus legatus Ameri canus, qui ad sancti Jacobi aulam apud regem
1 Jusjuramdum, &c., “his oath (of office) constrained him to
keep,” &c. - 2 Fœdera, &c., “ it plainly appeared to Washington, that the power of making treaties was'vested with the president, and that such was the intention of the laws.” 8 Sententiam, &c., *I have diligently pondered with myself, in my mind, your resolution, (opinion,) which called om me for the papers, instructions, and directions, on which the American ambas sador (JMr. Jay) relying, who had been sent by me to the court of St. James, near the British King, made a treaty with that king.” VWASHINGTONII VITA. 157
Britannum, à me missus fuerat, foedus illo cum rege percussit, sedulò mecum ipse mente agitavi, Multa* mihi diù volventi, hæc potior sententia visa. Fœdera feriendi, quavis cum gente, facul tatem* præsidi legibus mandatam esse. Senatum verò Americanum fœdera sancire, aut irrita effi cere posse. Illos, autem, qui decretum* istud ad me misêre, nullam omninò potestatem tale ali quid* præsidem poscendi habere. Quocirca, de creta illorum obsequi, aut morem gerere, nequeo.” Etsi chartarum. flagitatio, parùm procedebat, consilii, tamen, istius fautores pecunias fœderi vim addendo necessarias stremuè denegabant. Sancitum, tandem, fœdus, civibusque per edictum nunciatum, ut fœderi audientes essent. Pecunias vim fœderi addendo necessarias denegare, fidem publicam necessariò imminuisset. Cum discep tatio longa facta esset, pecunias fœderi servando necessarias præbere, aegerrimè à Congressu decre tum. . Quamvis hac in re, Washingtonius nil per se agi voluit; tamen,' ex ejus consilio fœdus sancitum planè liquet. Fœdere, enim, isto, à præside et 1 .Multa, &c., “ this resolution seemed better to me, revolving many things for a long time." a Facultatem, &c., “that the power of making treaties with any nation, was committed by the laws to the president.” s Decretum, *that vote” or resolve (of the House ofRepresentae tives.) 4 Tamen, &c., *yet, it was plainly evident that the treaty was ratified in consequence of his (Washington's) advice.” IN 158 WASHINGTONII VITA. Congressu sancito, pecuniæ, fœderi necessariæ, nisi summâ cum famæ jacturâ, denegari nequi bant. Fœdus istud, ita cum Britannis percussum, plus commodi quàm damni* Americanis attulit. Lites antiquas compescuit, amicitiam consuetudi nemque* mutuam duas inter gentes restituit. Ut propugnacula Britannica, intra civitatum fœdera tarum Americanarum fines posita, sine certamine, aut vulneribus ullis, Americanis dederentur, fœ dere isto effectum.* Quamvis commoda nonnulla, fœdere isto, Bri tannis concessa fuissent, nullum, tamen, foedus Americanis commodius, illo tempore, à Britannis impetrari aut extorqueri poterat. Cum* iram ani mosque ratio edomuerat, tandem usu compertum, Washingtonii, isto de fœdere, consilium, præter spem Americanis multùm profuisse. Etsi* ratio cum Britannis agendi scopulosa et difficillima Washingtonio fuerat, pacem, tamen, cum Gallis conservandi spes multo asperior. In Galliâ res novæ, civitatumque fœderatarum Ameri
1 JNisi, &c., “ not without the utmost loss of character, could be denied;” thatis, the moneys essentialto carrythe treayinto effeet. * Consuetudinem, &c., “and mutual intercourse betwear, £he, two,” &c. s Effectum, * was accomplished.” 4 Cum, &c., “when (after) reason had overcome wrath and ami mosity, it was at length found, by experiemce, that Washington's counsel, respecting that treaty, had beem of much service to the Americans, contrary to their expectations.” * Etsi, &c., “although the manner of treating with the British had,” &c. WASHINGTONII VITA. 159 canarum ordinatio, eodem ferè tempore fiebant. Ad Christi usque annum millesimum septingen tesimum nonagesimum tertium, nationes' ambæ in pace degebant ; at, ex tempore, quo, bellum Galliam inter et Britanniam Magnam, geri coep tum, civitates fœderatas Americanas à studio* par tium immunes servare, difficillimum erat. Gallis amici, et Britannis infesti, ut plurimùm, erant cives Americani. Hæc Americanorum in Gallos amicitia, Genetii, legati Gallici adventu, valdè augebatur. Die* Aprilis octavo, Christi anno millesimo sep tingentesimo nonagesimo tertio, adoras Americanas appulit legatus iste. Gulielmus Moultrie, qui, eo tempore, reipublicæ, ad quam appulerat Genetius, præfuit, eum* perhumaniter tractavit. Dum istâ in civitate morabatur, amoris in se, in Gallos, in rempublicam, denique, Gallicam, pignora* et indi cia certissima accepit. ?g. Hâc* Americanorum amicitiâ in se animatus,
1 JNationes, &c., “both nations, France and the United States lived,” &c. 2 Studio, &c., “ free from the zeal of party;” thatis, indifferent. s Die, &c., “ on the 8th day of April, 1793, that ambassador, (Mr. Genet,) landed on the Americam coasts,” viz. at Charleston, S. C. The moun naves, or pronoun se, is understood after the verb appulit; literally, he drove his ships, or himself to the coasts, &c. 4 Eum, (scilicet, Genetium, &c.,) treated him very politely. s Pignora, &c., “received most unequivocal pledges and tokens of.” &c. '. Hae, &c. ** encouraged by this friendship of the Americans -. towardshim, (Genet,) he did not hesitate to equip several ships of 160 WASHINGTONII VITA. naves longas plurimas armare, bellumque gentibus Americæ amicis indicere, militesque Americanos ad id bellum conscribere, haud dubitavit. Naves, porrò, quas ceperint Galli, in judicium vocamdæ, damnandæ, et vendendæ, Genetio ipso judice, erant. Necdum à Washingtonio præside adhuc
agnitus est. •. Dum per civitates alias iter faciebat Genetius, eadem amoris atque amicitiæ pignora et indicia à civibus ubique accepit. Res' novæ Gallicæ autem, quæ generis humani admirationem exciverant, Washingtonii prudentiam claram, et manifestam fecêre. Etsi Gallorum consilia secretò improbabat Washingtonius, istâ, tamen, cum gente, pacem servare voluit. Gemetium, itaque, legatum Galli cum tandem agnovit,* quamquam graves cum præside, inimicitias, bonis* omnibus invisas, jam dudum exercuerat. Washingtonii modestia diffi cultates omnes facillimè superavit, et quamvis auctoritas* ejus libellis famosis opprobriisque variis
war, and to declare war against nations at amity with America, and to enlist American soldiers for that war.” 1 Res, &c., “the French revolution.” Res novæ, is taken for a revolution, or change of government, by the best writers. 2 .Agnovit, &c., “he, (Washington,) at length acknowledged Genet, (in quality of) French ambassador.” 8 Bonis, &c., “ hateful to all good men.” 4 Jluctoritas, &c., “and, although, his (Washington's) authority was branded by libels and various reproaches.” Libelli famosi mean libels WASHINGTONII VITA. 161 notabatur, ejusque ministros' rebus sibi à præside mandatis infideles esse à nonnullis palam prædica batur, paulumque, quin plebs in defectionem aper tam erumperet, abfuit, Washingtonii, tamen, pru dentia invicta pacem et concordiam restituit.
1 JMinistros, &c., “ and, (although,) it was publicly affirmed by some, that his servants (in the administation of the government) were faithless to those things committed to them by the president,” 164 WASHINGTONII VITA. quamvis servitute oppressam, libertatis signa' ex plicantem conspicio.” Illi, porrò, qui Genetio successerant, vestigiis* ejus, plerumque nitebantur, multisque de rebus, quæ bello hocce præsente atrociter fiebant, meritò querebantur. Galliam,* difficultatibus omnibus eripere, in quas sponte suâ inciderat, incassùm à præside tentatum. Legatis* Gallicis sæpenumerò jam antea dictum, fœdus nuperum, cum Britannis percussum, querimoniæ causam Gallis nullam præbere oportere. Pacis cum Gallis conservandæ avidus præses, Pinckneyum, ducem Americanum, ad rempublicam Gallicam legavit: at Galliæ mo deratores eum accipere ne quidem dignati sunt, et, è finibus reipublicæ Gallicæ decedere, è vestigio, jusserunt. Ad hoc, naves Americanæ, à navibus Gallicis ubique capiebantur. Cum Pinckneyum ad rempublicam Gallicam delegâsset Washing tonius, controversiis omnibus finem imponere valde cupiebat; at eum spes ista fefellit, et, priusquam nuncii certi è Galliâ afferri potuissent, Washing . i Signa, &c., “ unfolding the standard of Liberty.” 2 Vestigiis, &c., “trod, for the most part, in his (Genet's) foot steps, and justly complained of many things which were cruelly transacted in this present war,” (between the French republic and Great Britain.) s Galliam, &c., “ it was in vain attempted by the president, to rescue France from all the difficulties into which she had fallem of her own accord.” 4 Legatis, &c., “ it was often alreadytold to the French ambassa dors, that the late treaty made with the British, ought to afford no,” &c. WASHINGToNii vitA. 165 tonius magistratu summo, quem per annos octo, ut supra dictum est, tenuerat, sese abdicavit.' Supervacaneum, in præsentiâ, nobis videtur, ora tionem* longam, quam sub hoc tempus, Washing tonius habuit, hic subjicere ; primùm, quòd eam omnes ferè noveré; deinde,* quòd non tanti nobis videtur, ut paginas plures, rem in eam, insuma mus. Academicis, enim, juxta ac tironibus pro desse volumus, simulque, Washingtonii facta præ clara, ob eorum oculos, Latio* donata, quam bre vissimè proponere. Paulo post, præses, civitatum foederatarum Americanarum consilium publicum, ultimùm,* allocutus.* Congressum, de temporum faustitate, ex animo, gratulabatur. Opera multa, civitates foederatas muniendo necessaria, constan ter civibus persuasit; agrorum cultui amicus sem per fuit ; Academiam militarem instituere, enixè
1 .Abdicavit, &c., “ resigned the supreme magistracy, which he nad held for eight years, as has been said above." * Orationem, &c., **to subjoin, here, the long speech which Wash ington delivered about this time.” This alludes to his valedictory address to the citizens of the United States, s Deinde, &c., “ secondly, because it does not seem of so much importance to us, that we should spend several pages on that sub ject.” 4 Latio donata, “presented with Latium ;" clothed with, orturned into, Latin. 5 Ultimùm, &c., (scilicet, tempus,) * for the last time;” an adjec tive used adverbially; an occurrence, common in the Greek and Latin classics. 6 .Allocutus, &c., “ addressed the public assembly,” viz., the Con gress. • 166 WASHINGTONII VITA. conabatur ; de controversiis Galliam inter et civi tates fœderatas sic locutus esse fertur: ** Tametsi* mala multa et gravia, quæ nos inter et mationes exteras extiterunt, jam omninò supe rata et præterita sint, summo, tamem, dolore me afficit, vos certiores faciendi necessitudinem ingra tam mihi impositam esse, rempublicam Gallicam naves nostras, in Indiâ occidentali, aliisque pluri mis in locis, capere, et condemnare, non secùs ac si bellum duas inter gentes geratur ; meque ve hementer piget, vobis dicere, legatum Gallicum, qui nunc apud nos moratur, nos, haud ita pridem, certiores fecisse, mala ista, de quibus nunc que rimur, in posterum,* non imminui, sed, contra, au geri. Pacem concordiamque nos inter et rempub licam Gallicam esse, à me semper fuit elaboratum: pacem servandi voluntas imminuta manet, atta men, eam,* nisi dedecore summo, conservare ne quimus : neque, tamen, bellum nobis Gallos indic turos, vereor. Damna,* et dedecora, non bellum, nobis inferre, exoptant.”
i Tametsi, &c., “although the many and grievous evils, which have existed between us and foreign nations, are now wholly sur mounted, and passed by, it nevertheless affects me with the utmost pain, that the unpleasant necessity of acquainting you, is imposed on me, that the French republic are taking and condemning our ships," &c. 2 Posterum, (scilicet, tempus,) for the future. s Eam, (scilicet, pacem,) “it," that is, peace. 4 Damna, &c., “they (the French) greatly desire to bring upon us losses and disgrace, but not to declare (open) war on us.” WASHINGTONII VITA. ' 167
CAPUT VICESIMUM.
Ltteris ad amicum Knoae scriptis viatori fesso sese Wash ingtonius comparat.—Joannes Adams magistratum sum mum suscipit.—Ad montem Vernonium pergere Washing tonius properat.—Bona, quæ, Washingtonio præside, Amer icanis evenerant.—Bello cum republicâ Gallicâ imminente, copiarum Americanarum imperator Washingtonius consti tutus est.—Tres legatos ad Galliam mittendos curat Adams, præses Americanus.—Paae et fœdus cum gente Gallica. GAUDIUM majus, ex magistratus summi abdi catione, cepit Washingtonius, quàm' alii ex hono ribus summis percipere potuissent. Ad amicum suum Knox, ducem Americanum, pridie* ejus diei, . quo præsidis officio sese abdicavit Washingtonius, sic scripsisse fertur; ** viatori fesso, qui, diverti culo* viso, ibi declinare vult, nunc me comparo; quamvis mihi otium domesticum longè gratisi mum est, rebusque me publicis minimè implicare cupio, veterum,* tamen, amicorum, digressu con 1 Quàm, &c., “tham others could have received from the highest honors:” the noun honos, in Latin, is often put for civil offices, thus, the Venusian Bard, “Hunc, si tergeminis tollere honoribus.” a Pridie, &c., “the day before that day, on which day Washing tom,” &c. 3 Diverticulo, “a stopping-place." 4 Veterum, &c., * confused by the departure of my old fiends ;* Thus Juvenal, * Quamvis digressu veteris confusus amici, Laudo tamen, vacuis sedem quòd figere Cumis, Destimet.” ~
168 WASHINGTONII VITA. fusus, me vehementer anget, illos, quibuscum sors, et pericula communia quondam me junxerunt, in aeternum forsitan relinquere.” Calumniæ et convicia plurima quæ in Washing tonium congesta fuerant, nullum ab eo responsum elicere unquam poterant. Epistolarum, tamen, fasciculus (quæ à Washingtonio scriptæ fuerant, ut ejus inimici volebant,) à Britannis, Christi anno millesimo septingentesimo septuagesimo sexto, in lucem emissæ fuerant. Epistolas hasce, eo con silio, in lucem emisêre Britanni, ut invidiam odi umque apud populares Washingtonio crearent; longo, tandem, post, tempore, cum præsidis offi cium jam exsequeretur Washingtonius, epistolæ istæ, denuò, ab ejus inimicis, in lucem emissæ. Tandem, Washingtonius, epistolas istas sese mun quam scripsisse planè jam affirmabat. Tempus jam instabat, quo Washingtonium im perium deponere,' ejusque successsorem, Joannem Adams, magistratum summum suscipere et assu mere oportebat. Washingtonius et Adams simul ad Congressum incedebant, ubi jurejurando sese obstrinxit Adams, prout leges postulant. Lucu lentâ oratione Washingtonium ad coelum extulit. Præside* novo salutato, ad montem Vernonium pergere properavit Washingtonius; proptereà quòd,
1 Imperium deponere, * to lay aside his power.” 2 Præside, &c., the new president, viz., Adams, being saluted, Washington hastened to proceed to Mount Vernom, &c. WASHINGTONII VITA. 169 -otium privatum ei gratum semper fuit. Clam et secretò eò ire maximè avebat,* vanum,* autem, fuit id votum; cives, enim, quocunque iret, ei ob viam, honoris causâ, progredi studebant. Hoc in recessu,* laudibus debitis justisque ad coelum à civibus gratis elatus fuit. Per annos octo, per quos Washingtonius reipub licæ Americanæ habenas tenuerat, civitates foede ratæ Americanæ pace et rerum omnium copiâ et ¥iguère domi ; et foris nomen* gloriamque asse quebantur. Pecuniæ,* quas civitates fœderatæ Americanæ civibus pluribus, exterisque nationibus nonnullis debebant, omnes ferè solutæ. Respub lica,* denique, Americana, adeò firme ordinabatur, “ut” legibus omnes morem gerere haud dubitarent. $editio,* tamen, in comitatibus occidentalibus i Jlvebat, &c., he (Washington) was especially desirous of going thither, (to Mount Vernon,) privately and secretly. 2 Vanum, &c., ** but, that wish (of Washington) was ineffèctual.* 's Reeessu, &c., “in this retirement, (viz., at Mount Vernon,) he was extolled, by his grateful countrymen, to the skies, by due and just praises.” 4 JWomen, &c., **they (the United States) acquired renown and glory abroad.” 5 Pecuniæ, &c., **the moneys which were due by the United States of America to many citizens, and to some foreign nations, were almost all paid.” • 6 Respublica, &c.,*finally, the American republic was so firmly : settled.” τ Ut, &c., “ that all did not hesitate to obey the laws.” Morem alicui gerere, is to humor or comply with any person or thing; to yield obedience unto a person. 8 Seditio, &c., *yet, a mutiny arose in the western counties of Pennsylvania,” &c. This has reference to what is usually known by the name of Shay's rebellion. 15 O. 170 YvA3fIINGTONII VITA. Pennsylvaniæ orta est; quæ, tamen, sine ullo ci vium sanguine, neque longo pòst tempore sedata fuit. Agricultura et mercium commutatio,' eo præside, in majus promovebantur ; Indi civitates fœderatas Americanas timebant ; gladiosque suos in vomerem convertere omnes facillime adducti sunt. Flumen Mississippiense navigare, consensu tandem Hispaniæ impetrato, civibus Americanis plenè licuit. \ Propuganacula, item, quæ civitatum fœderata rum intra fines jam diù tenuerant Britanni, om nia, ex fœdere,* Americamis tradita. Mare Mediter raneum, foedere cum Turcis* percusso, Americanis jam patebat. Controversiæ litesque, quæ civitates foederatas Americanas inter et nationes exteras aliquamdiù fuerant, omnes ferè* componebantur ; lites, tamen, Galliam inter et civitates fœderatas Americanas adhuc sub judice* stabant. Postquam sese adVernonium Montem contulerat Washingtonius, animum ad agrorum cultum statim intendit ; sic, enim,' vitæ exitum tranquillum et i Mercium commutatio, “the exchange of wares,” that is, com merce. » Ex fœdere, “according to the treaty;” by virtue of the treaty. s Turcis, “with the Turks ;" or rather, by synecdoche, with ali the Barbary powers. 4 Omnes fere, &c., ** were almost all settled.” 5 Sub judice, &c., “as yet, stood under the judge,” that is, were undetermined. 6 Sic enim, &c., “for, thus, he thought that the end of his life would be tranquil and serene;” thatis, by abandoning all political and state affairs, and pursuing agriculturâ] and rural avocations. WASHINGTONII VITA. 171
serenum fore putabat. Quamvis, autem, se à re publicâ et undis civilibus procul amovere cupiebat, patriam, nihilominùs, adeo diligebat, ut, eam in ore, in cogitationibus, in corde semper habuerit. Quùm,' insuper, classem Gallicam militibus onus tam, ad oras Americanas brevi appulsuram, omnes crederent, foederatarum copiarum Americanarum Washingtonium imperatorem esse oportere, voce unà conclamatum est. Etsi Washingtonius, jam senex, otium privatum, præ omnibus, adamavit, hostes,* tamen, patriam charissimam invadere, ferre haud potuit. Quocirca imperatoris officium, tandem, invitus accepit. Di ploma speciale* à præside et Congressu ad eum missum ; quo in diplomate, ei præceptum, ut vide ret, ne quid mali aut detrimenti libertas Americana caperet. Post hoc diploma acceptum, agrorum cul tui, amicorum negotiis, et muniis novis, tempus æqualiter distribuit. In præfectis idoneis eligendis, armisque* exercitum instruendo, temporis multum
1 Quùm, &c., “moreover, when all believed that a French fleet, laden with soldiers, would shortly land on the Americam coast, it was proclaimed aloud, with one voice, (unanimously) that Wash ington ought to be the commander (in-chief) ofthe united forces of America.” 2 Hostes, &c., “he, yet, could mot endure, that the enemy should invade his most dear country;” an event, which was, about this time, apprehended by many, from the haughty and menacing atti tude assumed by the French Directory. * s Diploma speciale, * a special commission,” constituting him £ lieutenant-general ofthe Americam armies. 4 4rmisque, &c., “and (in) furnishingthe army with arms.” 172 WASHINGTONII VITA. absumpsit; attamen,* à Gallis, civitates fœderatas Americanas bello petitum iri, haud credidit; et sæpenumerò dixisse fertur, * Quùm* Americanos exercitum scripsisse, et arma, pro salute et liber tate, cepisse, à Gallis cognitum fuerit, Gallos (quamvis fortunâ dulci ebrii, rebusque secundis elati,) bellum et certamen omne cum Americanis illicò detrectaturos esse.” Facta, porrò, conjecturam istam verissimam esse perbrevi docuére : quùm, enim, Americanos arma cepisse, paratosque èsse ad omnem impetum pro cul à litoribus Columbi propulsandum, à Gallisjam cognitum esset ; sese statim cum Americanis de pace agere velle dixerunt; quamobrem, tres lega tos ad rempublicam Gallicam mittendos curavit præses Adams; qui,* ubi eò venèrunt, reipublicæ Gallicæ formam mutatam, et Bonaparte, hominem novum, rebus omnibus præpositum invenerunt. Cum illo, igitur, pacem et foedus facillime fece runt ; quippè, Galli, eo tempore, rerum suarum satagebant, et Americani omnia quàm bellum ma lebant; pax, itaque, facillimè facta. 1 .ffttamen, &c., “but yet, he did notbelieve thattheUnited States of America, wouldbe attacked by the French in war.” 2 Quùm, &c., “ when (or after) it shall have been known by the French, that the Americans have raised an army, and have taken arms, for their safety and liberty, that the French (although they were intoxicated by agreeable fortune, and elated by prosperity) will immediately decline all war and contest with the,” &c. 8 Qui, &c., “ who, (thatis, which three American Ambassadors,) when they had come thither, (that is, tothe French Republic,) found the form of the French Republic changed, and Bonaparte, a new mam, (see former notes,) placed over all affairs.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 178
CAPUT VICESIMUM PRIMUM.
Washingtonius, gulæ inflammatione correptus, supremum diem tandem obit.—Joannis Marsháli de Washingtonio, honoribusque memoriæ ejus reddendis, oratio.—Honores mazimi à Congressu, populoque Americano, sunt redditi. -Washingtonii mores factaque fusè tractantur.
DIE' Decembris decimo tertio, Christi anno mil lesimo septingentesimo nonagesimo nono, Wash ingtonii cervix et capilli pluviâ tenui consperge bantur, dum, rebus rusticis quibusdam intentus, agrorum cultum in majus promoveri voluit. Nocte insequenti, gulæ* inflammatione correptus, dolore maximo, haustuque difficillimo laborans, vena* ante lucem incisa fuit. Postridie, circiter horam undecimam, ante meri diem, Craik, medicus insignis, et Washingtonii familiaris, ad Montem Wernonium, ducis inclyti sedem, adventavit, summoque in vitæ periculo Washingtonium esse rectè judicans, duos alios medicos arcessendos curavit. At horum trium medicæ artes inanes fuére :
1 Die, &c., *on the 13th day of December, 1799, Washington's neck and hair were sprinkled with a thin rain, whilst, bent on some rural affairs, he was desirous that agriculture should be promoted." a Gulæ, &c., ** seized with an inflammation ofthe windpipe.” s Vena, &c., *he lost blood (by one of his overseers, perhaps,) before day;” literally, a vein was cut. 0 3 174 WASHINGTONII VITA. intra, enim, horas viginti quatuor, postquam ac cessit morbus, placidâ morte obiit dux inclytus, pater patriæ, generis humani ornamentum et de cus. Ingravescente* morbo, se moriturum planè providebat, attamen medicorum consilio obsequi moriens haud recusavit. Postquam medicamina varia expertus erat,* medicos tandem rogavit ut* sine ullâ molestiâ sibi emori liceret : instante, au tem, morte, vestes exiit, lectumque' petivit, ibique
animam efflavit beatam. - Patientia invicta, quam per vitam omnem sæpe numerò præstiterat,* Washingtonium, generis hu mani delicias, nec in morte deseruit. Mortem sibi instantem, eisdem, quibus omnia alia perspi cere consuevit, oculis aspexit. Fato* cessit, prout philosophum, militem Americanum, et Christian um decuit. Decimo octavo mensis ejusdem die, in fundo suo est sepultus. Cum Congressus de Washingtonii morte certior esset factus, Joannes Marshall, vif doctissimus, juxta ac disertissimus, verba hujuscemodi fecisse
1 Ingravescente, &c., “the disease (the croup) increasing, he plainly foresaw that he would die; but, yet, (though) dying, he did not refuse to comply with the counsel ofhis physicians.” 2 Expertus erat, &c., “after he had tried various medicines,” &c. s Ut sine, &c., “ that it might be permitted him to die without any molestation." JMolestiais here placed passively. 4 Lectumque, &c., “and sought his bed;” went to bed. 5 Præstiterat, “had shown,” exhibited, or made good. 6 Fato, &c., “ he yielded to fate;” or rather, the destiny or de crees of fate. - WASHINGTONII. VITA. 175 citur. “ Nuncius tristis, quem heri accepimus, hodierno die nimium certus advenit. Fuit Wash ingtonius;* heros, dux, et philosophus ; ille, de nique, quem, imminente periculo, omnes intueban tur, factorum clarorum memoriâ duntaxat vivit. Quamvis, enim, eos hoiiore afficere solenne non esset, quorum vita in generis humani commodis promovendis insumpta fuit, Washingtonii, tamen, res gestæ tantæ extiterunt, ut populus universus Americanus, doloris indicium, qui tam latè patet,* deposcere suo jure debet.” ** Rempublicam hancce nostram, tam longè la tèque divisam, unus ferè Washingtonius ordinandi et condendi laudem meret. Rebus omnibus, tan dem confectfs, quarum causâ exercitibus Ameri canis præpositus fuerat, gladium in vomerem con vertit, bellumque* pace lætissimè commutavit. Cum* civitatum fœderatarum Americanarum in firmitas omnibus manifesta videretur, et vincula, quibus Columbi terra latissima continebatur, sol verentur, Washingtonium omnium, qui hance nos tram præclaram rempublicam stabiliverant, princi
1 Fuit, &e., *Washingtonis no more;” thus Virg., ** Fuit Ilium,” * Troy is no more.” 2 Patet, &c., ** which (grief) extends so widely." 8 Bellumque, &c., ** and most gladly exchanged war for peace.” 4 Cum, &c., ** when the weakness of the United States of America appeared obvious to all, and the bands, by which the very extensive land of Columbus (America) was held together, would be loosed, we have beheld Washington the first of all those, who had estab lished this our,” &c. 176 wASHINGTONII VITA. pem vidimus. Cum patria charissima eum ad se dandos tumultus, bellumque sibi* imminens ad propulsandum et avertendum, vocaret; Washing tonium, otium domesticum, quod ei semper cha rum fuit, relinquentem, et undis* civilibus, civium commoda et libertatem servandi causâ, mersum, haud semel conspeximus ; et consilia, quibus li bertatem Americanam stabilem effecerat, perpetua, ut spero, semper, erunt.” * Cum populi liberi magistratus summus bis constitutus esset, cumque tertiò præses fieri facil limè potuisset, ad villam,* tamen, suam, secessit, seque ab omni munere civili in posterum procul amoveri, ex animo cupiebat. Utcunque* vulgi opinio, quoad alios homines, muteffr, Washing tonii, certè, fama sempiterna et eadem permanebit. Honoremus, igitur, patres* conscripti, hunc tantum virum mortuum : civitatum fœderatarum Ameri canarum consilium publicum civium omnium sen tentias, hâc una in re, declaret.”
i Sibi, (scilicet, patriæ,) ** and the war hanging over it, (his country.") * Undis, &c., “plunged, and immersed in civil commotions.” s Ad villam, &c., “he, nevertheless, (i. e., notwithstanding his ability to be elected president the third time) retired to his country seat, at Mount Vernon, and he heartily wished tobe far removed, in future, from all civil employments,” 4 Utcunque, &c., “however the opinion of the rabble, as respects other men, may be changed, the fame, at least, ofWashington will ever remain imperishable and the same,” 6 Patres, &c., “Conscript fathers, let us, therefore, honor,” &c. Senators, and members of Congress, may be called by this name. WASHINGTONII viTA. 177 ** Quamobrem, chartas quasdam hlc manu te neo, de quibus Congressûs sententiam rogare ve lim ; ut, nempe, civitatum foederatarum Ameri canarum consilium publicum præsidem visat, si mul cum eo, gravi de hoc casu, condoliturum: ut Congressûs principis sella vestibus pullis ornetur ; utque Congressús pars reliqua vestibus pullis in duatur ; utque, denique, idonea à Congressu pa rentur,'quibus planè manifestum fiat, Congressum, virum bello, pace, civiumque animis primum, ho
nore summo afficere velle.” - Honores Washingtonio jam mortuo à Congressu tributi, minimi erant præ his, quos populus uni versus Americanus tribuendos ei censuit. Per ci vitates fœderatas Americanas, honos ei amplisimus meritò habitus. Civium,* enim, dolor, conjugis . liberorumque piorum, maritum vel patrem ademp 2 tum plorantium, mæstitiæ similis fuit. Plebs, porrò, . suâ sponte convenit, antequam Congressùs, aut civium aliorum de Washingtonii morte, sententias exquirere possit. Orationes plurimæ, ejus de morte, ubique habitæ. Ingenia terræ Columbi præclarissima, Wash ingtonii facta fortia celebrando, patremque patriæ
1 Parentur, **be prepared, by which it may become plainly mani fest, that Congress wishes highly to honor the man, first in war,
(first) in peace, (first) in the affections of his countrymen.” - 2 Civium, &c., ** for the grief of the citizens was like the sorrow of an affectionate wife and children, bewailing a husband or father taken from them.” 178 WASHINGTONII VITA. civibus gratis tam subito ademptum lugendo, ex ercebantur. Ad hoc, honores plurimi alii, quos neque divitiæ, neque imperium ullum tribuere cu ivis unquam poterant, Washingtonio habiti fuêre. ,- Parentes plures, grati animi ergò,* filios suos Wash ingtonii nomine gaudere studebant ; hoc, insuper, à pauperrimis, ut plurimùm,* factum, qui Wash mngtonium nec viderant, nec unquam videre spe rabant. •" Pagi,* oppida, urbes, vici, comitatus, scholæ pub licæ, Washingtonii nomen sibi sumere gestiebant; adeo ut tam multa momina probè dignoscere diffi cillimum sit factum. Audaces,* porrò, nautæ, qui regiones incognitas invenêre, in ultimis orbis ter rarum angulis Washingtonii nomen prædicabant. Washingtonii statura procera fuit. Cœlum,* quo vescebatur in montibus, exercitatio abundans, venatio frequens, et rura amæna, membra ei ve geta, et valdè decora dederant. Roboris cum de core conjuncti speciem frons ejus ostentabat. For ma ejus nobilis, incessus majestate plenus. Nemo, sine verecundiâ, ad eum accedere potuit. 1 Ergô, (for causâ,) “for the sake of gratitude;” thus Virgil, “Illius ergo venimus,” “ We have come on account qf him.” » Ut plurimùm, “ for the most part ;'° generally, commonly. s Pagi, &c., “villages, towns, cities, districts, counties, public schools, rejoiced to take to themselves the name of Washington.” •4 •Audaces, &c., “ furthermore, adventurous mariners, who dis covered unknown regions, proclaimed the name of Washington, in the most distant corners of the globe.” s Cælum, &c., “the air, which he,” &c. * *** WASHINGTONII VITA. [170 Robustum corpus, salus firma erat; et laborum* mirè patiens fuit. Libidinem imperiosam et effre nam ei natura dedit; at patientiâ et industriâ, quæ natura denegârat, acquirere et adipisci studebat; nec opera incassùm fuit. Cæruleos habebat ocu los ; nasus longulus, et modestiæ plenus vultus; comis, liberalis, amicis benignus, ignotis omnibus sese præbendum judicans. Virtutem* rectumque, non solum ex Dei metu, sed ex innato recti amore, colebat. Bibliotheca, quam amplissimam habebat, et consuetudo epistolaris* cum gentis uniuscujusque viris doctioribus, eum de quâque orbis terrarum regione certiorem fecêre. Maritus* pius, amicus sincerus, dominus benignus, pauperibus succerrere proclivis erat. Non aliàs talem unquam virum aspexit mundus, nec unquam, . ni multùm fallor, ullum ei similem aspicere poterit. r. Imperare sibi (quod, proculdubio, imperium max imum est,) adeò probè callebat, ut, in irarum æstu maximo, sese comem et urbanum semper præbue rit. Heroa nostrum viris omnibus magnis quos vetustas unquam vidit, comparare non possum; 1 Laborum, &c., “ wonderfully capable of emduring toil.” a Virtutem, &c., “he practised virtue and rectitude, not only from a fear of the Deity, but also from an inborn love of rectitude.* » Consuetudo epistolaris, &c., “am epistolary intercourse with the,” &c. 4 JMaritus, &c., ** he was am affectionate husband, a sincere fiend;^ the adjective pius implies, what we usually call affe&- tionate, dutiful, especially towards God, our parents, country, and relatives. It is the epithet by which Virgil invariably designates his hero. 180 wASHINGTONII* VITA. tùm, quia comparatio, nisi inter æquales, esse ne quit; tùm, quia, Washingtonium omnibus viris magnis, qui apud veteres viguêre, majorem puto. In alios gerendum imperium non putabat, ante quam sibi imperare didicerit. Ratione* præstabat. ' Leporem, salem, prorsus à se alienum esse confi tebatur ; Washingtonii ingenium* ab Aristotelis, Baconii, Angli doctissimi, et Newtonii illustrissimi ingeniis haud multùm abludebat. Sensu* com muni utens, munia omnia, ad quæ ore umo cives eum vocabant, obire meliùs potuit, quàm si, doc trinâ excultiore imbutus, populum Americanum risu quateret, res à communi usu planè abhorrentes affectando. Verum et utile semper appetebat. Sem per ea sequebatur, ac plerumque voti* compos fuit. Quamobrem, multùm secum ipse volvit, resque omnes, quas discutere eum oportebat, sedulò ad examen revocandas curavit. Nec ira, nec studium partium nec superbia, nec ambitio eum à recto
1 Ratione, **in sound practical sense ;" we have no word of ex actly similar import in our language. 2 Ingenium, &c., “ the genius of Washington did not diffèr much from the genius of Aristotle, of Bacon, (a most learned English man,) and of the most illustrious Newton.” By these we intend to conveytheidea, that the parts of Washington were better adapted to the investigation of sober truth, than to display a flippant and superficial learning, like Voltaire, and his self-styled philosophers. s Sensu, &c., “ making use of common sense, he could better perform all the (civil) offices, to which his countrymen unanimously called him, than if, tinctured with more polished learning, he would shake the Americam populace (by his eccentricities) with laughter, by aiming at things obviously repugnantto common sense.” 4 Voti, &c., “ he obtained his wish, or desire.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 181 unquam flectere potuit. - In rebus magnis delibe randis, quas considerare ei persæpe contigit, omnes ubique petivit, ut sese his de rebus certiorem fa cerent. Luce veritatis ductus, et conscientiâ probâ actus, ad judicia optimâ, plerumque, ferebatur. Nemo fortassè, unquam extitit, qui im rebus tam arduis, tamque difficilibus, judicare coactus sit. Rebus in arduis semper ferè versatus, hominum naturam optime callebat, et rationem optimam proposita assequendi. Optimum quemque eligere sciebat, et virum laude dignum sibi asciscere* cognovit. .. Ut de Washingtonii rebus militaribus pauca di camus, fateamur* necesse est, eum constantiæ tantum habuisse, ut neque pericula, neque diffi cultates ullæ, movere, aut omninò flectere pote rant.—Difficultates omnes, perseverando, facillimè superavit; modestia repugnantiam omnem vicit; ingemium*. auxilium omne ministrare poterat. Win cere,* morando, probè cognovit, laudemque ve 1 4sciscere, &c., “ and he knew how to take to himself the mam deserving praise ; worthy of it; an honorable man.” The sub stantive noun laus, in the best writers, frequently means, not so much, praise, or commendatiom, as those actions which deserve it; praiseworthy, or commendable actions. Thus Virgil, “ Sunt etiam hic sua præmia laudi.” “ Commendable deeds have their owm rewards evem here.” 2 Fateamur, &c., *it is absolutely necessary that we should com fess, that he possessed so much constancy, that neither dangers,” &c. The conjunction ut, is elegantly suppressed after necesse. s Ingenium, &c., “ his genius could supply every aid.” 4 - Vincere, &c., *he well knew to conquer by delay, and acquired real praise, by despisingunjust censure.” 16 P. 182 wASHINGTONII VITA. ram, vituperationem injustam contemnendo, est adeptus. Etsi hominum numero, disciplinâ militari, et apparatu bellico, hostibus longè dispar erat, mul lam, tamen, victoriam reportandi occasionem hos tibus dedit; nec occasioni ulli ipse deerat, siqua ab hostibus daretur.—In certaminis ardore maxi mo, Washingtonii prudentia saluti patriæ fuit. Veterum ammales Washingtonio parem ullum ex hibere nequeunt. Iracundiâ et studio inani omni planè vacuus fuit. • • . Tot naturæ dotibus præditus erat, ut* nil majus, Dei munere, mortalibus unquam concessum sit. Washingtonii probitas corrumpi, aut à recto flecti haud poterat. Nec* simulare, nec dissimulare sciebat. Consilia ejus semper honesta, et ab omni turpitudine longè amota fuêre. Rempublicam sine fraude administrabat; et quidquid civibus aut nationibus exteris sposponde rat, sincerè et sine invidiâ ullâ dici voluit. Nec fraude nec fallaciâ uti, ratione ullâ, poterat. Dis ! crimen sapientiam inter et vafritiem statuere scie ! 1 Ut, &c., “that nothing greater (than he) was ever granted to mortals by the munificence of the Deity." a Nee., &c., “ he neither knew how to feign, ner dissemble." The verb simulo means, I feigm, or pretend a thing that does not exist; and dissimulo, I conceal, or dissemble a reality: thus, Sallust, speak ing of the character of Catiline, says, “Simulator, et dissimulater cujuslibet rei;” “he was a counterfeiter, and a dissembler qf any thing.” WASHINGTONII -VITA. 183 bat ; honorem, probitatemque et im bello, et in pace plurimùm posse, semper existimavit. Washingtonii doctrina sui generis fuit, formas* scholasticas omnino contemnens, et artes et dis ciplinas illas avidè arripiens et ad se alliciens, sine quibus claritudo bellica parari haud poterat. At tamen, linguæ Anglicæ elementorum haudqua quam rudis fuit : scribere eleganter certe poterat; animi, autem, vis quædam insita, ad grandia et sublimia, et in scribendo et in agendo, eum sem
per adduxit, - Ejus, porrò, scribendi ratio, nervis haud carebat, et si Ciceronis facundia in ejus scriptis inveniri non potest, at ingenium, certè, et doctrina non inculta ibi apparent. Responsum,* è vestigio, cuivis red dere facillimè poterat; attamen,* doctè, facetè, aptè, compositè, ornatè, et disertè. Animi, porrò, vires sui generis erant. Quodvis concipere simul ac exsequi facile poterat.
1. Formas, &c., “ wholly despising the formalities of schools, and greedily seizing and alluring to him, those arts, and that species of instruction, without which, renown in war could not be procured." a Responsum, &c., “he could very easily return an answer, forth with, to amy one.” s .Attamen, &c., “but yet (thatis, notwithstanding his abilityto make immediate answers to any one,) he could, at least, reply in a learned, witty, suitable, neat, handsome, eloquent manner.” The numerous replies to the many addresses received by him, whilst in commamd of the army, during his presidency, and afterwards, and above all, his farewell address to the citizens of the United. States, are sufficient evidence of his ability in composition. 184 wAs HINGTONII £VITA. Pauci, qui vulgò magni dicuntur, aut jam ex istunt, aut olim extiterunt, qui virtutes magnas vitiis ingentibus non compensabant. At longè aliter Washingtonius. Religionem, enim, sine severitate, dignitatem sime superbiâ, modestiam sine diffidentiâ, fortitudinem sine temeritate, comi tatem sine familiaritate, exercere poterat. Deum, denique, rebus humanis semper præesse, rectissimè judicavit; et cum privatus esset, et cum magis tratum summum gereret, de Dei optimi maximi providentiâ, semper cum metu religioso locutus est. Ex hominibus, qui liberi esse voluerunt, exer citum conscribere, rerum • necessitate cogebatur Washingtonius. Cum* exercituum Americanorum imperator esset, maximis difficultatibus, et in pri mis ob cibariorum inopiam, conflictandum illi fuit. Milites* eum, vestes, cibum ; • agricolæ, autem, bo norum præsidium et defensionem, flagitabant. His tot difficultatibus circumventus, adeo se gessit, ut exercitui simul ac civibus pariter carus sit factus. Civitates,* porrò, tredecim, loco et rebus sejunc
1 Pauci, &c., “ few (of those) who are commonly called great, exist, either now, or have existed formerly, who did not compensate (for) their great virtues, by enormous vices.” 2 Cum, &c., “ when he was commander-in-chief of the Americam armies, he had to struggle with the greatest difficulties, especially, for the want of provisions.” s.Milites, &c., “ the soldiers importunedhim for clothing amd food, but the farmers, for the protection and defence of their property.” 4 Civitates, &c., “furthermore, it was, certainly, not easy to be done, to recall thirteen states, separated by their situation, and by circumstances, to harmony and friendship.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 185 tas, ad concordiam et amicitiam revocare haud certè facile fuit : quod, etsi difficillimum erat, ta men, à Washingtonio effectum. Iræl animique copias inter australes et septentrionales intercede bant, et odia maxima civitates, unde profecti fuére isti milites, exagitare aliquamdiù non destitêre. Tales igitur, qnilites, et civitates. coercere, et ad imperium justum, et disciplinam militarem redi gere, difficillimum, proculdubio, fuit. Tanta, insuper, fuit Washingtonii modestia, ut ab exercitu cunctisque civibus carisimus habitus sit. Animum, quoque, æquum in rebus* arduis, non secùs ac in bonis, servare poterat. Animi* magnitudinem notabat æquanimitas illa, fortem que et magnum eum esse, in rebus omnibus, ad quas obeundas patria vocabat, clarissimè demon stravit. Seu vicerit, seu victus fuerit, animum eumdem semper gerebat. Honores, quos à civibus gratis accepit, homines alios ebrios reddidissent ; at Washingtonius, seu laudaretur, seu culparetur, ut cautes* Marpesia
1 Irae, &c., “ resentment, and animosities existed between the sQutherm,” &c, ^ 2 Rebus, &c., “in difficult circumstances, not otherwise tham in prosperous ones;" just as in prosperity, s .4nimi, &c., “ that equanimity denoted greatness of soul, and maost clearly showed him to be brave and great in all things, to per form which, his country called him.” • Cautes, &e., * a Marpesiam rock;* fhus Virgil, speaking of Queen Dido, “nec magis incepto vultum sermone movetur, Quàm si dura silex, aut stet Marpesia cautes.” Nor is she more moved (as P 3 186 WASHINGTONII VITA. semper permansit. Ut honores illi sibi à civibus gratis haberentur, nunquam exegit ; at cum ultrò offerrentur, summâ cum humanitate accipiendos judicavit. Washingtonii amor in patriam arden tissimus, ommisque improbitatis expers fuit. Ab istis, qui patriæ amorem semper in ore, suam, au tem, magnitudinem im corde gerunt, multùm Washingtonius discrepabat. Magnæ erant difficultates, quibuscum illi reluc tandum fuit; magma et • terrifica pericula, quæ adire et volvere cogebatur; at difficultates et peri cula omnia, patientiâ quâdam animi invictâ, supe ravit. ' Libertatem et leges, generis* humani jura, civium felicitati necessaria duxit. * Homines om nes naturâ æquales esse semper putavit; at civium* libertatem, legibus parendo, optimè servari incolu mem posse, rectè arbitrabatur. - Rempublicam* benè ordinatam et compositam à democratiâ tumultuosâ plurimùm distare exis timavit. Populi sententiam et judicium semper spectari et respici oportere sensit ; attamen, ira rum æstus subitanei eum à proposito, aut instituto to) her eountenance, by the begum discourse (of Æneas) than if she stood as a hard ffint, or as a Marpesian rock. 1 Generis, &c., “the rights of mankind.” 2 Civium, &e., **but he rightly judged, that the liberty of the citi vens (divii liberty) could best be preserved safe, by obeying the laws.” s Rempublicam, &c., *he thought that a republic, well arranged and put together, differed very much from a disorderly, tumultuous democracy.*• ••,.• ...... * * --- - - z J/ '/ • * -
wasnmerosii VITA. Ίσ vitæ cursu dimovere minimè poterant. Populi parti sapientiori consulere, plebis commodis provi dere, et vulgi convicia, probè agendo, contemnere ausus est.' Plebis favorem et gratiam magni pen debat, famam, tamen, vulgi, officio relicto, et fide proditâ, captare* nesciebat. Temporibus difficillimis, famam bene partam periculo objectabat, officioque rectè integreque fungi, quàm famæ ineptè servire, malebat. Bello Europæo sæviente, mationes belligerantes, gentem ullam à partium studio immunem esse, vix pate rentur. Ne in vorticem tantum bellorum vi aut insidiis America traheretur, verebatur Washing tonius. Ad hoc, multi ex civibus ipsis Americanis à partium studio immunes manere ægerrimè pote rant; eosque intra imperii justi fines coercere et continere haud quaquam facile erat : quam, ta mem, difficultatem Washingtonii vigilantia, solertia et industria indefessa vicêre. Hàc in rerum diffi cultate,* quin Americæ commodis consuleret, im pediri non poterat Washingtonius. - Americam, patriam charissimam, ut filius pius, dilexit; quocirca pacem cum gentibus exteris ser vare constituit. Domi* factione, insidiis minisque
1 Captare, &c., “to catch at.” a Difficultate, &c., “ in this difficulty of affairs, Washington could not be prevented from consulting the advantages of America.” s Domi, &c., **it was attempted by faction at home, by stratagem and threats abroad, to call andleadhim aside, from a correct method • of governing the republic; but the experiment was ineffectual; he 1©o WASHINGTONII VITA. foris, eum à ratione rempublicam gubernandi rectâ, avocare, et seducere tentatum fuit; periculum, autem, inane erat; immotus, mediâ tempestate, quæ eum cingebat, semper permansit. Vis ex terna et insidiæ facilè superabantur, et insolentia peregrinorum incassùm erat. Britanniæ* magnæ, res injustas petenti, legationibus magis quàm bello satisfecit. Galliæ, item, moderatoribus insanis, nec bellum nec pacem minabatur; at, seu bellum, seu pax inciderit, paratus semper fuit, prout populi magni magistratum summum, tali in re, condecuit. Apud utramque igitur, gentem, benè audiebat.* Præsidis Americani officio fungens, gentes om nes in pace amicas, in bello inimicas esse voluit. Inimicitiarum veterum facilè Obliviscebatur, cum commodum publicum ita postularet.—Tempus, au tem, nos monet, ut illustrissimi Washingtonii vitæ finem imponamus ; quamobrem, ita faciamus, Deum optimum maximum precando, ut requiescat in pace sempiternâ apud beatos in cœlis
ever continued steadfast, in the midst of the tempest which encom him.” passed - 1 Britanniæ, &c., “he satisfied Great Britain, demanding things that were unreasonable, by embassies, rather than war.” 2 Benè audiebat, “sustained a good character;” for benè, or male audire, (de se being understood,) is to have a good or abad name; literally, to hear veli, or ili, qf oneself. wASHINGTONII vITA. 189
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In hoc ultimo capite facta quædam fusus enarrantur, quæ non omnino, aut saltem levissimè, in Washingtonii vitâ tractata sunt. … - FActA nonnulla, quæ carptim breviterque in Washingtonii vitâ perstrinximus, hoc capite ple niùs fusiùsque enarrabuntur. De prosapiâ, ge mere, et adolescentiâ Washingtonii, satis hujusce operis-parte priore dictum arbitror. Multa de ejus virtute, industriâ, ac perseverantià invictâ memo rare ac prædicare possumus : sed ea in præsentiâ omittere satius' duximus: quia facta ejus maximè memorabilia omnes ferè novêre ; eorum,* itaque, enarratio nemini jucunda aut nova erit ; quo circa ad ea maximè, quæ nemini aut admodùm paucis sunt cognita, enarranda fusiùs nosmet ac cingamus. Nonnulla,* tamen, famâ vulgari cele brata tractare, et sententiam nostram de eis dicere, statuimus : facta, enim, Washingtonii militaria,
1 Satius, &c., **but we have consideredit better to omit them at present” 2 Eorum, (scilicet, factorum,) ** the relation, therefore, of them, will be agreeable, or novel, to no one.” s JWonnulla, &c., ** we have, nevertheless, resolved to treat of some things, which have become subjects of notoriety by common report, and to deliver our opinion respecting them.” 190 WASHINGTONII VITA. omnes ferè novêre ; at quid de eis sentiat, quidve potissimùm laudet culpetve Scriptor vitæ ejus, lectori benevolo explicandum. Ubi, enim, plura in Washingtonii vitâ nitent, maculis paucis, siquæ existant, offendi lectorem non oportet. Munia' multa, tam militaria, quàm civilia, ante, etiam, quàm bellum Americanum cœptum erat, summâ cum laude obivit Washing tonius; Heröe nostro usus est legato* Braddockius fortissimus, infausto illo prælio, quo dux ipse ceci dit, parsque exercitûs maxima cæsa; reliqua, ta men, pars, Washingtonii vigilantiâ, prudentià, con silio, et virtute, tandem ægerrimè fuit servata: quòd* si Washingtonii consilio Braddockius usus fuerit, cladem tantam, profectò, die isto, non acce pisset exercitus Britannicus, Quum bellum apertum cum Britannis gerere necessitate dirâ cogerentur Americani, summa consensu omnium, quorum interfuit, qui exercitui Americano præesset, electus fuit Washingtonius, Summam, enim, virtutem, consilium, prudentiam, et belli usum in eo esse, cognoverant omnes; unâ, itaque, voce, imperator summus à Congressu con stitutus fuit. 1 Munia, “Washington perfòrmed many offices, as well military as civil, even before the American war was begum, with the utmost commendation.” 2 Legato, “as second in command;” for he was his aid. 8 Quòd, &c., “butif Braddock had followed the advice of Wash ington, the British detachment would not, indeed, have received, on that day, (9th July, 1755,) so great a discomfiture.“
- WASHINGTONII* VITA. 191
Nec quidquam libertati Americanæ felicius eve nire potuisset. Quàm rectè de eo judicia fecerit Congressus, belli eventus plemissimè demonstra vit. Quamvis, enim, multis cum difficultatibus, periculisque diris, conflictandum ei fuit, bellum, tamen, ad exitum felicissimum tandem perduxit. Quum, autem, res oblata posceret, nemo, im agendo, illo celerior. Fabius Americanus à Bri tannis cognominabatur: hostium,' enim, tam mo rando, quàm pugnando, vires animosque fregit ; nec libertatem* Americanam uno certamine cum copiis veteranis periclitandam unquam esse puta vit; at quum loco opportuno, aut æquo Marte, ;! dimicare posset, certamen nunquam detrectavit : ;* nemo, enim, illo fortior; at, prudentia, et consi lium, temeritatem insitam semper edomuêre. , Dum imperator summus erat, nihil culpâ dig num fecit, nisi fortè Andrei, præfecti fortissimi Britanni, suspensuram excipiamus. Quum, enim, juvenis iste in castra Americana ab Arnoldio pro ditore arcesseretur, et præter spem diutiùs tene fetur, (quocirca ad exercitum Britannicum redire 1 Hostium, &e., «or, he broke the strength and spirits of the enemy, as well by delaying, as by fighting” a Libertate…, &c., “ nor did he, at any time, think that the free - dom of A.ierica, should be emdamgered in one contest, with veteram troops * The description of troops which Washington was des tined to command, did mot justify, at amy time durimg the war, an engagement on equal terms, with regular soldiers, intred to the most rigid discipline, and familiar with victory. Whemever the experiment was made, the result was tinfavorable to the Americans ; witness the battles of Brandywine, and Long Island. 192 WASHINGTONII. VITA. itinere, terrestri cogebatur) cum non longè ab iti meris fine jam abesset, à tribus* militibus Ameri | canis interceptus, et morte consilio militari mulc tatus, vitam ut speculator finivit. --- Multi Washingtonium præfectosque Americanos in eum graviùs æquo animadvertisse palàm dixêre. ! Humanitate multâ in captivos Americanos jam anteà usus fuerat. Virtutem invictam mirâ cum clementiâ conjunxit. Ne vitâ, jure gentium, pri varetur vir talis, magnopere à Britannis fuit elab oratum ; vicit, tamen, libertatis Americanæ for tuna. Exemplum triste, sed disciplinæ militari saluberrimum. _*, Quum ad mortem duceretur Andreus, lachry mas fudisse fertur Washingtonius; quamvis, enim, hostis esset, tamen, humanitate et virtute ejus mi randà captus, necessitatem diram plorabat, quâ juvenem tam egregium morte plectere coactns -. . . fuit. - Quamvis, autem, invitissimus fuit Washing tonius ut vitâ privaretur, attamen,* tam popula
1 Tribus, &c., “ he (Andrè) was interceptea, o, his journey, by three Americam soldiers, (of the New-York mir«ia,) who nobly spurned a large sum in gold, and an assurance offatu.s promotion, if they would allow him to proseeute his journey.* Thé vreachery of Arnold, may be ascribed, in part, to an unwillingness on th., part of Congress, to accede to certain extravagant demands, and the ìiquidation of certain debts, into which an excessive prodigality had plunged him. * •dttamen, &c., “but yet, (that is, notwithstanding this reluc tance, on the part of Washington, to execute the sentence of the WASHINGTONII viTA. 193 rium, quàm _hostium, odium, istâ in re, omninò effugere non poterat. Etsi enim, necessitatem diram juvenem egregium letho dandi sibi imposi tam videbat Washingtonius, et vitam cuivis adi mere minimè volebat, invidiam, tamen, civium non evitare poterat; multi, enim, eum graviùs in Andreum statuisse planè aiebant : qui* si scele ratus, aut immitis, aut imbellis fuisset, jure eum omnes cæsum dixissent. Tantam virtutem, tantamque bellicam fortitu dinem, morte indecorâ ex mortalium cœtu tolli, om nes ferè ploravêre. Nos, autem, irâ, amicitiâ, inimicitiis, odio, et invidiâ omni, penitùs vacui, eum morte plecti oportuisse sentimus. Speculator m* enim, jure gentium, proculdubio fuit. At Ar noldium turpissimum, morte deciès repetitâ, sup . plicio exquisito, et poenis acerbissimis affici oporte bat. Ad* classem, verò, Britannicam confugere poterat.
court martial, which condemned Major André to death, as a spy,) he could not entirely escape the hatred, as well of his countrymen, as of the enemy, in that matter.” 1 Qui, &c., the cause of the umcommom popular •.etement. ini favor of Major André, was his great worth as a •*, and a soldier; The court which triedhim, relying solely • his gyninnate love of honor, did not examine a single witp* against him, but rested the resultofthe whole proceedings.•• his own confessions, Who could mam? tear - deny a brotheriy to su^* a - • 44, 4., aiu* w- was ableto escapeto the British fleet." The fienda ofhì-anity and martial valor, must ever deplore the un timeiy£awe of the gallant, humane, and umfortunate Andrè; whilè they must ;;* execrate the treason of the infamous Arnold, wh6, 1 Q. 194 wASHINGTONII VITA.
Ad alios præfectos Americanos, qui sese virtute aut dedecore, hocce bello, insigniverant, nunc re vertamur. In eis, qui pulchra, ob patriam pug nando, vulnera passi, fuit Carolus Lee, dux Ameri canus, Anglus egregiæ virtutis. Dux iste inclytus, dum longiùs à suis moratur, captivus, de impro viso, factus, et ad Eboracum Novum perductus est. Exercitui Americano tandem redditus, et in gradum pristinum à Washingtonio, ob virtutem eximiam restitutus, prælio apud Neo-Cæsareenses facto, dedecore coopertus, et apud præfectorum Americanorum consilium condemnatus, imperium omne militare, per unius spatium anni, deponere cogebatur. Dedecore notari malebat dux iste im clytus, quàm pro Washingtonii gloriâ certare. Superbia, enim, ejus* major erat, quàm ut su periorem ullum ferre posset. Quocirca turpiter fugere, quàm fortiter pugnare malebat ; fugâ, enim, suà, Washingtonium, die isto, cladem ac cepturum- magnam credebat: at eum spes longè fefellit : quüm, enim, turpem ejus fugam conspex t9 evince tìs sincerity of his late conversion, destroyed, burnt, and distressed all Pi*es, withouëthe smallest shadow of either expe dieney, or necessity, w<;hich his daring, adventurous spirit could possibly have access. Arno% possessed one characteristic of a soldier, and but ome, namely, brdve-v ; his attack on Quebec, with the truly brave Montgomery, is in pou«. his former gallant ser vices induced Washington to confide to him ke defence of VVest Point. *. Ejus, &c., “his (Lee's) pride was too great to bear any su perior.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 195 isset exercitòs pars' reliqua, pudore simul ac irâ percita, impetum in hostes acriter fecerunt, eosque loco cedere cöegerunt; et mi dux Lee, Washing tonium opprobriis contumeliisque lacerâsset, eum imperium militare retinere posse, omninò verisi mile est. Hic, autem, pauca de illo duce subjicere visum est. Carolus Lee, de quo nunc agitur, Johannis Lee, de comitatu Cestriæ apud Britannos, filius fuit. Pater* ejus tribunus pedestres copias duxit; et Carolus, undecimum agens annum, præfectus factus. Ab ineunte ætate scientiæ avidissimus fuit; et, regionum exterarum visendarum cupidus, linguas multas, usu,* didicerat. Quum, adhuc juvenis esset, manipulum duxit; et, Christi anno millesimo septingentesimo sexa gesimo secundo, tribunus, apud Lusitanos stipen dia meruit.* Christi anno millesimo septingen
1 Pars, &c., “ the remaining part of the army:” as pars is a col lective noun, I have thought proper to put the verbs fecerunt and cö egerunt in the plural ; for which there is good authority in the best classic authors: it would notbe inaccurate, however, to place those verbs in the singular number. 2 Pater, &c., «his (General Lee's) father led the foot forces, as colonel, and Charles, (the subject of this notice,) while in his eleventh year, was made an officer." The violent ardor of this gallant officer, in acquiring knowledge, was perfectly similarto his vehemence in the field of battle. s Usu, « by practice ;'' as he was, comparatively, illiterate, and very far from being a good philologist. 4 Meruit, he served as colonel, in Portugal, under General Bur goyne, in 1762, with distinguished reputation. JMerere, or. mereri stipendia (literally, to deserve, or earn pay) means to serve in a mili 196 wASHINGTONII VITA. tesimo septuagesimo tertio, ad oras terræ Columbi appulit: ubi ab omnibus tanquam socius et amicus antiquus acceptus fuit. Die vigesimo primo Junii mensis, Christi anno millesimo septingentesimo septuagesimo quinto, diplomate' à Congressu do natus, ad castra Washingtonii tunc temporis Cam tabrigiæ apud Novanglos sita profectus est. Lău dem multam, apud exercitum, merebatur Lee; tandem, autem, decimo tertio die mensis Decem bris, Christi anno millesimo septingentesimo sep tuagesimo sexto, ab equitibus Britannis, de impro viso, captus fuit : prælium Monumethæ, apud Neo-Cæsareenses factum, imperium ejus militare finivit. Consilio militari damnatus, ad fundum suum apud Virginienses secessit, ubi aliquandiù moratus, Philadelphiam demigravit, ibique, per brevi* febre correptus, diem* supremum obiit. Procerus, nasutus fuit Lee, ad iram velox, mag nitudinis Washingtonii crescentis æmulus.—Fortis tary capacity: for stipendium from stips, implies, especially, that species of pay whichis given to such as serve in war. i Diplomate, &c., “ he was presented with a commission (of major-general) by Congress, 21st June, 1775.” a Perbrevi, (scilicet, tempore,) “in a very short time;* an adjec tive, used adverbially. 8 Diem, &c., “he died,” at an obscure inn, in Philadelphia. This officer, although he possessed, in an eminent degree, uncommon emergy of character, was certainly devoid of many qualities not less essential in the soldier's escutcheon; he would suffer himself to be rather disgraced, than fight for Washington, at Monmouth; his motive must have been envy, not cowardice ; as he was brave, perhaps, to a fault. WASHINGTONII VITA. 197 admodùm erat, mortis periculique metum contem nens, moribus pravis, irreligiosus, nec Deum, nec homines , multùm curans, libertatis quanquam
amantissimus. - Per unius spatium anni, • imperium militare deponere à consilio militari jubebatur. Multi, si modò criminis objecti sons esset, nimiùm leniter in eum statuisse præfectos Americanos aiebant : alii, contra, insontem rati, in eum nimiùm se verè , statuisse consilium militare dicebant ; nos eam rem in medio relinquemus. Talis, tamen, viri jactura, Americanis incommodum magnum attulit. Hic* fuit viri exitus, qui sese ob patriam pug nando persæpè insigniverat: prudentia, autem, et consilium, ei omninò defuerunt. Utrùm reipub licæ Americanæ benefacturus esset, si apud exer citum, cum imperio, mansisset, difficile dictu est. Si invidiâ haud flagrâsset, eum in hostes fortissimè dimicaturum omninò verisimile est; apud exer citum Americanum, imperatorem summum sese fieri cupiebat ; Washingtonium sibi obstare, quo minùs imperii summi potiretur, perspexit ; quare* turpitudinis notâ inuri, quam pro patriâ, aut pro Washingtonii gloriâ certare, malebat. Multi, ta 1 Hic, &c., «this was the end of a man who had very often dis tinguished himself in fighting for his country." a Quare, &e., ** wherefore, he would rather be branded with a mark of disgrace, than fight for his country, or for the glory of Washington,” Q 2 198 WASHINGTONII VITA. men, Washingtonium, in eum graviùs æquo ani madvertisse dicebant. Ad* præfectos alios, qui sese bello Americano insigniverant, nunc veniamus. In eis, qui libertati Americanæ plurimùm profuerunt, fuit dux Greene, de insulâ Rhodensi oriundus, Is,* tremebundo. rum numero olim habitus, pacem duello commu tavit. Cum Cornwallis, comite Britamno, Ameri canorum primus,* æquo Marte pugnavit, Præliis è multis, quibus interfuit, victor, aut, saltem, in commodo parvo accepto, ut plurimùm, discessit. Fortissimus* jure habebatur, cautus, prudens, rei militaris peritissimus, vitæ integerrimus, dis. ciplinæ militaris maximè amans, gloriæ appetens, vitæ profusus, audax in periculis, pecuniæ con temptor. Optimum de eo judicium fecit Wash ingtonius, et rerum maximarum curam ei credere non verebatur, Felicitate summâ, multis in præ liis usus, virtute* adeo invictâ post cladem fuit, ut, cum pulsum et penitùs fugatum eum hostes cre
i •dd, &c., “let us now come to other officers, who distinguished themselves in the American war.” * Is, &c., “he, fbrmerly accounted amongthe numberofquakers." 8 Primus, &c., “he, (Greene,) first of the Americans, fought on equal terms with Cornwallis, an English earl.” 4 Fortissimus, &c., “he was justly esteemed most.brave, wary, prudent, very skilled in the art of war, most upright in his life, a lover, especially, of military discipline, desirous of glory, lavish of his life, adventurous in dangers, a despiser of money.” $ Virtute, &c., “he was (a man) of so invincible courage Afer
defeat,” - WASHINGTONII VITA. 199 derent, copias disjectas collegerit, seque ad fortiter resistendum paraverit. Omnium, denique, qui de libertate Americanâ, fortiter pugnando, benè meriti sunt, laudem maxi mam adeptus est. In Carolinâ septentrionali, in Britannos fortissimè pugnando, laudem ingentem meruit. Forsitan à re nostrâ haud longè alienum erit, paucula nonnulla, de Wayne, duce Americano, hlc subjicere. Antonius Wayne, Pennsylvanien sis genus,' legionem Pennsylvaniensem, ut pluri mùm, duxit. Indos,* Americanorum primus, vinci et superari posse docuit. Virtute* maximè præ stabat. Seditionem autem et tumultum apud legionem Pennsylvaniensem sedare incassùm co
natus est. - Præliis omnibus, quibus interfuit, imperatoris strenui ac militis boni officio simul fungebatur. Fortior quàm cautior habebatur ; attamen, cum res ipsa posceret, consilio* haud carebat. Indos, intra fines Americanos, cædes, incendia, foedaque alia permulta facientes, funditùs superavit. Pau cos post menses, fato* functus est. i Genus, &c., “ a Pennsylvanian (as to) his extraction :” genus is here put in the accusative case, and is governed by the preposi tion quoad, or secundum, understood ; such constructions are in imi tation of the Greeks. a Indos, &c., “he, first ofthe Americans, taught that the Indians could be conquered and overcome.” 3 Virtute, &c., “ he excelled, chiefly, in valor.” « Consilio, &c., “he was not deyoid of prudence, or wisdom,*' * Fato, &c., “he died,” 200 WASHINGTONII VITA.
Pauca, de Laurente, enarranda veniunt. Hicce • præfectus fortissimus, dum hostium munimenta Eboraci apud Virginienses expugnare conaretur, fortissimè dimicans, cecidit. Modestiâ mirâ orna batur vir iste fortis. Pater! ejus captivus turri apud Londinenses tenebatur; quumque libertatem adipisci, et amicos dulces, propinquosque charos, turpi criminis falsi confessione, revisere potuisset, captivus, tamen, apud hostes acerbissimos manere, quàm libertatem, dedecore assequi, malebat. Tam dem, verò, post captivitatem longam, patriam re visere et Britanniam magmam relinquere eum Bri tanni patiebantur. Exercitibus Britannis, qui ad oras terræ Colum bi appulerunt, clarissimi præfuerunt præfecti du cesque. In quibus eminuêre Henricus Clintonius, et Gulielmus Howe, equites Britanni, nec non Cornwallis, comes Anglus, qui sese multis bellis Europæis jam antea insigniverat : contra* quos viros, rei militaris peritissimos, et exercitu bono et
1 Pater, &c., “his father (that is, the father of Col. Laurens, of whom we now speak) was detained as a prisoner, in the tower of London; and when (although) he could obtain his liberty, and re visit his sweet friends, and dear relatives, by a shameful acknow ledgment of a false charge, he, nevertheless, would rather remain with his most inveterate foes, than attain his freedom by dishonor." The British government tendered him his liberty, by his making certain concessions, which he conceived equivalent to a confession of his guilt; and which, of course, he rejected. 2 Contra, &c., “against which men, veryskilled in military affairs, and furnished with a good and brave army, to contend, was, assu redly, most difficult.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 201 strenuo. instructos, decertare certè difficillimum fuit. - Washingtonius' unus, qui contra viros tales de certaret, idoneus habebatur ; neminem* alium, qui munere tanto dignus esset, inveniri minimè dicam. Hoc tantùm dico, nullum alium, qui res Ameri canas feliciorem ad exitum perducere quiverit, in veniri potuisse. Galli, porrò, plurimi, domi nobiles, Americano rum partes amplexi, ad oras Americanas naves appulerunt. In his fuit La Fayette, Gallus præno bilis, qui Americanorum injurias, à Britannis illa tas, miseratus, ad eorum subsidium cucurrit. Præ lia multa, quibus interfuit, et quorum pars magna erat, longum esset dinumerare. Satis in præsen tià nobis sit dicere, eum, præliis omnibus fortissimè sese gessisse, et Washingtonii gratiam, amicitiam, et familiaritatem conciliâsse. Adhuc apud Gallos vivit* iste miles fortissimus, qui de libertate Americanâ optimè meruit; aeter num,* enim, nomen famamque à Britannis clade
i Washingtonius, &c., “Washington was alone esteemed fit who should contend (to contend) against such men.” * JYeminem, &c., “ I will, by no means, say, that mo other one was found, who might be worthy of so great an office,” (as that of commander-in-chief of the American forces.) s This was written before the visit of La Fayette to this country, • and his subsequent death.—Ed. 4 JEternum, &c., “ for, he derived, by his valor, eternal renown and fame, from the English, affected (by the Americans) with very great disasters.” Horace has a passage somewhat analogous to the above: “ Duaeit ab oppressâ merituin Carthagine nomen"—* de 202 WASHINGTONII VITA. maximâ affectis, virtute duxit. Utinam oras Ameri canas iterum aspicere illi liceret ! O quantas gra tes illi persolvere debent Americani ; heröi illi dico, qui, patriâ, amicis, conjuge charissimâ, relictis, ad libertatem non Americanorum tantùm, sed generis, .[| etiam, humani, tutandam, properavit, vitamque periculis omnibus objectare, libertatis causâ, non recusavit. Sese,' enim, hominem esse rectè judi cans, nil, quod ad infortunia et mala humana spec taret, à se alienum esse arbitrabatur. Militem et propugnatorem libertatis haberi tantummodò vo lebat; et voti certissimè compos fuit ; summam, enim, claritudinem, ob libertatem pugnando, apud omnes bonos assecutus est. Civitatum* foederatarum Americanarum Con gressus, nudiustertius, ita de La Fayette decrevit: “ Quandoquidem La Fayette, Gallus prænobilis, civitates hasce foederatas Americamas denuò visere vult, à Congressu populoque Americano decretum sit, Americanos omnes, grati animi ergò, eum vi dere magnoperè cupere;” simulque decretum fuit, rived a deserved name from the destruction of Carthage,” alluding to Scipio Africanus. 1 Sese, &c., “for rightly thinking himself to be a man;* thus Terence, “Homo sum, humani nihil à me alienum puto”—* I am a man, I think nothing appertaiming to human nature foreign from me." 8 Civitatum, &c., “ the Congress of the United States of America, thus voted, the other day, respecting La Fayette; * Since that (in as much as) La Fayette, a very noble Frenchmam, wishes to visit, again, these United States of America, be it resolved by the Con gress and people of America, that all the Americans, for thesake of gratitude, greatly wish to see him.'* WASHINGTONII ViTA. 203 uti navis longa Americana, eum ad oras terræ Columbi vehendi causâ, dimitteretur. Americani omnes hunc tam clarum propugnatorem et defen sorem libertatis videre vehementissimè cupiunt. Quòd si unquam ad oras Americanas ille vir inclytus appulerit, Americani, libertate* fruentes, operâ ejus maximè partâ, Washingtonii amicum et familiarem eximium, honore summo, proculdu bio, prosequentur. Nosque, in hâc republicâ Ohi oensi, à tempestatibus et bellis Europæis procul amoti,* aliquid, virum talem honorandi causâ, scripsisse, valdè gestimus. Quòd* si illum un quam aspicere nobis contigerit, quam gratum spec taculum oculis nostris offeretur ! Tunc fortassè eum sermone Gallico alloqui et compellare nobis licebit. Libertatis, enim, amatores omnes eum honore summo prosequi debent. Alii, insuper, fuerunt Galli, qui martia ob Ame ricam pugnando vulnera passi: eos* gratiarum actione dignatus est Congressus. Ludovicus, quo que, Galliæ rex, optimè de libertate Americanâ, certè meritus est, qui, Britannis terrâ marique po
1 Libertate, &c., “ enjoying liberty, obtained, chiefly, by his means, will, doubtless, highly honor the choice friend and familiar com panion ofWashington.” a .Amoti, &c., **far removed from the (civil) commotions, and wars of Europe, greatly rejoice to have written something,” &c. 8 Quòd, &c., ** but if it should ever happen to me to behold him, La Fayette, how grateful a spectacle will be offered to my eyes.” 4 Eos, **Congress vouchsafed them (the other French officers) a vote ofthanks.” 204 wAs HINGTONII VITA. tentibus, bellum indicere, et Americamis, rerum omnium inopiâ laborantibus, succurrere, et suppe tias' ferre, ausus est. Bello Americano tandem feliciter confecto, Gal li,* fideles fortesque socii, domum rediêre; et liber tatis donis apud Americanos capti allectique, im perii* regalis vestigia omnia penitùs funditùsque abolere constituerunt; quocirca,* rege suo occiso, imperium regium populari commutabant; nec à seditionibus aut tumultibus diris gravibusque ab stinere destiterunt, donec* ad Napoleonem Bona parte, fortunæ filium, rerum summa delata est. Etsi, de rebus* Gallicis novis dicere, à re nostrâ paulò sejunctius erit, tamen, quia in earum' men tionem incidimus, paucula nonnulla de eis* hic subjicere nobis visum. Supervacaneum in præ sentià erit, causas indagare, ob quas bellum hocce 1 Suppetias ferre, “to bring succor,” or aid. 2 Galli, &c., “ the French, the faithful and brave allies (of the Americans) returmed home,” • Imperii, &c., “they resolved entirely and utterly to abolish ali traces of royal government.” It must ever be deplored that the generous aid afforded the Americans by the unfortunate Louis, should operate as a precedent to commence revolutionary projects in France, on the termination of the revolutionary war in America. 4 Quocirca, &c., “wherefore, their king slain, (having slain their king and queen,) they exchanged the regal government for a popular one.” The noun imperio is understood after the adjective populari. 5 Domee, &c., “ until the chief government was conferred om Napoleon Bonaparte, a child offortune.” 6 Rebus, &c., “to speak ofthe French Revolution.” 7 Earum, (scilicet, rerum novarum,) * ofit,” (the revolution.) e Eis, &c., (scilicet, rebus novis,) “respectingit," (the revolution.) WASHINGTONII - VITA. •*205 -apud Gallos exortum sit. Clerici* Gallici, nec non nobilitas , primoresque imperium nimis grave in plebem exercere,coeperant. Ad, hoc, Amerieano 1 rum exemplo incitati sunt Galli, qui, libertatis bona apud Americanos videntes, similem sibi felicita tem fortunamque exoptabant : plures, insuper, apud Gallos, provenêre scriptores, qui mobilitatis et clericorum superbiam et crudelitatem insectari, et palàm reprehendere, non dubitaverunt. Hæ,* forsitam, causæ extitêre, quibus impellen tibus, res novas exoptare Galli coeperunt. - Earum rerum novarum initium de libertate, et generis humani amicis optimè mereri videbatur ; at, ex bonis initiis, eventus pessimi provenêre ; cives* de principatu inter sese certare; interficere, trucidare, jugulare, omnia sacra miscere, turbare; inter bo nos et malos discrimen* nullum, omnes honorum et dignitatis gradus penitùs abolere.* Bellatorum omnium, qui aut existunt, aut olim extitêre, Napoleon Bonaparte, proculdubio, maxi * mus fuit. Rempublicam Gallicam ordinavit et
1 Clerici, the French ** clergy.” The noun clericus, of Greek derivatiom, is not used by any Latin classic. However, it expresses what we understand by the term clergy, with sufficient accuracy. 2 Hæ, &c., “ these were, perhaps, the causes, which impelling, the French began to wish much for a revolution.” s Cives, &c., *the (French) citizens (begam, cæperunt beingun derstood) to contend with each other, respecting the pre-eminence.” 4 Discrimen, «there was no distinction between the good and bad.” s.Abolere, &c., (scilicet, cœperunt,) “they (begam) utterly to abolish all degrees of honors and dignity.” 18 R. 206 wASH1NGTONII • VITA. stabilivit iste vir inclytus. Illustrissimum Bona parte, nihil carbone' notandum patrâsse, dum re rum habenas apud Gallos temeret, minimè affir mare velim ; attamen, eum multa cretâ notanda fecisse, compertum habeo. Multi, à rebus Gal licis novis omninò abhorrentes,* eum tyrannum crudelissimum foedissimumque palàm nuncupà runt. Nos,* autem, à præjudicio omni procul amoti, et veritatem tantummodò indagantes, eum minimè crudelem, (quippè qui imperium tantum tot in gentes haberet,) extitisse autumamus. Cle ricos Gallicos, qui imperium crudelissimum in ple bis ejus mentes et animos jam diù exercuerant, à muniis* omnibus, et à republicâ, procul amoVen dos curavit. Hæc de rebus Gallicis dixisse, in præsentiâ, suf ficiat. Omnia, quæ Galliæ rectores faciebant, mi nimè à Washingtonio probata fuêre. Ingruente belli civilis horrore, Americanos,* à partium studio
1 Carbone, &c., “to be marked with coal;” that is, to be cen sured : thus, the poet: “ Cretâ an carbone notandi ?” “.Are they to be marked with charcoal or chalk ?” i. e., condemned or praised ? 3 •Mbhorrentes, &c., “altogether averse to the French revolution.” 8 JNos, &c., “but I, far removed from every prejudice, and seareh ing only after truth, affirm that he was byno means cruel, (as being one who possessed so great power over so mamy nations.**) In Buch sentences, I endeavor to give a literal translation. 4 JMuniis, &c., “from all (civil) offices and employments.” 5 Jlmericanos, &c., “ it was- most difficult (for the executive) to preserve the Americans free from the zeal of party;” that is, neu tral ; as they were disposed to assist the French, their recent allies, and to harass the British, their late foes, WASHINGTONII vTTA. 207 immunes servare difficillimum fuit. Difficultates, . tamen, omnes, Washingtonii vigilantia superavit. Bello Americano felicem ad exitum tandem per ducto, bona quædam, et plurima mala, inde exori ebantur. Belli istius exitus mortales fere omnes falsos fieri subegit: fidem publicam et privatam parvi pendere et contemnere edocuit. Extitêre,' tamen, pauci, quibus honestas divitiarum comparatione potior fuit. Hi pecunias Britannis debitas persol vere non dubitabant; etsi eas* non persolvendi facultas legibus data est: plures, tamen, patriæ legibus freti, pecunias omnes hostibus nuperis de bitas persolvere planè recusabant. Plurimæ, autem, artes, bello hocce, in majus provectæ fuerunt. Medicinæ, præsertim, et chi rurgiæ praxis admodùm excolebatur. Medici et chirurgi plurimi bello isto claruerunt. In quibus fuit illustrissimus Benjaminus Rush, de libertate Americanâ, et medicinæ parte omni, optimè meri tus. Hic medicus inclytus, tetanum, morbosque
i Extitêre, &c., “there were, nevertheless, a few, to whom honor was preferable to the acquiring of riches.” 2 Eas, &c., (scilicet, pecunias Britannis debitas,) “although an opportunity and power of not paying them, (that is, the moneys due to the British from the Americans, on the termination of the revolutionary war,) were granted them by the laws.” Although the laws did not expressly prohibit the liquidation of those claims, yet the validity of contracts was impaired, if not totally vitiated, not only with England, but also between the citizens themselves, in their private concerns, by the demoralizing effects of war. 208 wASHINGTONII VITA. alios,excerebri aut nervorum turbamento oriundos, cortice Peruviano, mercurio dulci sexiès sublima to, aliisque remediis corroborantibus sanare primus instituit.* Servos omnes, quos, vivus, in servitute tenuerat Washingtonius, morte imminente, libertate donari, et manu mitti jussit. Testamento, enim, supremo, servos omnes, post uxoris dilectæ mortem, liberos, et sui juris esse voluit. Virum, libertatis et æqua litatis adeò cupidum, mortalem ullum in servitute tenere, mirandum certè est. Attamen, omnes, ferè, Virginiam incolentes, quâ in civitate degere decrevit Washingtonius, servos possidebant; consuetudo, itaque, servos habendi et temendi, quæ rebus, ferè, in omnibus, domina et magistra rectè nuncupatur, cum Washingtonio facit ; molim, tamen, istâ in re, eum omninò incul patum dicere ; tùm, quia, tanti viri exemplum se cutos plurimos, servos suos in libertatem missuros, minimè dubitandum est; tùm, quia, homines om nes, cujuscunque sint coloris, naturâ æquales esse, facillimè probari et demonstrari potest. Viro, au
1 Instituit, &c., “ this famous physician first taught to cure lock jaw, and other diseases arising from the derangement of the brain, or nerves, by Peruviam bark, sweet mercury, six times sublimed, (calomel, now known among medical men, by the mame of submu rias hydrargyri,) and by other strengthening remedies.” As these diseases arise, frequently, from a general debility qf the system, es pecially in warm climates, and from other causes, such as wounds, the injuring qf the brain, or any nerve, the indication of cure, con sists, of course, in the adhibition of tomics and stimuli, - WASHINGTONII VITA. 209 tem, tantis virtutibus clarissimis insignito, delicti venia danda. Testamentum,' insuper, Washingtonii supre mum, eum à culpâ omni, hâc in re, immunem red dit; quippè qui servos omnes suos, post uxoris mor tem, ut modò dictum est, liberos esse voluit; generi, enim, humano amicissimus semper erat : lenior, enim, magis, quàm crudelior est habitus. De Washingtonii prosapiâ, genere, et studiis juvenilibus, satis hujusce operis initio dictum puto. Patre, adhuc puer, orbatus, sub matris tutelâ ado levit. Linguam* nullam, præter Anglicanam, quantum scio, didicit: ad artes, tamen, plures in genuas, mathematicas præsertim, animum sedulò appulit. Terræ mensor fuit : plurima, insuper, munia, tam civilia, quàm militaria, summâ cum laude obivit. Vitæ integritate maximè enituit. Hominum omnium, quos terra Columbi unquam aspexit, aut fortassè unquam aspiciet, proculdubio* aptissimus fuit, qui exercitibus Americanis præ 1 Testamentum, &c., “ furthermore, the last will of Washington renders him free from all blame in this matter; since he wished that all his slaves, after the death of his wife, as has just now beem said, should be free; for he was ever most friendly to the human race; for he has been accounted, rather, too mild, than too cruel.” 2 Linguam, &c., ** he learned no language except the English, as far as I know ;** of this, however, I would speak with diffidence, as there is a diversity of opinion respectingit. s Proculdubio, &c., “ he was, undoubtedly, the fittest of all men whom the land of Columbus (North America) ever beheld, or per haps, will ever behold, who should preside over (to take charge of) the American armies,” &c. Omnium hominum depends on the superlative adjective aptissimus. R 2 210 w ASPIINGTONII VITA. esset, eosque ad victoriam duceret, et libertatem Americanam stabiliret. Inimicis, tamen, minimè, carebat : quum, enim, imperator summus esset, invidiâ flagrabant non nulli, magnitudinem ejus crescentem videntes: nec deerant,* qui, imperium tantum ad Washing tonium unum deferri non oportere, eumque, suæ utilitatis et commodi causâ, bellum, morando, du cere, audacter dicerent. Meritorum, enim, mag norum comes invidia plerumque esse solet. ' Qua mobrem, eum imperio depellere, omnique auctori tate exuere, à quibusdam turpissimè fuit tentatum. Mens, autem, conscia recti Washingtonio sem per fuit ; quam, nec hominum minæ iræque, nec civium clamor prava jubentium, à recto deflectere unquam potuêre. Libertatis* Americanæ fortuna tandem vicit: quòd si imperio militari, turpium paucorum civium, summam rerum affectantium invidiâ, privatus esset Washingtonius, dubito an libertatem adipisci, duce alio, quamvis præclaro, Americani potuissent.
1 Deerant, &c., (scilicet, homines,) * nor were (men) wanting, who boldly said, that so great a command ought not tobe conferred on Washington alone, and that he, by delaying, protracted and lengthened out the war, for the sake of his own utility and ad vantage.” a Libertatis, &c., “ the fortune of American liberty, at length, prevailed : but if Washington had been deprived of his military command, by the envy of a few base citizens aiming at the chief rule, I doubt whether the Americans could have obtained their free dom, under any other leader, however renowned.” WASHINGTONII VITA, 211 At Dei, optimi maximi munere et providentiâ factum est, ut, apud exercitum cum imperio esset Washingtonius, usque' dum, hostibus ubique de bellatis, pacem virtute conciliâret. Washingtonium si cum viris aliis , temporum præteritorum conferamus, omnibus certè, qui aut apud veteres olim claruêre, aut apud recentiores jam nunc aurâ æthereâ vescuntur, longè major heros noster invenietur. Ab Aluredo* magno, rege Britanno, haud multùm abludit Washingtonius. Hi viri præclarissimi, justitiæ, fortitudinis, et pie tatis amore insignes fuêre. Cum* Aluredus sagum togâ mutâsset, mala majora, quàm quæ Washingtonio unquam conti gerant, perpessus est ; cumque, formam et perso nam alienam mentitus, hostium castra exploratus esset, et suspicionem omnem, lyræ dulcedine, evi tàsset, Washingtonio audacior forsitan existimari potest. Hostium,* tamen, Trentoniæ, apud Neo Cæsareenses, captura nos Aluredi res gestas monet. Rempublicam Washingtonius ordinavit et sta i Usque, &c., “ until, the enemy being everywhere vanquished, he procured peace by his valor.” 2 Jlluredo, &c. ** Washington did not much differ (in character) from Alfred the Great,” the Saxon King of England. s Cum, &c., “ when Alfred had changed the military robe for the gowm, (that is, had assumed the garb of peace, and of rural avoca tions,) he endured greater misfortunes than what had ever hap pened to Washington.” 4 Hostium, &c., *the capture, however, of the enemy (Hessians) (by Washington) at Trenton, in New-Jersey, reminds us ofthe ex ploits of Alfred.” 212 w ASHINGTONI1 VITA. bilivit : jus, æquitatem, pietatem, religionem, ar tesque ad humanitatem spectantes, excolebat: et mihi, multa cogitanti, multaque scrutanti, major bello, an pace fuerit, dicere, in primis difficile vi detur. Aluredus magnus, contrà, artes multas, primus apud Britannos excolendas curavit; de literis optimè meruit. Aluredus, porrò, scriptori bus præclaris, qui facta ejus ingentia memoriæ traderent et mandarent, privatus, vetustatis tene
bris ferè penitùs obscuratur. - Washingtonium, autem, ingemia præclarissima ad coelum tollere certatim nitebantur; et meritò quidem ; nullus' enim, omnibus in rebus ad glo riam laudemque veram spectantibus, illo major: vir, denique, probus fuit, patriamque adamavit. Cives Americani, terram latissimam, feracissi mam, rebus omnibus abundantem possidetis. Con cordià* valebitis, discordiâ infirmi eritis. Reli gionem, scientiam, artesque liberales ac ingenuas excolere debetis; gratias, imprimis, maximas Deo optimo maximo habere oportet, qui bellum Ameri
1 JNullus, &c., “ for mone was greater than he (Washington) in all things pertaining to true glory and praise.” * Concordiâ, &c., “you will be strong by concord, and weak by discord." The only danger to be apprehended to the perpetuity and felicity of the American Union, must arise from a want of con cert and unanimity in the several state governments, and from an unwillingness to accede to the measures pursued by the general government; as, by being united among themselves, the states could bid defiance to the attacks of any power on earth. Perpe tuity to their union! WAgHINGTONII* VITA. 213 canum, Washingtonii ductu, ad exitum felicissi mum perducere dignatus est. Collegia, Academias, et ludos literarios institu ere ubique oportet, ut, religio,* Dei veri scientia, et artes vitæ utiles ubique vigeant, ut scientiâ à gentibus cunctis dignoscantur Americani: pacis studia colant; in pace, autem, bello necessaria parent. Justitiâ et virtutibus omnibus egregiis insignes sint, et Deo soli, libertatis ac bonorum omnium auctori, gratias semper agant : Washing tonii`virtutes semper recordentur: factorum* ejus splendorem ob oculos propositum semper habeant: Deumque semper precentur, ut imperii Americani felicitas perpetua sit. Improbos omnes oderint, malos pœnis cöerceant, bonos honore prosequantur : viros* doctos in pretio habeant : ignorantia ubique spreta jaceat: sit, denique, in uniuscujusque fronte scriptum, quid de republicâ sentiat. Agriculturam, mercium* com-^ mutationem, fidem inviolatam ament : temperan
tiam, et virtutes omnes colant. -
1 Religio, &c., “ that religion, the knowledge ofthetrue God, and the arts useful to life, may everywhere flourish; that the Americans may be distinguished, by their knowledge, from all nations: let them practise the pursuits of peace ; but, in peace, let them pre pare things necessary for war.” 2 Factorum, &c., “let them ever have the lustre of his deeds placed before their eyes.” a Viros, &c., «let them hold learned men in estimation.” 4 JMercium, &c. ** the exchange of merchandize,” or wares ; that is, commerce. 214 WASHINGTONII- VITA.
PER ORATIO.
L E C T O R I BENEVOL O
S A L U T E M.
CELEBERRIMI! GEORGII WASHINGTONII, civitatum fœderatarum Americanarum præsidis primi, vitam, Latio donatam, mortalium omnium primus, in usus academicos, scribendam curavi. Duæ me causæ ad hoc opus maximè impulerunt, ut, nempè, clarissimi viri vita latinitate donaretur, utque de linguâ Latinâ, me ipsum ad opus tale accingendo, benè mererem. Quàm, vero, benè, et feliciter opusculum hocce perfectum sit, alii judicent: hoc tantùm verissimè dicere possum, me scriptorem aut librum mullum, inter scribendum, consuluisse : quidquid, igitur, scripsi, memoriter tantùm protulisse aio. Doctorum laudem exopto, indoctorum, verò, laudem et vituperationem juxta æstimo. Hoc so lum dicam, me, de literaturâ Americanâ benè mereri voluisse ; tirones, porrò, et indoctos, labores
1 Celeberrimi, &c., “I, first of all men, have taken care that the life of the most celebrated George Washington, first president of the United States of America, presented with Latium (clothed with Latinity) for the use of universities, should be written.” WASHINGTONII VITA. 215 meos primos reprehensuros minimè dubito: siquis, autem, verè doctus, et de literis Romanis benè meritus, scripta mea laudare dignetur, operæ pre tium me nactum esse putabo. Civitatum' foederatarum Americanarum litera turam in majus promovere conabar. Juvenes* nostrates viri maximi quem terra unquam extulit. vitam latinè exaratam perlegere volui. Quòd si, de laboribus nostris bona fecerint eruditi judicia, summo nos honore affectos existimabimus. Gratiae, insuper, maximæ, J. N. Reynolds, exi miæ spei adolescenti, meritò et jure debentur; qui primus ad Washingtonii vitam Latinè scribendam nos impulit : nec nos hortari destitit, usque dum, opere tandem perfecto, auctorem muneribus am plissimis prosecutus sit.
1 Civitatum, &c., “I endeavored to advance the literature of the United States of America, by imparting to youth a taste for read ing the life of a great man, written in a foreign language.” a Juvenes, &c., “I wished that the youth of our country should read a life, written in Latin, of the greatest man which the earth ever produced.” JNostrates, comes from the patrial or gentile pro noun nostras.
FINIS.
A PPE N D IX.
[The following pages contain the views of our author relative to the best mode of teaching the ancient languages. They were incorporated by him in his Life of Washington, but will find, the editor conceives, a more appropriate place in an Appendix.]
AcADEMIcis et Tironibus, in hisce civitatibus nostris fœderatis Americanis, eis, præsertim, qui in ludis' literariis operam navant, Salutem in Do mino sempiternam. Vobis, lectores candidissimi, illustrissimi Washingtonii vitam, latinitate dona tam, Americanorum omnium primus, offerre et exhibere gestio. Operæ pretium facturus videor, si de linguas docendi verâ ratione paucis disseram. Doctorum plures, me, tali in re, operam et tempus deperdere, proculdubio, existimabunt: quòd si, hi viri, fortè reputaverint, quàm difficile sit, Græ cam et Romanam linguas ad amussim callere,*
i Ludis, &c., “schools;” the noum ludus is used for a school, by the best authors: by ludus literarius,is meant, a college, or, perhaps, rather, a grammar-school. * Callere, “toknow perfectly,” (according torule,) the Greek and Roman languages: the verb calleois used by Horace in this sense; “ Legitimumque sonum digitis callemus et aure.” “.find we under stand a legitimate sound by our fingers, and ear ;'' which good classie scholars can do even at this day. An inaccurate pronunciation of Greek and Latin should be avoided. 19 218 APPENDIX. quàmque multùm temporis, in earum studio prose quendo, necessariò insumendum sit, et, denique, quàm pauci de linguarum earum doctoribus,' verè "eruditi et doctrinâ exculti sint, certè scriptori cul pam, si qua sit, condonare et ignoscere haud gra vabuntur. Americanos* ingenii affatim ad quamvis lin guam seu scientiam optimè intelligendam habere, negari nequit. Attamen, qui linguas eas rectè doceant, ferè ubique jam desunt ;* nec gymnasiis quidem nostris, aut collegiis, viri semper invenian tur, qui de Græcis et Romanis literis benè meriti sint. Plures, autem, annos, linguas eas alios d0 cendo,' insumpsi, aliorum vestigiis omninò nitens; at mihi, multa diù volventi, doctorumque* insci tiam mecum miranti, fortè lubuit attendere, quæ tandem infortunii tanti causa esset. Quocirca, quid usu didicerim, quidque aliorum de ratione sentirem, breviter exponere, strictim et singula quæque carptim attingens, in præsentiâ, nosme tipsos ac€ingamus. Linguarum, enim, earum, de quibus nunc agi
i Doctoribus, &c., “the teachers of those languages.” 2 .Mmericanos, &c., “it cannot be denied, that the Americans possess enough of genius, to understand, very well, any language or science.” 8 Desunt, &c., (scilicet, homines,) ** but yet (men) are now want ing, almost everywhere, who can teach those languages correctly." 4 Docendo, &c. *in teaching others those langnages.” * Doctorum, “ofteachers ;" fiom doctor, a teacher. APPENDIX. 219 tur, utilitas tanti haberi debet, ut, res nulla, quæ eas in majus promovere* possit, negligenda, aut omittenda sit. Me* aliis doctiorem, aut scientiâ , ullà præstabiliorem esse, minimè aio: me, autem, laboris multùm, linguas, Græcam et Romanam, docendo, impendisse, et nonnulla, scitu* utilia, usu comperisse, audacter affirmo. Usus, enim, et ob servatio diligens omnibus in rebus multùm prosunt, sed maximè in docendo. Viginti quinque annorum spatium jam dilapsum est, ex quo*, linguarum earum studium prosequi cœperim. Libros multos elementarios, tam ver sione Anglicanâ donatos, quàm illâ* carentes, per legere à doctoribus amicis coactus fui. Gramma ticas multas tam Græcas, quam Latinas, ad un guem* decies resectum, ediscere jussus eram. Tan dem, longo post tempore, linguarum earum medi Ocriter peritus evasi." Tunc primùm præceptoris officio fungi, apud Philadelphienses, humanissimos
; 1 Promovere, &c., “ which cam promote or advance them," (the
languages.) - 2 JMe, &c., “ Iby no means affirm that I am more learned than others, or more excellent in any science.” 8 Scitu, “to be known ;*' the latter supine from the verb scio, “Iknow,” governed by the adjective noun utilia. 4 Eae quo, (scilicet, spatio,) **from which period;” since. 5 Illâ, &c., (scilicet, versione,) “as those books, that wanted,” (a translation.) 6 Unguem, &c., “I was ordered to learn perfectly,” (by heart,) to my nail ten times pared, (that is, exactly,) a metaphor taken from an examination of the works of statuaries and workers in marble. 7 Evasi, &c., (* I came ofí;°) * Ibecame tolerably skilled in those languages.” 220 APPENDIX.
juxta ac doctissimos, deficiente crumenà,' coepe ram, et doctorum* aliorum, me doctrinâ et usu longè antecedentium, vestigia sedulò insequebar. Causa* maxima linguarum doctarum inscitiæ, mihi quidem in eo posita videtur, quòd pueri, jam inde ab initio, nil nisi Latinè loqui et scribere non assuescant. Quamobrem nil nisi Romanum in Scholâ dicant et audiant ; præceptores, porrò, strenuam navent operam, ut nihil, nisi Cicerone, aut Sallustio dignum, discipulos* suos eloqui aut scribere sinant. Aliquis fortasse, literarum Ro manarum omninò rudis, hic objiciet, ** tironem nullum, nisi priùs linguæ Romanæ rudimentis penitùs imbutus fuerit, aliquid, auribus Romanis gratum loqui aut scribere posse.* Querelam hanc (etsi ab indoctioribus, ut plurimùm, proveniat,) magnâ ex parte, veram esse, libentissimè confiteor.*
1 Crumenâ, &c., “my purse failing:” that is, my finances be coming limited. a Doctorum, &c., “ and I carefully followed the footsteps of other teachers, far excelling me in learning and experience;* doctorum, in this passage, comes from doctor, a teacher. s Causa, &c., “ the principal cause of the ignorance of the learned languages, appears, indeed, to me, to consist in this, because boys, all along from the beginning, are not accustomed to speak and write nothing but in Latin.” 4 Discipulos, &c., “ they would permit their scholars to utter or write nothing, but what is worthy of Cicero or Sallust.” 5 Confiteor, &c., “I most willingly acknowledge, that this com plaint (although it proceed, for the most part, from the illiterate) is in a great measure, true.” APPENDIX. 221 Attamen,' quò citùs Latinè loqui, et exercitia Ro vmana scribere possit puer, eò certè meliùs. Collegiorum, igitur, ludorumque omnium lite rariorum curatores, nullos Professores aut doctores, nisi qai linguâ Latinâ, non secùs ac Anglicanâ, uti sciunt, adhibere debent. In gymnasiis publi cis nostris, doctorum et Professorum omnium, quos de literaturâ Romanâ tractare oportet, sermo* planè Romanus, non civitate donatus, videatur, Tales, porrò, viri, inveniri possunt, dummodò Col legiorum nostrorum curatores, irâ, amicitiâ, ini micitiis, odio, invidiâ, præjudicio foedo, in docto ribus eligendis, penitùs, omissis, publico duntaxat commodo inservire velint. Terra, enim, Columbi, talibus viris certissimè abundat. Collegiorum,* autem, nostrorum curatores, in doctoribus et pro fessoribus eligendis, libidini suæ, magis quàm uti Jitati publicæ consulere malunt.
1.4ttamen, &c., “but notwithstanding(this concession) the sooner a boy cam speak Latin, and write Latin exercises, (it is,) assuredly, the better.” a Sermo, &c., “the discourse and conversation of all teachers and professors, who are to treat of the literature of the Romans, in our public colleges, should appear altogether Romam, not that qf for eigners,” (See what has been said on civitate donare, in former notes.) s Collegiorum, &c., “but the trustees of our colleges, in electing, &c.,” the noun collegium is compoundedofthe inseparable preposition com, together, and lego, I collect. Now, it cannot come from the vresent tense of colligo, because the second syllable, le, would in that case, be short; but from the perfect tense, collegi : *os nouns in the Greek language are derived from different tenses of verbs, 223 APPENDIX.
Classicos, insuper, scriptores, tam Græcos, quàm Romanos, non sermone patrio tantùm, sed ejus dem ferè significationis verbis, Latinè, interpretari et exponere ad amussim sciant. Græca, porrò, ex ercitia, jam' inde ab initio, scribere discant.^Græcè loqui invicem, coramque præceptoribus assuescant; linguam Anglicanam, ut ita dicam, oblivisci ali quamdiù studeant. Orationis partes omnes, inter* recitandum, præ ceptore doctissimo præsente, enumerare, earumque* nexum et relationem mutuam, nullo monente, aut corrigente, debent. Collegiorum, porrò, nostrorum curatores, professores, et inspectores, gradus, in ar tibus liberalibus, indignis indoctisve minimè con cedere oportet. Nemo,* enim, baccalaureatu, ali ove gradu academico, qui Græcam et Romanam linguam (doctrinæ omnis fundamentum,) non secùs ac sermonem patrium, loqui, scribere, et legere nequit, donari debet. Hic indocti hebetesque aliqui (stolidum pecu dum genus,) proculdubio objicient, “Nullum ferè eorum, qui* ad linguarum doctarum studium ani
1 Jam, &c., “all along from the commencement.” 2 Inter, &c., “at the time of reciting,” during their recitations. 8 Earumque, (scilicet, partium,) ** their mutual connexion,” &c. 4 JYemo, &c., “for, no one, who cannot speak, write, and read the Greek and Latin languages, (the basis of all learning,) not otherwise than (just as) his native tongue, ought to be presented with the degree of bachelor, or other academic degree.^ * Qui, this relative aecords with the number of eorum, and con sequently requires deeernunt, to be in the plural. § 2 APPENDIX. 223 mum appellere decernunt, earum tam peritum esse posse, ut eis,' non secùs ac sermone patrio, quâvis super re, uti possit.* His talibus viris, si qui in Columbi terrâ præclarissimâ liberrimâque existunt, paucis* respondebo. Quot homines de Græcis et Romanis literis opti mè meriti, aut jam in Europâ existunt, aut olim extitêre? Americanos,* ingenio Europæanis om ninò pares esse, certissimum est. Usus,* igitur, et loquendi, scribendi, ac legendi consuetudo diutur nior duntaxat desunt; cætera res expediet. Studia academica conficiendi nimis avidi sunt juvenes nostrates.* Adigium vetus, ** Festina lentè,” ob oculos positum, semper habere debent. Cum, igitur, Americanos Europæanis ingenio pares omninò esse certè constet, juvenibus nostratibus certè elaborandum est, ut doctrinâ, et Scientià eis aequales esse possint. Qui ad metam optatam pervenire vult puer, lin guarum et scientiarum ad studium, (scientias eas intelligo, quæ in collegiis nostris vulgò excolun
1 Eis, &c., (scilicet, linguis,) ** can use them,'' (the learned lan guages.) • 2 Paucis, (scilicet, verbis,) “in few words;” concisely. 3 .Americanos, &c. ** itis very certain that the Americans are al together equal to Europeans in genius," (native talents.) 4 Usus, &c., “therefore, (that is, in consequence qf this equality to Europeans, in point qf natural capacity,) a longer experience and practice of speaking, writing, and reading, are only wanting.” s JNostrates, “ the youths of our country." JNostras, is what grammarians usually call a patrial or gentile pronoun. 224 APPENDIX. tur,) annum' agens decimum, animum intendere incipiet, perque annorum decem spatium in eis in vigilabit, easque nocturnâ versabit manu, versabit diurnâ ; pallescet super his, Venere et Baccho ab stinebit: quum, denique, ex ephebis decesserit iste juvemis, manumque ferulâ subduxerit, patriæ utilis fiet, utilis et bellorum et pacis rebus agendis erit; Americanosque tum gentibus cunctis doctrinâ et scientiâ præstare, verè dici poterit. At nos, for tasse, longius à scopo erravimus, dum sententiam nostram de linguas docendi ratione aliis explicare voluimus,
i Jlnnum, this counsel of commencing the study of the learned languages, at ten years of age, and of prosecuting collegiate pur suits, till the twentieth year, is warranted by the soundest ex. qperience.
FINIS. V O C A B U L A R Y.
$r§•Those words marked with am asterisk (*) are of modern origin; those marked with the dagger (f) are of ancient origin, but have a modern meaning. *a
AB8 ACO A, ab, and abs, are prepositions of AbstiNEo, êre, ui, abstemtum. act. the same signification, and goo to abstain from. ern the ablative case : from, by, ABsUM, esse, fui. neut. to be ab by reason of, after, next, at, in; sent ; to be far from. the term from, for, out of, from, ABsüMo, êre, psi, ptum. act. to against, for, after, for, on our consume ; to destroy ; to spend. side, on, with. ABsUMPTUs, a, um. part. [lost; ABDìcìtio, önis, f. an abdication. gome. ABDico, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to ABUNDANs, tis. part. et adj. a disowm ; to abdicate or resign. bounding ; great ; abundant. ABÉo, ire, ivi, or ii, îtum, neut. ABUNDE, adverb, abundantly ; am to depart ; to go away, ply ; richly ; enough. Abhorû ENs, tis, part. disliking ; AbuNDo, áre, âvi, ätum. neut. to abhorring ; adj. unfit ; unsuit abound ; to overflow; to be rich. able ; abhorrent. Ac, conj. and, and indeed, than, ABHoRREo, ère, ui. — neut. to cus dislike to abhor. AcÄDÉMLA, æ. f. a university ; an ABJICIo, êre, jéci, ctum. act. lo academy. throw or cast away. AcADÉMicus, a, um. adj. an acade ABLÜDo, êre, si, sum. neut. to mician ; a member of a univer differ, or be unlike. sity. ABNUo, êre, ui, ütum. act. to re Accèdo, êre, ssi, ssum. neut. to fuse. accede; to go or come to; to be ABöLeo, êre, ui et vi, itum. act. to added to ; to assemt. abolish ; to destroy. AccENDo, êre, di, sum. act. to set ABRípio, êre, ui, reptum. act. to om fire; to light up; to animate;
carry away. to stir up. - ABRögo, äre, ävi, âtum. act. to ab AccEPTUs, a, um. part. received, rogate ; to annul ; to repeal. or taken. Abrumpo, ère, rüpi, ruptum. act. Accessio, önis. f. an accession ; to break ; to break off. additiom. - ABsolvo, êre, vi, lütum, act. to Accîdo, êre, i, — neut. to hap finisl. ; to despatch ; to dismiss. pem to; to befall. Absterreo, éré, ui, itum. act. to AcciNgo, êre, xi, ctum. act. to £r; to discourage; to hin gird to ; to prepare for; to go about a thing briskly. 225 add VOCABULARY. Ade Accípio, êre, épi, eptum. act. t0 Ademptus, a, um. part. taken a take ; to accept of; to receive ; way. to hear ; to treat. Adeo, adv. so ; to that pass ; in Accius, ii, n. 2. a mam's mame, somuch that. _. Accius. Adeo, ire, ivi et ii, îtum. neut. to Acclivis, is, e. adj. up hill; steep; go to ; to come to; to undergo; rising. to undertake. AccölA, æ, c. g. an inhabitant. ADEPTUs, a, um. part. havvng got Accresco, êre, évi, étum. neut. ten ; obtained. to grow ; to increase. ADÉQUîto, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to AccúrÃtr, adv. cautiously ; care ride/up to or by. fully ; accurately. *ADETius, ii. a mam's name, Adet. Accurro, ère, ri, sum. neut. to ADHiBEo, êre, ui, ítum. act. to rum to. call ; to use ; to employ. AcerbitAs, ätis, f. harshness ; ADHUc, adv. as yet. grievousness ; hardship. ADîgo, êre, égi, actum. act. to Acerbus, `a, um. adj. severe ; bit drive ; to force ; to compel. ter. ADÎMo, êre, ëmi, ptum. act. to Acervus, i. m. a heap ; a pile ; a take away. crono ADIPIscor, i, ädeptus. comm. to Acies, èi. f. the sharp edge or get; to obtain. point of any thing ; the sight ADÌtus, ûs. m. a way, entrance, of the eye ; an army in battle passage, access, avemue. order; sharpness of any thing; Adjútor, öris. m. am aider or any part of an army. helper, an assistant. Acquiro, ère, sivi, situm. act. to Adjúvo, äre, üvi, ütum. act. to acquire ; to get. assist; to favour. Acriter, acrius; äcerrime. adv. ADMiNisTRAtio, önis. f. manage valiantly; earnestly; strenuous rnent ; administratiom. ly ; severely ; fiercely. ADMiNisTRo, äre, ävi, ätum. to Actio, önis. f. am actiom; actio administer; to manage ; to gratiorum, a vote or expression rule ; to command. of thanks. ADMITTo, êre, misi, ssum. act. to Actus, a, um. part. done ; led. admit. AD, præp. to, at, for, until, to ADMöDUM, adv. very, greatly, trw wards, against, before, accord tng to, with regard to, upon. ADMöNEo, êre, ui, ítum. act. to *ADAGIUM, ii. n. an adage, a pro admomish ; to warm. verb, ADöLEscENs, tis. c. g. a young *ADAMIUs, ii. a man's name. ?m?o. ADÁMo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to love ADöLEscENTIA, æ. f. youth. greatly, wantonly. ADöLEsco, êre, évi, ultum. incept. ADAUGEo, êre, xi, ctum. act. to neut. to grow. increase ; to reinforce. ADöRIOR, iris, v. ëris, iri, ortus et ADDico, êre, xi, ctum. act. to sell ; orsus. dep. to assault ; to a*- to devote, tack. ADDICTUs, a, um. part. devoted; ADoRNo, äre, ävi, âtum. act. to addicted. adorn; to prepare; to equip. ADdo, êre, idi, itum. act. to give ; Adscisco, vid. Ascisco. to add ADsUM, fui, esse. neut. to be pres ADDÜco, êre, xi, tum. act. to lead; ent ; to come ; to assist ; to a to prevail with ; to induce. gree with. 226 aes VOCABUI,ARY. AgR AdvÉNA, æ. c. g. a stranger ; a AETAs, ätis, f. an age. foreigner. ÆTERNUM, adv. pro in eternum. AdvëNIo, ire, véni, tum. neut. to continually, to the emd of the come to ; to arrive; to accrue. world, for ever and ever. ADvENto, äre, âvi, ätum. freq. to ÆTERNUs, a, um. adj. [contr. pro come ; to approach. AEviternus, ab ævum] eternâl. AdvENTUs, ûs. m. a coming, ap AETHÉReUs, a, um. adj. et Æthé proach, arrival. rius, ethereal, airy, aerial, heav AdvErsÂRIUs, ii. m. am enemy or enly, divine. adversary. AffÄBiLiTAs, ätis. f. affability, ADvERsus, a, um. opposite, right kindness, gentleness. towards us ; adj. unfortunate, AFFÄris, v. äre, affätus, affäri. to adverse, hostile. speak to ; to address. ADvERto, êre, ti, sum. act. to turm AffÄtiM, adv. abundantly. to. AFFEcto, áre, âvi, âtum, freq. ÆdífícíUM, i. n. am edifice, house, to affect ; to seek for over structure, building. much. AEDiFfco, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to AFFEro, afferre, attüli, allätum. build ; to erect; to make. act. v. Adféro, to bring ; to .AEGER, gra, grum, adj. sick. contribute. AEgre, adv. grievously, difficultly, AFfício, êre, féci, fectum. act. to ill, poorly, with difficuliy, great affect ; to influence ; to afflict AEGRiMÖNiA, æ. grief. [ly. with ; to visit with ; to give. AEGRöto, äre, ävi, âtum, neut. to AFFIRMo, áre, ävi, ätum. act. to be sick. affirm ; to avow. AEMÜLÄtio, önis. f. emulatiom ; AffLÄTUs, üs. m. a blast, a breath. contentiom. AgER, agri. m. a field, land, farm. AEMÜLUs, a. um. (for it is proper Agger, ëris. m. a heap, a fortress, ly an adjective though used sub rampart. stantively), emulous, a rival, AggRÉdior, i, gressus. dep. to at competitor. tack ; to attempt. AEQUÄBiLiTAs, ätis. f. evenness of AggRÉgo, áre, âvi, âtum. to gath temper, ££; er together; to assemble ; to AEQUÆvus, a, um. adj. of the same jomm. age. AόilitAs, ätis. f. quickness, agil AEQÜÄLIs. is, e. adj. equal. ity, dexterity. AEQUÄLITER, adv. equally, evenly. Agíto, äre, âvi, ätum. freq. to ei AEqtúNiMiTAs, ätis. f. evenness of drive ; to agitate ; to debate. temper, equanimity. AgMEN, inis. n. an army march AEQUE, adv. so, as well, alike. ing, a company of soldiers. AEquitAs, ätis, f. equity, justice. AGNosco, êre, növi, nitum. act. AEquo, áre, ävi, âtum, to equal; to pro Adgnosco, to know; to re lay flat; to level ; to equalize. Σognise ; to acknowledge. AEqüus, a, um. adj. level, equal, Ago, ère, égi, actum. act. to do ; just, impartial. to live ; to treat ; to count ; to ÆrÄRIUM, i. n. the treasury. lead give. pass; to ; to - AEs, æris. n. brass, copper, irom, Agrestis, is, e. adj. rural, wild, silver or gold money ; Alienum homnespum, coarse. aes, amother's money, i. e. debt. Aoricö A, æ. m. et f. a husband AEstiMo, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to mam. esteem ; to account; regard. Agricultúra, æ. f. husbandry, AEstus, ús. m. a tide, a torrent. tillage. g. 227 An .AM A GLOSSARY. Aio, ais, ait, aiunt, def. imperf. Amans, tis. c. g. subst. po8t. & aiebam, &c., to affirm. lover. Ala, ae. f. the wing of a bird. AMbigo, êre, — — act. to go 4 Alìcer, v. cris, cris, cre. cheer bout ; to surroumd; to doubt ; ful, active, fierce, ready. to be in suspense. ALAcritAs, ätis. f. cheerfulness, AMbo, bæ, bo. adj. pl. both. alacrity, eagerness, promptness. AMERicA, æ. f. the name of a AlexANDER, dri. a man's name, country, America. Alexander. AmericANus, a, um. adj. Ameri Alexandria, æ. f. the name qf a ca/o. place, Alexandria. AMicítia, æ. f. friendship, amiiy, Alias, adv. at another time, in alliance. another manner. Amicus, a, um. adj. friendly. AliiNus, a, um. adj. amother AMicus, i. m. a friend. man's, of another country, for AMITTo, êre, misi, ssum. act. to engn. send away ; to dismiss ; io AliquAMDiu, adv. a good while, lose ; to omit. some tame. AMNIs, is. m. et f. a river, a AliquANDo, adv. sometimes, at stream. length. AMo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to love; AliquANTULUM, i. n. dim. a small to admire. portion. AMOENus, a, um. adj. pleasant, AliquANTÜLUs, a. um. [used delicate, delightful to the eye. chiefly in the neuter] Aliquan AMor, öris. m. love, affection. tulum. adj. et adv. dim. a very AMöveo, êre, övi, ötum. act. to little, somewhat. remove. Aliquis, äliqua, äliquod, v. äli AMPLEctor, ti, xus. to surround; quid. some, somebody, some to embrace. thing. AMPLius, adv. comp. more, lomg Aliter, adv. otherwise, else. er. ALiUs, a, ud. gen. Alius, amother, AMPLus, a, um. adj. ample, large, other. stately, great, abundant. *ALLEGHANiENsis, is, e. adj. Al AMussis, is. f. a mason's or car leghaniam. penter's rule. ALLício, êre, lexi, et licui, lectum. ANDREus, ii. a man's name, An act. to allure. drew. ALLóquor, i, cütus sum. dep. to *AxGliA, æ. f. the name of a coun address. try, England. ALo, ère, ui, älitum et altum. act. *ANGLICANUs, a,um adj.English. to feed, to maintain. *ANglicus, a, um. adj. English. ALte, adv. on high, deeply. *ANGLus, a, um. adj. English. ALTER, ëra, érum. adj. gen. Al subst. an Englishman. tërius; another. Alter—alter, ANgo, êre, nxi, nctum. act. t0 the ome—the other; a second. toeac. ALtUM, i. n. subst. thè main sea. ANGÜlus, i. m. a corner. ALtUs, a, um. part. bred. ANGUsTIA, æ. f. perplexity, dis ALtg$, a, um. adj. high, lofiy, tress. noble. ANiMAdverto, êre, 1, sum, act. *ALUREDus, i. a man's name, Al to punish. fred. ANiMo, äre, ävi, âtum. act. to en AMAENUs, a, um. adj. vide Amo courage ; to spirit up ; to re enus. totoe. 228 a** GLOSSARY. Asd ANiMUs, i. m. the soul, the mind, Aptus, a, um. part. fitted, propem, passiom, disposition, rourage, suitable. heart, intentiom. APUD, præp. close by, migh ; with, ANNÀLIs, is. e. adj. of a year. at, among, in, before. Annales, in plur. sc. libri. his ARA, æ. f. an altar. ories or chronicles. ARBiTRiuM, i. n. judgment, will, ANNUs, i. m. a year. pleasure. ANNUUs, a, um] adj. yearly. Arbitror, âri, ätus. dep. to arbi ANTE, præp. before. trate ; to think. ANTE, àdv. before. ARBoR et Arbos, öris, f. a tree. ANTEA, adv. i. e. ante ea. before, ARCA, æ. f. a chest, a coffer, an ge-, formerly, hereto ark. *Nova-Arca, the name of ore. a place, Newark. ANTÉcêpo, êre, ssi, ssum. act. to Arceo, êre, cui, — act. to kee go before; to surpass; to ezcel. off; to drive away ; to save ; ib. ANTÉfÉRo, fere, tüli, lâtum. act. protect. to get before ; to prefer ; to es AÈcesso, ère, iwi, itum. act. to teem. call; to semd for ; to procure. ANTÉ QUAM, adv. before that. ARDENs, tis. part. v. nom. ex part. ANTiqUitUs, adverb. of old time, illustrious, earnest, ardent. long ago. ARDoR, öris. m. fervour, earnest ANtiquus, a, um. adj. ancient, ness, rage, animosity, ardour. antique. ARDUUs, a, um. adj. high, diffi ANTONiUs, ii. a man's mame, An cult, arduous. thony. ARGÜMENTUM, i. m. a proof or APÉRI6, ire, rui, rtum. act. to evidemce. opem; to discover. ARistorELis, is. a mam's mame, APERTus, a, um. part. v. adj. Aristotle. opem, exposed. ARMA, órum. pl. n. arms, war. AppîRÄTUs, üs, m. provision, ARMÄMENTÄR1UM, i. n. am ar equipage, furniture. 1mory, an arsenal, a magazine. AppÂReo, êre, ui, itum, neut. to ARMÄTÜRA, æ. f. armour. ARMÄTUs, a, um. part. armed, appear. - AppeLLo, êre, püli, pulsum. act. furnished, provided. to bring to land ; to force ; to AÈMENTUM, i. m. a herd of large apply ; to come to. cattle ; ozen ; horses. 11 APPÉTÉNs, tis. adj. covetous, de *ARNOLDius, ii. a man's name, sirous of. Arnold. APPÉTo, êre, ii et ivi, itum. act. ARRiDEo, êre, risi, risum. neut. to desire earnestly ; to assault ; to please. to aspire to ; to attempt ; to Afrigo, êre, rexi, rectum. act. approach. to encourage. AppreHENdo et APPRENDo, êre, Arrîpio, êre, pui, reptum, act. to di, sum. act. to apprehend. seize ; to catch at ; to make APPREHENsUs, a, um. part. ap himself master of. prehended. Arrögo, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to AppRöPINQUo, äre, ävi, ätum. arrogate ; to claim. meut. to draw mear ; to ap Ars, tis. f. art, science, skill. proach. ARTiFEx, ícis. c. g. artificer, d Aprilis, is. m. April. 1maker, a workman. Apte, adv. fitly, acceptably, ap AscENDo, êre, di, ensum. act. to ascend; to climb ; to mount. perius,gra* 0 229 Aud GLOSSARY. Aux
Ascisco, êre, civi, citum. act. to ponper, force, anterest ; an order take to ome ; to associate ; to or commssmom. ally. AUDÁciA, ae. f. audaciousness, Ascitus, a, um. part. taken to, boldness, courage, sturdiness. associated. AUDÁciter v. Audacter, adv. Asper, ëra, érum. adj. rough, rug freely, boldly, audaciously. ged, harsh, rude. AUDAx, äcis, adj. bold, resolute, Aspicio, cêre, pexi, pectum. act. valiant, daring. to behold; to look upon ; to AUDEo, ère, sus, sum. Jact. to see. dare ; to be bold. Asporto, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to AUdio, ire, ivi, itum. act. to hear; carry or convey away ; to trans to regard; to listen. port. Aveo, ère. — — to destre ; to AssEquor, qui, cütus. dep. to covet ; to wish ; to have a tem reach ; to achieve; to obtain. dency. Assidue, adv. ssime, sup. assid Aversìtio, önis. aversion, mis uously, eontinually. liking, loathing. Assiduus, a, um. adj. assiduous, Averto, êre, ti, versum, act. to continual, constant, incessamt. turn away ; to drive away ; to Assuêfîcio, ère, féci, factum. act. beat back; to put toflight. {o accustom ; to inure. AUFÉro, auferre, abstüli, abla Assuesco, êre, uévi, uëtum, in tum. act. to takc away ; to car cept. neut. to habituate ; to ac ry away. • custom. Augeo, êre, auxi, auctum. act. to Assuêtus, a, um. . et adj. ac increase ; to magnify ; to com customed, inured. rnend ; to advance. Astütus, a, um. adj. crafty, wily. AUGUstUs, a, um. adj. majestic. At, conj. but. AugustUs, i. m. August. AtÂvus, i. m. an old grandsire or AviDE, adverb, eagerly, greedily, amcestor. covetously, rapaciously. AtlANticus, a, um. adj. Atlantic. AviditAs, ätis. f. greediness, ea Atque, conj. and, as, and yet, germess, desire, appetite. but, after. Avîdus, a, um. adj. greedy, covet ATRöciter, adv. cruelly, fiercely, ous, earnest, eager. barbarously, outrageously. AULA, æ. f. a hall, a king's palace. AttÄMEN, adv. but yet, however. Avöco, áre, âvi, ätum, act. to call AtteNdo, êre, di, ntum. act. to off; to withdraw. bend the mind to ; to regard ; AUrA, æ. f. a gentle gale, a breath, to study. the air or atmosphere. AttÉro, ère, trivi, [et terui,] tri AuspiciUM, i. n. a sign, an event. tum. act. to wear out or away ; pl. auspices. to mcaste. AustrÄLis, is, e. adj. southern. AttíNEo, êre, nui, entum, act. to AUsUM, si. n. an adventurous act, appertain. a hardy enterprise. Attingo, êre, tigi, tactum. act. to Aut, conj. or, or else, either. treat of; to adjoin. AUTEM, conj. but, however, not ATtRiTUs, a, um. part. v. adj. withstanding. rubbed, vasted, diminished ; AUtor, öris, m. vide Auctor. worm away. AUtüMo, äre, âvi, âtum. to affirm. Auctor, öris, c. g. a father; an Avus, i. m. a grandfather or author. grandsire, an ancestor. ave;;***, ätis, f. authority, AuxiLiARis, is, e. auziliary. reie VOCABULARY. cae AuxíliUM, i. m. aid, help, succour, BÍpartito, adv. in two parts. auziliary forces, a reinforce BöNiTAs, ätis. f. goodness. ment. BöNUM, i. n. a benefit, advantage. B. Bona, pl. am estate, possessions, ; goods. *BAccALAUREATus, ús. m. the de BÖNUs, a, um. adj. good, virtuous, gree of Bachelor of Arts. propitiqus, opulent, auspicious, Bacchus, i. m. Bacchus, the god prosperous, valuable, profitable. of wine, wine, drunkenness. *BoRDENToNiA, æ. f. Bordemtoncm. *BAcoNius, i. a man's mame, Ba *BostoNiA, æ. f. the name of a C07n. place, Bostom. *BALtiMoREA, æ. f. the name of a *BostoNiENsis, is, e adj. of or place, Baltimore. , belongimg to Bostom. BARBÄrus, a, um. adj. barbarous. *BRADDocKiANUs, a, um. adj. of BEÄtus, a, um. adj. blessed, happy. or belonging to Braddock. PELLÀtor, öris. m. a warrior. *BRADDocKiUs, i. a mam's name, BELLicus, a, um. adj. of war or Braddock. belonging to war. BkÉvis, is. e. adj. short, brief, BELLiGÉRö, äre, âvi, âtum. act. small. to make or wage war; to carry *BRIstoLiENsis, is, e. adj. of or 0m toar. belonging to Bristol. BELLo, äre, ävi, âtum. to war ; to BRITANNIA, æ. f. Britaim. wage war; to fight; to combat. BRITANNIA MAGNA, Great Brit BeLLUM, i. n. war, a fight, war ain. :* fare. BRITANNus, a, um. adj. of or be , •* '* BÉNE, adv. Melius, comp. Op longing to Britaim, British. time, sup. well, rightly, pros BRîtoN, ónis. c. g. a Briton. perously. BRUMÄLis, is, e. adj. belonging to ÉNÉfÄcio, êre, fëci, factum. act. winter, wintry. to do qme good ; to benefit. *BRUNsvicus, i. the name of a BÉNÉFICIUM, i. n. a benefit, fav place, Brunswick. our, kindness. BRUTUs, i. a man's mame, Brutus. BÉNÉvöLENTIA, æ. f. benevolence, *BUNKERius, a, um. adj. of or be favour, good will. longing to Bunker. BÉNÉvölus, a, um. adj. friendly, *BurgoyNiANUs, a, um. adj. of or kind. relating to Burgoyne. *BENJAMINUs, i. a man's name, Benjamin. C; BÉNiGNiTAs, ätis, f. kindness, be CÄDo, êre, cécîdi, cäsum. n. to fall down; to be slain; to sink; fignity. - ÉNIGNüs, a, um. adj. plentiful, to droop. Cadere animo, to be kind, gentle, benéficent, gra disheartemed. Ct0us. CaecUs, a, um. adj. blind. Bestia, æ. f. a beast. Caecutio, iri, ivi, itum. neut. to BiBAx, äcis. adj. prone to drink, become blimd. bibacious ; sujbsf. a drinker, a CAEDEs, is. f. slaughter, havoc. bibber. Caedo, êre, cécidi, cæsum. act. to BibliöpöLA, æ, m. a bookseller or kill. statiomer. CÆLUM, al. CoELUM, i. n. pl. Cæ £ibliöthEca, æ. f. a library. li, örum, heavem, the sky, the Biennium, i. n. the space ôf two air, the weather. 3years. CÆRÜLEUs, a, um. adj. blue. 231 car VOCABULARY. ori. Caesare A, æ. f. the name of a Cirîras, ätis. f. scareity, dear. place, Jersey. Nova-Cæsarea, ºmess. New-Jersey, *CArletonius, i. a man's name, Caesus, a, um. part. slain. Carletom. Caeter A, um. adj. the *CARoLINA, æ. f. the name of other, the rest. two states, Carolina. Carolina CÄlÄMitAs, ätis, f. djstress ; a Australis, South Carolina; Ca misfortune, disaster. rolina Septentrionals, North CAlceÂmentum, i. n. a shoe. Carolina. Calleo, êre, lui, —. neut. to *Carolinmensis, is, is, e. adj. of know well ; to be well skilled; or belonging to Carolina. to understand. *Carolopolus, is. f. the name of CAllide, adv. expertly, shrewdly. a place, Charlestown. CÄlor, öris. m. heat. *CaroLvs, i. a man's mame, CÄlUMniA, æ. f. a false accusa Charles. tion, a malicious slander or de CArptm, adv. here and there, by traction, a cavil. parcels. CAmillus, i. a man's name, Ca c;s, a, um. adj. dear, below millus. e. CAMPUs, i. m. a plain, am opem CAsteuLum, i, n. dim. a castle, a ld. fort. *CANADA, æ. f. the name of a CAstrA, órum. pl. a camp, an ar country, Canada. my lodged, var. *CANADENsis, is, e. adj. of or be Castrensis, is, e. adj. of or per longing to Canada, Canadian. taining to the camp or field. CÄNis, is, c. g. a dog or bitch, a CÄsus, ûs. m. chance, an event ; hound. misfortune ; occasion. CANtAbrigia, ae. f. the name of a CÄveo, êre, cävi, cautum. act. ta place, Cambridge. beware ; totake heed; to advise; CÄpesso, êre, sivi, situm. to take ; to appoint; to provide. to enter upon. CAusA et CAUssA, æ. f. a cause ; CÄPiLLUs, i. m. hair. a preternce ; a motive ; sake or CÄpio, ère, cêpi, captum. act. to account ; rcasom or £g; take ; to seize ; to take prisom CAUtes, is. f. a rugged rock, a er; to take by assault ; to re crag or cliff. ceatoe. CAUtus, a, um. adj. wary, provi CAptivitas, ätis. f. captivity. dent, cautious. CAPTivus, a, um. adj.takeh cap CÈDo, êre, cessi, cessum. neut. to tive. give place ; to give ground ; to CApto, äre, âvi, âtum, act. to co retreat; to yield. vet ; to allure and win ; to de Civiíber v. bris, bris, bre. adj, sire. renowned, famous. CAPTÜR A, æ. f. a catching, a ta CÉLEBRo, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to - king. celebrate ; to make famous. CAPtus, a, um. part. pleased, de CÈLer v. ëris, ëris, ère, swift, lighted. quick, active, suddem, brisk. CÄpuT, ítis. m. a head, a chapter, CÈLÉritAs, ätis. f. quickness, a chief city or metropolis, iife. speed, celerity. CArbo, ónis. m. a codl. CÉLÉriter, adv. quickly, swiftiy, CÄReo, êre, rui et cassus, sum, hastily. - itum et cassum. neut. to want; Célo, áre, ävi, ätum. act. to kide ; to be without; to öe deprived of. to comceal. 232 orie VOCABULARY. cli Censeo, êre, sui, sum. to think; CircUM, præp. regit acc. about, to judge. round about. CENTRÄlis, is, e. adj. placed in CIRcUMcLüdo, êre, clüsi, clüsum. the centre or midst. act. to emcompass; to hem in. CÈREBRUM, i. n. the brain, the CIRcUMdo, áre, dédi, dätum. act. head, the spinal marrow. to imvirom ; to enclose. CERTÀMEN, inis. m. a contest; a CircUMJicio, cêre, jéci, jectum. controversy. to castall about or on every side. CERTÄTiM, adv. emulously, ear CIRCUMsessus, a, um. part. be nestly, eagerly. sieged, surroumded. CERTÄtio, önis. f. a contest. CircuMsi DEo, ère, sëdi, sessum. CERTÄTUR, impers. there is a act. to beset; to besiege ; to in strife. test. Certe, adv. certainly, surely, un CiRcuMsPicio, êre. exi, ctum. act. doubtedly. to look about. CERto, áré, ávi, âtum. act. to vie CIRcUMsto, äre. stiti, stitum. act. with one ; to fight. to stand about. CERTUs, a, um. adj. certain, sure ; CiRcuMvîNio, ire, vëni, ntum. act steady ; faithful ; umerring— to surround ; to encompass ; ts certior facere, to certify, to in operreach. form. Cîro, adv. quickly, suddenly. C£Rvix, icis. f. the neck. CITRo, adv. hither and thither, to Cesso, áre, âvi, âtum, meut. to and fro, om each side. cease ; to give ovcr ; to leave Civilis, is, e. adj. civil, courteous. ojf. Civis, is. c. g. a citizem. fCEstria, æ. f. the name of a CivitAs, ätis. f. a state or a whole country, West Chester. country ; a city. CEsTRiENsis, is, e. adj. of or be CLÄDEs, is. f. a discomfiture, de longing to West Chester. feat, slaughter. ChARTA, æ. f. paper; a charter; CLAM, adv. secretly, covertly. a letter or epistle. CLÄMo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to cry CHÄRus, a, um. adj. dear, dearly 0,ut, beloved. CLÄRE, adv. brightly ; distinctly ; Chirurgia, æ. f. the art of chir clearly ; plainly. urgery or surgery. CLÄRE6, êre, rui, — to be illus CHiRURGUs, i. m. d chirurgeon or trious. surgeom. CLÄRítúdo, dinis. f. renown or CHLÄWys, ydis. f. a cloak, a sol fame. dier's coat, a loose coat—chla CLÂRUs, a, um, adj. clear, bright; mys vematicus, a hunting shirt. famous, remowned ; noble, hon orable ; brave, heroic. - Cibária, örum, pl. m. food, meat, provmsnom. *CI.Assicus, a, um. adj. classic, QiBÄRIUM, i. n. food. of or relating to the classics. Qibus, i. m. meàt, victuals, food. CLAssis, is. f. a navy or fleet. Cicur,-üris, omn. gen. adj. tame, CLAUstrUM, i. n. an enclosure ; a, gentle, mild. limit, bound or fence. CiNgo, ère, nxi, nctum. aet. to ClÈMENTIA, æ. f. benignity, gen gird; to surround ; to envirom ; tlemess, mildncss. to besiege, *CLINToNius, ü. a man's name, Circa, præp. about ; nigh or mear Climtam. to, hard CLiTELLÄrius, a, um. adj. bearing Circiter, 3. about, nigh. a paginier or pack-saddle. T 2 233 oom, VOCABULARY. com
*Cochranus, j. a mam * matme, CölöNus, i. m. a husbandnan, a Cochram. farmer, a colomist. Coelum, i. n. vide Cælum. Cölumba, æ. f. a dove, a pigeon. Coepi, isti, &c. præterit, I have *Columbus, i. a man's name, Co begum or taken in hand. lumbus. Terra Columbi, Amer. Coegio, père, p1. —. to begim ; ta ica. attempt. Cölumna, ae. f. a column. Coeptus, a, um. part. begufi, un Combüro, ère, bussi, bustum. act. dertakem. to burn or consume with fire. Coërceo, êre, cui, citum. act. to CöMEs, itis. c. g. a companion, a restrain ; to confine ; to compel; colleague, an attendant, a count, T to hinder. CöMiNus, adv. nigh at kand, hand Coetus, ûs. m. an assembly, a to hand. mceting. Cömis, is, e. adj. gentle, affable, Cögitätio, onis. f. thinking, a accessible; good-naturcd, kind, thought, consideration. courteous. Cögito, äre, âvi, âtum. freq. to CömitAs, ätis. f. affability, gentle think. ness, mildness. Cognitus, a, um. part. et adj. fCöMÌtìtus, ûs. m. a county. knowm, hear CömitiUM, i. n. an assembly. [Co CogNöMiNo, äre, âvi, ätum, act. mitium, in the singular, means, to give a surname. the place of assembly; in the CogNosco, êre, növi, cognitum. plural, the assembly itself.] act. to know ; to understand; to CoMMeÂTUs, ús. m. a safe-con be acquainted with. duct, provision of victuals, a Cögo, ère, coëgi, cöactum. act. to trip or voyage, à journey, a gather ; to assemble; to collect ; τοute, a communicatuom. to compel. CoMMilito, önis, f. a fellow-sol Cóhibeo, êre, bui, bitum. act. to dier, a comrade. repress ; to curb; to restrain. CoMMisceo, êre, cui, mistum. act, fCöhors, tis. f. a band of men or to mix or mingle together. soldiers ; a regiment of foot in CoMMitto, êre, misi, missum. act. 4 legiom. to join. CoLLÄtus, a, um. part. brought CoMMöde, adverb, conveniently. together. advantageously, commodiously, CoLLÉGiUM, i. n. a college. expeditiously. CoLLfgo, êre, légi, lectum. act. to CoMMöDUM, i. n. advantage, bene collect; to gather. CollîNEo, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to CoMMödus, a, um, adj. convenient, level; to aim in a right line ; to advantageous. hit the mark. CoMMönëfîcio, fäcëre, fëci, fac Collis, is. m. a hill. tum, act. to advise ; to admon CoLLöco, áre, âvi, âtum. aot. to ish. set ; to put ; to bestow. CoMMörätus, a, um. part. having CoLLöQUiuM, i. m. a parley, a dis stayed. course, a conference. CoMMöror, äri, ätis. dep. to stop, Cölo, êre, lui, cultum. act. to till; to continue. to cultivate ; to favour; to prac CoMMöveo, êre, mövi, mötum. tise ; to follow. act. to move ; to disturb ; to dis CölöNIA, æ. f. a colony. quiet; to excite. CölöNicus, a, um. adj. pertaining CoMMÜNïcätio, önis. f. commwni to gavi colonial cation. con VOCABULARY. con CoMMÜNis, is, e. adj. common. oration or public discourse, a CoMMÜtÄtio, önis. f. a change ; speech. ezchange. CoNcipio, êre, épi, ceptum. act. CoMMÜto, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to to emtertain ; to devise ; to con change ; to alter. ceive. CompärÄtio, önis. f. a getting or CoNcito, äre, ävi, ätum. freq. to acquiring ; comparisom. cause; to excite ; to raise. Compäro, áre, âvi, âtum, act. to CoNCLÀMo, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to prepare ; to provide ; to pro cry together; to call upom one cure; to compare; to raise sol with a loud voice. diers. CoNcoRDiA, æ. f. concord, har CoMPELLo, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to mony. speak to ; to address. CoNcoRDIA, æ. f. the name of a Compello, êre, püli, pulsum. act. place, Concord. to drive ; to compel; to force. CoNDÉcEt, impers. it well be CoMPENso, äre, ävi, âtum. act. comes ; it beseems ; it is meet.. to make amends; to compen CoNDEMNo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to sate. cause to be condemned; to con CoMPÉrio, iri, ri, rtum. to find out; demm. to discower. CoNDiTio, önis. f. a condition, or CoMPERtus, a, um. part. v. adj der ; conditiom, agreement. known for certain or by experi CoNDiTor, öris. m. a founder, ence ; found out, discovered. CoNDo, êre, idi, itum. act. to CoMPEsco, cêre, cui, —. act. to hide ; to make ; to build ; to in stop ; to check ; to restrain ; to stitute. appease. CoNDöLEo, êre, ui, —. to ache ; CoMPöNo, êre, pösui, pösitum. act. to condole. to frame ; to compose; to com CoNpóno, je, âvi, âtum, act. to pare ; to compound. give villingly and freely ; to Cómpos, ötis. c. g. etiam n. g. hav forgive ; to acquit ; to pass by. ing obtained his desire or pur CoNDÜco, öre, duxi, ductum. act. pose. to hire. CoMPösitE, adv. ius. comp. in or CoNDUctitiUs, a, um. adj. that is der ; handsomely. or may be hired, mercenary. CoMPósitus, a, um. part. et adj. CoNDUctus, a, um. part. hired compounded, set vn good order, CoNFEctus, a, um. part. despatch appointed, composed. ed, finished, obtained, spent, CöNÄtus, ús. m. an endeavour, at vasted. tempt. Confíro, ferre, tüli, collätum. to CoNcîdo, êre, cessi, cessum. act. avail; to confer ; to compare to retire ; to withdraw ; to with ; to betake himself to ; to grant ; to allow ; to permit ; to join. comcede. CöNFErtus, a, um. part. full, Concessus, a, um. part. granted, thick. yielded, allowed. CoNFicio, êre, fëci, fectum. act. Cóncilio, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to to despatch ; to finish ; to make; reconcile ; to make friends ; to to accomplish ; to manage ; to conciliate ; to procure. get; to procure. CoNciLiuM, i. m. an assembly, a CoNFiDo, êre, idi et Isus, -. to trust ; to confide ; to be confi CoNcio, ónis. f. an assembly or dent or well assured ; to ezpect; congregatiom, am harangue, an to hope. 335 con VOCABULARY. conr
Confirmo, áre, ävi, ätum, act. to CoNsceNdo, êre, - di, sum. to confirm; to establish ; to avow; climb ; to get up to ; to embark. to affurm. CoNsciENTIA, æ. f. conscience. CoNfiteor, éri, fessus. dep. to CoNscius, a, um. adj. conscious, acknowledge ; to grant ; to com privy to, obnoxious, guilty. fess. CoNscribo, êre, scripsi, scriptum. CónflÄtus, a, um. part. raised, act. to write ; to list and levy made up, composed, levied. soldiers. CoNflicto, áre, âvi, âtum, freq. CoNscRiPTUs, a, um. part. writ to struggle ; to strive. tem, enrolled, registered, mus CoNflictor, äri, âtus. dep. to tered. struggle or grapple with. CoNsícro, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to CoNfligo, ère, flixi, flictum. act. consecrate ; to devote. to contend; to strive ; to em CoNsENsus, ûs. m. a consent, ao coumter. cord, or agreement ; unanimity. CoNflo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to CoNsENtIo, ire, sensi, sensum. to make up ; to compose. consent ; to agree; to accord. CoNFLUENs, tis. m. a place where CoNsíRo, serére, sërui, sertum. two rivers rum together. act. to close ; to join. Confluo, fluêre, fluxi, fluxum. CoNsErvo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to neut. to flow or run together. keep ; to maintain. Confügio, êre, fügi, itum. neut. CoNsideo, êre, sëdi, sessum. to to fly to for help or relief; to pitch ; to take up his quarters. go to for refuge ; to withdraw. CoNsiDÉRo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to CoNFUNDo, êre, füdi, füsum. act. consider ; to advert. to confound ; to trouble. CoNsiLiUM, i. n. deliberation, CoNFÜsus, a, um. part. et adj. con counsel, design, an assembly of fused, troubled. counsellors. CoNGÉRo, ère, gessi, gestum. act. CoNsIsTo, êre, stiti, stitum. neut. to heap ; to heap upom. t0_stamd ; to stay ; to make a CoNGREssUs, üs. m. a congress. halt ; to consist in. CoNJECTÜRA, æ. f. a guessing; a CoNsöNUs, a, um. adj. consonant, comjecture. agreeable, consistent. CoNJUNCTUs, a, um. part. et adj. CoNsoRs, tis. c. g. a consort, sha joined. rer. CoNJUNgo, êre, junxi, junctum. CoNsPECTUs, ûs. m. a view. act. to joim together; to com CoNSPERgo, êre, spersi, spersum. joim ; to link. act. to besprinkle. CoNJUx, ügis. c. g. a spouse, a CoNsPîcio, êre, spexi, spectum. husband or wife. act. to see ; to behold. *CoNNECTIcUTENsIs, is, e. adj. of CoNsPicor, äri, ätus. dep. to see; or belonging to Connecticut. to perceive ; to descry; to disco CöNoR, äri, cönätus. dep. to en ver. deavour ; to attempt. CoNsTANs, tis. adj. steady, resol CoNQUÉRoR, i, questus. dep. to ved, constant. complain of; to make com CoNsTANTER, adv. deliberately, plaint. considerately, stoutly, inces CONQUiRo, êre, quisivi, quisitum. santly. act. to seek about; to search for CoNSTANTIA, æ. f. perseverance, diligently. firmness, constancy. CoNsÂLÜto, áre, âvi, ätum. act. CoNsTERNo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. t0 salute ; to greet. appal ; to astonish ; to dismay. 236 con VOCABULARY. cor CoNsrfruo, ère, ui, ütum. act. to act. to contradict; to gainsay ; establish ; to constitute ; to ap to oppose. point ; to assign ; to determine. CoNTRÄRius, a, um. adj. contra CoNstitútus, a, um. part. found to, repugnant, hurtful, directly ed, constituted, appointed, deter over against, opposite. mined. CoNTRövErsIA, æ. f. a comtrover CoNsto, stare, stiti, stitum et stä tum. to consist; to be made up; cässessio-, i. n. a soldier's to appear ; to be plain or evi quarters. dent, clear and manifest. CoNTÜMÉlia, æ. f. an affront. CoNsuEfco, êre, suëvi, suëtum et CoNvectus, a, um. part. carried or suëtus sum. neut. et act. to be brought together. accustomed; to be womt. CoNvEHo, êre, vexi, vectum. act. CoNsUÉTÜDo, inis. f. intimacy, fa to carry or convey by cart, beast, miliarity, intercourse, acquaint ship, &c. dumce. CoNvíNio, ire, vëni, ventum. neut. CoNsülo, êre, sülui, sultum. to to assemble ; to convene ; to consult ; to comsult vith ; to fmeet ; to agree ; to suit. ; provide for ; to take care of. ConvêNit, impers. it is agreed QossUlto, adv. purposely. upom. CoNsUltUM, i. n. an ordinance, a CoNvENTUs, ûs. m. an assembly, dccree, a law. a convention, a meeting. CoNTEMNo, êre, tempsi, temptum. CoNvErto, êre, verti, 'versum. act. to contemn ; to dcspise ; to act. to convert ; to change. disdain. • ConvicIUM, i. n. a reproach, an CoNTEMPtor, öris. m. a contemni abuse. er, a disdainer, a despiser. CoNvöco, áre, ävi, ätum. act. to CoNTENDo, êre, i. emsum etentum. call together; to assemble. to stretch ; to strive ; to march ; Coöpärio, ire, rui, pertum. act. to to pursue one's way in all overwhelm. haste ; to fight; to struggle. CoöPÉRTUs, a, um. part. over CoNTERMiNüs, a, um. adj. bound whelmed. ing or bordering near together; Coörior, iri, coörtus. dep. to nigh. arise. CoNtiNENs, tis. f. [sc. terra.] the CöPIA, æ. f. plenty, abundance, continent or main land. power, ability. CoNTiNEo, êre, ui, tentum. act. Cöpiae, ärum. pl. provisiom of to hold together; to keep up ; to victuals ; forces of soldiers. keep back; to stop ; to coerce ; CöQuiNÄrius, a, umi. adj. of the to rule ; to refrain ; to contain ; kitchen. to comprise. Cor, dis. n. the heart. CoNTiNGit, impers. it happens ; it CöRAM, præp. before, in presence falls out. of. ; CoNTiNgo, êre, tigi, tactum. act. CöröNA, æ. f. a crown, a coromet, to arrivc at ; to befall. a chaplet, a garland. CoNTiNUo, áré, ävi, ätum. act. to CoRPUs, öris. n. a body. continue; to persevere. CoRrEPtus, a, um. párt. seized. CoNTRA, præp. ieg. acc. against, CoRRîgo, êre, rexi, rectum. act. contrary to, opposite to. to correct; to amend. CoNTRA, âdv. om the contrary, om Corripio, êre, ui, reptum. act. to the other hand, otherwise. smatch ; to seize om. CoNTRÄDico, êre, dixi, dictum. CorröBöro, äre, âvi, âtum. act. 237 cur VOCABULARY. rosc to fortify; to make strong ; to Curo, áre, ävi, âtum. to take care strengthen. of; to provide ; to cause. Corrumpo, ère, rüpi, ruptum. Cursus, ûs. m. a voyage, a jour act. to destroy ; to bribe ; to ney, a manner.
corrupt. - Custódi A, æ. f. a charge, custody. Cortex, Icis. m. v. f. a rind, Custódio, ire, ivi, itum. act. to bark. defend, to watch. Críber, bra, brum. adj. thick, Custóditus, a, um. part. kept, frequent, many. preserved, watched. Crêdo, êre, didi, ditum. act. to think ; to suppose ; to imagine ; D. to trust ; to bclieve. Cri* Mo, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to DAMNO, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to burm ; to set om fire. condemm. Cresco, ère, évi, étum. neut. to DAMNUM, i. n. harm, loss, dam grow ; to increase ; to be pro age. moted. DE, præp. regit abl. of, concern Criéta, æ. f. chalk. ing, about ; from, out of; after. CRiMEN, inis. n. an impeachment, DÉbeLLo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to a charge, or indictmemt. vanquish ; to conquer; to sub Crüdëlis, is, e. adj. cruel, bar due. barous. DÉBEo, ère, ui, itum. act. to owe; CRUENTUs, a, um. adj. bloody. to be in debt ; to be obliged to CrÜMÉNA, æ. f. a purse. orme. Cruor, öris. m. blood from a DÉBÎlis, is, e. adj. weak, feeble, wound, gore. vmpotent. CULPA, æ.f. a fault, failure, or DÈBiLiTAs, ätis. f. weakness, miscarriage. feebleness. CUlPo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to DÉBiTUs, a, um. part. due, owing, blame ; to censure ; to reprove. deserved. Cultus, a, um. part. et adj. culti DÉcÉDo, êre, cessi, cessum. meut. vated. to depart; to retire ; to retreat; CULTUs, ûs. m. tilling, culture. to withdraw. CUM, præp. regit abl. with, togeth DÉCEMBER, bris. m. the month of er with. December. CvM, adv. et conj. when, seeing DÉCEMBRis, is, e. adj. of Decem that, although. ber. — CuNctor, äri, ätus. dep. to delay DÉcERNo, êre, crévi, crétum. act. longer; to linger ; io stay. to appoint ; to determine ; to de CUNCTUs, a, um. adj. full, ûhole, cide ; to decree. perfect, entire, all. DÉcIes, adv. ten times. CÜPiDiTAs, ätis. f. desire, ambi DÉciMUs, a, um, adj. the tenth. tiom. DÉcípio, êre, cêpi, ceptum. act. to Cùpido, inis. m. et f. desire. entrap ; to deceive. Cüpio, ère et ire, ivi, itum. act. to DÈCLÀRÀTio, önis. f. a declara covet ; to desire ; to wish. tion. CUR, adv. interr. wherefore? vchy? DÈcLÄRo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to why. declare ; to signìfy. CÜRA, æ. f. care. DÉcLiNo, áre, âvi, `átum. act. et CÜRÄtor, öris. m. an overseer, a meut. to bend; to turn ome way commissiomer, a guardiam. or othcr. 3* £, is, e. adj. of the court. DÉcöro, áre, ävi, âtum. act. to 238 moEr. VOCAB UILARY. rores set forth}-to grace ; to adorn ; DÉLecto, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to to embellish. delight; to please. IDÉcörus, a, um. adj. handsome, DÉLectus, a, um. part. culled, comncly, gracgful, fair. chosem. DÉcri$tórius, a, uim. adj. criti DÉLEctus, ûs. m. a choice or pick cal, decisive. ing out, a levy. DÉCRÉTUM, i. n. a decree. DÉLÉGÂTus, a, um. part. appoint DÉcritus, a, um. part. decreed, ed, deputed—subst. a delegate. ordained. DÉLÉgo, äre, ävi, âtum. act. to Dìcus, öris. m. [a decet] a credit delegate. or grace, an honour. DÉLEo, êre, évi, étum. act. to de DÉDÉcus, öris. n. disgrace, dis stroy ; to kill ; to vanquish. honour, infamy, shame. DÉLibíéro, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to DÉDIGNoR, äri, âtus. dep. to dis deliberate ; to advise ; to com dain. sult; to debate. DÈDitio, önis. f. a surrender. DÉLicÄTE, adv. delicately. p. DÉdo, êre, dédidi, déditum. act. to DÉLiciae, ärum. pl. f. a delight. submit; to yield ; to give up ; DÉLICTUM, i. m. a fault, a crime, to surrender ; to give over. an offence, a misdeed. DÈDÜco, dücêre, duxi, ductum. DÉLígo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to act. to bring down ; to pull bind up ; to tie. dotom; to lead forth ; to remove; DÉLfgo, êre, légi, lectum. act. to i to withdraw ; to reduce by suf choose. fering. DÉMIGRo, áre, âvi, âtum neut. to DÉductor, öris. m. a compunion, depart ; to remove. * DEMocRATIA, æ. f. a democracy. a follower. - DÉfectio, önis. f. a defection. or DÉMoNsTro, áre, ävi, âtum. act. revolt. to show ; to point at; to de DÊFENDo, êre, fendi, fensum. act. momstrate; to declare. to keep off; to defend ; to keep ; DÈMUM, adv. at length, at last. to maanta1n. DÉNÉgo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to DÊFENsio, önis. f. a defending, a refuse. defence. DÉNi, æ, a. adj. pl. tem, '; tems. DÈFÉRo, ferre, tüli, lätum. act. to DÉNiQUE, adv. in fine, finally, at carry; to convey; to bestoip. length. DÈFício, êre, fëci, fectum. act. to DÉNUo, adv. anew, afresh, again fail one ; to falter ; to revolt. DÉPELLo, êre, püli, pulsum. act. DÈFLEcto, êre, flexi, flexum. act. to expel ; to repel. to bend down ; to turn aside. DÉPINgo, êre, pinxi, pictum. act. DEFLEo, êre, évi, étum. act. to de to paint ; to describe. plore ; to lament ; to weep for. DÉPöNo, êre, pösui, pösitum, act. DÉgo, êre, égi, —. to lead ; to to lay aside ; to deposit. pass ; to spend ; to live ; to DEPRAELIoR, ari, atus. dep. to dwell. fight, eontend. DÉhöNesto, áre, âvi, âtum. act. DÉPRiMo, êre, pressi, pressum. to disgrace ; to dishonour. act. to abase ; to sink. DEINCEPs, adv. successively, here DÉRÉLIcTio, önis. f. a leaving, after again, henceforth. deserting, abandoning. DeiNDE, 'adv. thence, and them, DEscENDo, ère, i, sum. neut. to next after that. descend. *DelawARIENsis, is, e. adj. of or DÉsÉRo, êre, ui, tum. act. to abam. belomging to Delaware. don ; to desert. 239 ©
idev VOCABULARY. toit. Desertio, önis. f. a leaving, for Dextëra, æ. f. the right hand. saking or Š; DExtiêritAs, ätis. f. dexterity, ad DÈsertum, i. m. a desert or wil dress. derness. Di pro Dii v. Divi [a divus] m. DÈsertus, a, um. part. et adj. pl, the gods. forsakem, deserted-adj. desert. Dico, êre, dixi, dictum. act. to DÉsidèro, áre, ävi, ätum. act. to speak; to say ; to call; to name; desire ; to need. to appoint. DÈsignìtio, önis. f. an appoint DIcTito, äre, ävi, âtum. freq. to ment. speak or tell often ; to give out. DÈsigno, äre, âvi, âtum, act. to DIcTUs, a, um. part. spoken, said, nmark out; to appoint; to choose. told, called. DÈsiNo, êre, ivi et ii, itum. neut. DiEs, ei. m. v. f. in plur. m. 4 et act. to leave; to desist; to day. discontinue ; to terminate. DIFFÉro, ferre, distüli, dilätum. DÉsisto, êre, destiti, destitum. act. to scatter abroad; to put neut. to leave off; to give over; off; to delay. to desist. Diffícílis, is, e. adj. hard, diffi DespERÄtio, önis. f. despairing, cult. despair. DiFFicULTAs, ätis. f. difficulty, DEspírATUs, a, um. part. et adj. trouble, danger, distress, a dis past hope, desperate. ease. Despîro, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to DIFFiDENTIA, æ. f. diffidence. despair. Diffido, êre, isus, sum. neut. to Despicio, êre, spexi, spectum. to distrust ; to mistrust. look down ; to disregard; to Diffügio, êre, fügi, fügitum. act. slight. et neut. to flee ; to rum away. Destituo, êre, ui, ütum. act. to DIFFUNDo, êre, füdi, füsum. act. forsake; to abandom ; to desert; to spread abroad ; to diffuse; to to disappoint. disperse ; to extend. Destitútus, a, um. part. aban *Digbyus, i. a man's name, Dig doned, destitute, bereft, disap bv. pointed. Dá, adv. worthily, deservedly, Destruo, ère, struxi, structum. decently, meetly. act. to destroy ; to demolish ; to DIGNiTAs, ätis. f. dignity. operthrow. DiGNOR, äri, ätus, dep. to vouch DÉsUM, esse, fui. to be wanting ; safe ; to think worthy. to fail; to be absent. DIGNosco, êre, növi, nötum. act. DÉTER, obsol. unde comp. détéri to discern; to distinguish. or, et sup. déterrimus. weak, DIGNUs, a, um. adj. worthy, de feeble. serving, becoming. DÉTERREo, ère, ui, itum. act. to DigREssus, ûs. m. a depafture. deter ; to discourage. DiJÜDico, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to DÉTRECTÄTio, ónis. f. a refusal dijudicate ; to judge between ; or demial to do; a revolt. to decide. DËtrecto, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to DiLÄBor, i, lapsus, dep. to slip refuse ; to decline ; mot to ac ' aside ; to steal away. cept of. DiLiGENs, tis. adj. diligent, stu DÉTriMENTUM, i. n. detrument, dious, industrious. damage, hurt. DiLiGENTIA, æ. f. diligence. DÈvÉNio, ire, ëni, entum. meut. to DiLiGo, êre, lexi, lectum. act. to come doum to ; to devolve. favour ; to love. 240 Ioi8 VOCABULARY. Duv I)il6cútuM, i. n. the dawming of Disertus, a, um. adj. copious, the day, daybreak. eloquent, fluent. 1)ÍMÍco,Täre, ui et ävi, ätum, act. Disjfcio, êre, jéci, jectum. act. to to fight; to struggle ; to con cast asunder.; to scatter; to tend. put to flight. I)iMiDiUM, i. m. the half of any Dispar, äris. adj. umlike, wnequal. thing. DisPENDIUM, i. m. expense, cost, DiMiDius, a, um. adj. half, that is ezpenditure. divided into two parts. DispENsÂtor, öris. m. a dispen I)iMitto, êre, misi, missum. act. ser, a steward, a manager. to dusmiss ; to disband ; to semd Displödo, êre, ösi, ösum. act. to avay. discharge; to cause to explode. IDiMöveo, êre, mövi, mötum. act. DisPÖNo, ère, pösui, itum. act. to to thrust aside ; to remove ; to dispose; to set in order ; to stir. distribute. I)iNüMÉro, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to DissENsio, önis. f. discord, va mumber ; to count. riance, debate, difference. +DipLöMA, ätis. m. a commissiom. Dissíro, ère, ui, sertum. neut. to 1)irîgo, êre. rexi, rectum. act. to discourse. direct; to order. DissiDEo, ère, sëdi, sessum. neut. 1)iriMo, êre, rëmi, remptum. act. to be at variance ; to disagree ; to divide. to differ. IDiripio, êre, ripui, reptum. act. to DissiMÜLo, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to smatch away by force ; to rob; dissemble ; to pretend what is to spoil; to plumder. ºmot. IDiruo, êre, rui, rütum. act. to DIssuÂDEo, ère, suäsi, suásum. operthrow ; to destroy. act. to dissuade. IDiRUs, a, um. sdj. direful, dread DisTiNEo, êre, ui, tentum. act. to hinder ; to keep employed ; to ful - IDiscEDo, êre, cessi, cessum. neut. keep off. to depart; to go avay ; to Disto, áre, iti, —. neut. to be leave ; to die. distant; to differ ; to be unlike. . DiscEPTÄtio, gnis. f. a disputing; DisTRÄho, êre, traxi, tractum. act. difference. to separate ; to divide. DiscEssus, ús. m. a departing, DisTRiBUo, êre, i, ütum. act. to withdrawal, departure. distribute ; to divide. IDIscipLiNA, æ. f. discipline, skill. DistribùTUs, a, um. part. distrib IDiscipÜLUs, i. m. a scholar, a dis uted. ciple. DisTRiCTUs, a, um. part. drawn. Disco, ère; didici, — act. to DistriNgo, êre, strinxi, strictum. learn ; to understand. act. to draw. DiscoRDIA, æ. f. discord, dissem Ditio, önis. f. rule, power. siom, disuniom, £j. Diu, adv. a long time or while, IDiscrípo, áre, ut et âvi, itum. long. neut. to vary ; to dissent; to Diversus v. Divorsus, a, um. disagree. adj. different, distinct. IDiscriMEN, inis. n. difference, DiverticULUM, i. m. an inn. distinctiom, doubt, hazard, per Divido, êre, visi, visum. act. to il. divide ; to distribute. I)iscütio, ère, cussi, cussum. act. DiviNus, a, um. adj. divine, heav to discuss. enly, blessed. isERTE, ius. comp. elegantly, Divisus, a, um. part. distributed. IJ 2 1 iouo VOCABULARY. rebo Dfvitiae, ärum. pl. f. riches. Dùco, êre, xi, ctum. act. to lead ; Diurnus, a, um. adj. belonging to to comduct ; to induce ; to draw ; the day, daily. to esteem ; to marry. DiuM, i. n. the opem air. DUcto, äre, âvi, ätum.freq. tolead. DiÜtiNus, a, um. adj. long. Ductor, öris. m. a guide, a cap DiúturNus, a, um. adj. lasting, of tain, a leader. long duration. DUCTUs, ús. m. a leading, guid Divulgo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to ance or conduct. publish ; to divulge. DUELLUM, i. n. battle, var. Do, däre, dédi, dátum. act. to DUlcíêdo, Inis, f. sweetness, har give ; to grant; to intrust; to mony, melody. appoint. DULcis, is, e. adj. sweet, pleasant, Doceo, êre, cui, ctum, act. to successful. teach ; to inform ; to declare ; DUM, adv. until, provided that, as to tell; to prove. long as, while. Doctiloquus, a, um. adj. skilled DUMMódo, adv. so that, provided in speech, eloquent. that. DoctE, adv. learnedly, skilfully. DUNtAxAT, adv. omly, alone. DoctriNA, æ. f. instructiom, learm Duo, æ, o. pl. two, twain, both. ing, erudition, wisdom. DUöDÉcIM, adv. indecl. twelve. Doctus, a, um. part. v. adj. taught, DuöDÉciMUs, a, um. adj. the instructed—adj. learned. twelfth. DöcüMENTUM, i. n. un example, a DÜPLEx, icis. adj. double, twofold. proof, an instance, a document. DÜRo, äre, âvi, âtum, act. et neut. DölEo, êre, ui, itum. neut. to be to abide ; to last ; to comtinue. in pain ; to be displeased ; to rc DUx, dücis. c. g. a leader, a gene pine ; to vex. ral, a commander. I)ölor, öris. m. pain, smart, sor *. row, rage, anguish. E. IDöLUs, i. m. a device, a vile. DöMiNA, æ. f. a lady, a dame. E. præp. out of, from. DöMiNÄTio, önis. f. dominiom, EboRAcUM, i. n. the name of a rule, tyranny. place.—York. „Novum-Ebora DöMiNUs, i. m. a master of a cum, New York. house,a possessor, an owner, Mr. EBRIUs, a, um. adj. intoxicated; DöMUs, ús. v. i. f. a house, home. mad. DóNÄTUs, a,* um. part. givem, EDico, êre, dixi, dictum. act. to granted, gifted. appoint; to publish by edict or
IDöNEc, adv. until. proclamation. *- DÖNo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to give ; EDICTUM, i. n. a comfhand, a pro to bestow. clamation. DoRMio, ire, ivi, itum. neut. to EDIsco, êre, didici, —. act. to con sleep. or learn by heart; to learn. Dos, ötis. f. a portion, a dowry, EDiTUs, a, um. part. published, an advantage. declared. DÜBÍto, äre, ävi, âtum, neut. to EDiTUs, a, um. adj. high, lofiy. doubt ; to delay ; to hesitate. *EDMUNDUs, i. a mam's mame.— DÜBIUM, i. n. a doubt, a question. Edmund. DübiUs, a, um. adj. doubtful, du EDo, ère, didi, ditum. act. to pub bious, perilous. lish ; to produce. DücENti, æ, a. adj. pl. two hun EDöcEo, êre, cui, doctum. act. t® dred. instruct; to apprize. 242 131.1 VOCABULARY. Erg Edoctus, a, um. part. taught, in entice out; to draw out; to structed. elicit. EDöMo, áre, ui, itum. act. to tame ; Eligo, êre, légi, lectum. act. to
to comquer; to subdue. - choose ; to elcct. Epüco, êre, duxi, ductum. act. ELögiUM, i. n. a testimonial in to lead forth ; to draw out. praise. EFFECTUS, a, um. part. made, done, ELöQUIUM, i. n. discourse ; elo brought to pass. quence. EFfíro, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to ELöqUor, qui, quütus. dep. to make samage ; to enrage one. speak out; to declare ; to speak. Effìro, fers, extüli, élâtum. act. ELÜcEo, êre, luxi, —. neut. to to bring forth fruit ; to raise ; shine forth ; to show itself; to to advance ; to exalt. appear. Efficio, êre, fëci, fectum. act. to EMÉÉÉMA, £is. n. an emblem. effect ; to accomplish ; to do; to EMÉRÉor, éri, itus*dep. to deserve, ^make to wim. Pass. to be emded; to Efflo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to serve ome's whole time. breathe out. EMERGo, êre, si, sum. neut. to Effor, non leg. äri, átus. dep. to issue ; to come out. speak. EMiNEo, êre, ui, — neut. et act. EffräNUs, a, um, adj. unbridled, to excel; to be eminuent. unruly ; headstrong. EMITTo, êre, misi, missum. act. to EFFUGIò, êre, fügi, itum. act. et send forth or out; to publish. neut. to escape ; to elude ; to EMo, êre, émi, emptum. act. to avoid. obtain ; to purchase. EffUNDo, êre, füdi, füsum. act. ENARro, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to to spill; to pour out. rehearse; to declare ; to display. EfFÜTIo, ire, ivi, itum. act. to ENIM. conj. for, but, indeed. prate ; to speak foolishly. ENiTEo, êre, ui, —. m. to shine ; EGÉNUs, a, um. adj. destitute ; to appear fair or bright. necessitous. ENitor, i, isus et ixus. dep. to EgEo, êre, ui, —. neut. to need; endeavour ; to straim hard. to be im want. ENixE. adv. earnestly. Ego, mei, mihi, me. pron. I, I ENÜMÉRo, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to myself. .emu/nerate. EgríG1E, adv. extraordinarily, ad Eo, ire, ivi, itum. neut. to go; to mirably, excellently. proceed. Egrígius, a, um. adj. excellent, Eo, adv. thither or to that place ; emimemt. • on that account. ELÄBöRÄTUs,a,um. part. laboured. EöUs, a, um. adj. eastern. ELÄBöro, áre, âvi, âtum. neut. et EPHÉBUs, i. m. a youth, a lad. act. to labour; to endeavour. EPisTöLA, æ. f. an epistle, a letter ELÄTUs, a, um. part. et adj. sent. puffed up, transported—adj. ar EPisTöLÄRis, is, e. adj. episto rogant, haughty. lary. ELecTUs, ús. m. an election or EqUes, ítis, c. g. & horseman ; a choice. knight; the cavalry of an army. ElíGANTER, adv.elegantly,purely, EQUiTÄtus, ùs. m. a company of finely, meatly. horsemen, the horse, the cavalry. ELÉMENTUM, i. n. am element ; the EQUUs, i. m. a horse. first rudiments, ErgA, prep. towards ; against, ELício, êre, cui, citum. act. to over against.
-' 243 exa VOCABULARY. exi Ergo, conj. therefore, them; be ExÄrìtus, a, um. part. written. cause, for ome's sake. ExArdeo, êre, rsi, rsum. neut. to Eripio, êre, pui, reptum. act. to be om fire ; to burm. deliver; to rescue. Ex*Äro, áre, ävi, âtum. act. to Erro, äre, ävi, âtum. meut. to plough ; to write. rove ; to roam ; to wander. Exaudio, ire, iwi, itum. act. to Error, öris. m. an error or mis hear perfectly ; to hear. take ; a weakness. ExAUDitus, a, um. part. heard. Erùdio, ire, ivi, itum, act. to teach; Excelsus, a, um. adj. high, tall, to instruct. lofty, noble, stately. Erùditus, a, um. part. et adj. Exceptus, a, um. part. excepted. taught, instructed. Adj. learned. Excio, ire, ivi, itum. act. to call Erumpo, êre, üpi, uptum. neut. et out; to raise wp; to rouse. act. to break or bt^st out; to Excipio, ère, cêpi, ceptum. act. to attack ; to discharge. receive ; to except; to ezclude. Et, conj. and, also, even, both. Excito, äre, âvi, âtum. act. freq. EtiAM, conj. also, too. to rouse up ; to incite. Ersi, conj. although, albeit. Excito, äre, ävi, âtum. freq. to EvÄdo, êre, si, sum. neut. et act. excite; to provoke. to get avay; to escape. Excölo, êre, ui, cultum. act. to EvíNio, ire, vëni, entum. neut. to cultivate ; to polish. come ; to happem; to come to Excultus, a, um. part. polished. pass; to fall to one's lot. ExemplAr, äris. n. et ExemplÃre, EventUM, i. n. the event or issue. is. n. a copy. EvENtUs, üs. m. the end, issue or ExEMPLUM, i. m. an example, a evemt. precedent. - - EviNco, êre, vici, victum. act. to ExÉQuoR, qui, quütus. dep. to fo vanquish; to subdue; to evince; lono after; to persist; to do; to to prove ; to prevail. execute; to perform ; to accom Evito, áre, âvi, âtum. act. toshum; plish ; to go through. to evade; to escape. Exerceo, êre, ui, îtum, act. to Evöcätio, ónis. f. d calling forth. exercise; to profess ; to occupy. Evöco, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to call ExercitÄtio, önis. f. exercise. out; to summom; to draw forth. ExercitÄtus, a, um. part. exer Europa, æ. f. the ruame of a coun cised, practised, experienced, ac try—Europe. customed. Europaeus, a, um. adj. Europeam. Exercito, äre, ävi, ätum. freq. t0 Ex, præp. regit abl. out of, from, exercise oftem. of, for. Exercitus, üs. m. a host or band ExActus, a, um. part. passed over. of armed soldiers ; an army. Adj. almost spent. Exhibeo, êre, ui, îtum. act. to Exaequo, âre. âvi, âtum. act. to show ; to exhibit. make equal; to adjust; to equal. Exigo, ère, égi, actum. act. to re Exaequor, äri, ätus. dep. to equal. quire ; to demand; to exact; to ExÄgito, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to spend ; to pass away. persecute ; to disturb; to dis Exiguus, a, um. adj. little, scant, quiet. small; narrow. ExÄMEN, inis. m. examinatiom, test, EximiUs, a,um. adj. choice, select; trial. eminent, excellent. ExÄNiMÄtus, a, um. part. stunned. ExistíMÄtio, önis. f. act. a sup ExÄNîmo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to posal. Pass. reputation, respect, astomish;to stun; to discourage. esteem. 244 1Exp vOCABULARy. rao Existfmo, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to ExPUGNo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to judge ; to esteem; to think ; to win by storm; to force; to con suppose. quer; to subdue. Existo, êre, extiti, stitum. neut. Exquiro, ère, sivi, situm. to search to be; to exust;torise ; tospring. into; to search out; to explore. ExitiUM, ii. n. a disea«e, death ; Exquisitus, a, um. part. et adj. ruin. exquasvte. Exitus, ûs. m. an issue or, end ; Exsisto, êre, stiti, stitum. neut. death ; a result. Vid. Existo. Exopto, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to ExTEMPLO, soom, quickly, imme wish heartily ; to long after. diately. Exörior, rëris et riris, iri, ortus. ExTERNUs, a, um. adj. outward, dep. to rise ; to spring up ; to external; foreign. be born; to appear. ExtíRus, a, um. adj. foreign. ExpecTÄTUs, a,um. part. expected, ExtorquEo, ère, torsi, tortum. act. looked for. to vorest from ; to extort. Expecto, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to ExTRA, adv. without, om the out look for; to tarry ; to hope for ; side. to expect. ExTREMUM, i. m. the emd ; hazard, ExPÈDio, ire, ivi, itum. act. to un death ; the extreme of any thing. ravel; to despatch ; to finish ; ExTRÉMUs, a, um. adj. sup. the to get in readiness ; to declare ; last, final, the extreme. to show; to procure. ExTRUctUs, a, um. part. built or Expìditus, a, um. part. et adj. raised. disengaged; provided, prepared ExTRUo, êre, xi, ctum. act. to —adj. ready. erect; to build. ExPELLo, êre, püli, pulsum. act. ExtURbo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to to expel; to drive. trouble; to discompose; to con ExpergíFÄcio, êre, fëci, factum. found. act. to awaken out of a sleep ; Exuo, ère, i, ütum. act. to divest, to stir up. to strip. ExpÉrior, iri, pertus. dep. to at tempt; to try ; to essay ; to ex F. perience. Expers, tis. adj. without, desti FABIUs, ii. a mam's mame—Fabius. tute ; free, void. FABRico, áre, ävi, âtum. act. et ExplEo, êre, évi, étum. act. to FABRicoR, äri, ätus. dep. to fill; to finish. make ; to fabricate. ExplêtUs, a, um. part. filled up, FÄcÉTE, adv. wittily ; facetiously, finished. humorously. 1Explico, äre, ui et ävi, itum et FÄcile, adv. easily, lightly, ätum. act. to unfold ; to treat FÄcilis, is, e. adj. easy. more largely of. FÄciLiTAs, ätis. f. easiness, facil Explöro, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to ity, readincss. pry into; to explore ; to endeav FÄciNUs, öris. n. a great action, our to find out. an exploit, an enterprise. ExpöNo, êre, sui, itum. act. to set FÄcio, ère, féci, factum. act. to forth ; to set om shore ; to cae do; to make ; to cause; to in plain; to detach on service. troduce. Expösitio, ónis. f. a declaration. FActio, önis. f. a faction. ExpugnÄtus, a, um. part. taken FAcTUM, i. n. a decd, a thing done by force, Ὀrce, stormed. lU 2 or made ; a fact. 245 pee VOCABULARY. ftlA FActus, a, um. part. made, done, FebrUÀrius, ii. m. the month o, practised. February. FÄcultAs, ätis. f. liberty, permis FÉLicitAs, ätis. f. felicity, happi suom, matter, pocer—pl. wealth, mess. abilities. FÉliciter, adv. fruitfully, hap FÄcUNDIA, æ. f. eloquence, pleas pily, prosperously, auspiciously, antry. successfully. FAli.ÄciA, æ. f. deceit, a crafly FÉLix, icis, adj. happy, auspicious, device, delusiom, guile. felicitous, prosperous, fortunate, FAllAx, äcis. adj. deceitful, falla FÉRAx, äcis, adj. fertile, fruitful,
cious. - abounding. Fallo, ère, fèfelli, falsum. act. to FÉRE, adv. almost, nigh. deceive ; to mislead; to disap FÉrio, ire, —, —, act. to strike, point. FÉrîrAs, ätis. f. wildness, fierce FÄlsus, a, um. part. deceived— “mess. adj. false. FÉro, fers, ferre, tüli et tëtüli, FÄMA, æ. f. fame, rumour, commom lätum. act. to carry ; to bring; talk or report; renown, a good to bear with ; to lead ; to rc name or reputation. ceive ; to prescribe; to give out; FÄMÉLicus, a, um. adj. hungry, to report. famished, hunger-starved. Ferreus, a, um. adj. of iron. FÄMes, is. f. hunger. FÉRÜLA, æ. f. a rod or ferula. FÄMiliÂRis, is, e. adj. familiar, FÉRUs, a, um. adj. wild. friendly. FÉRUs, i. m. a wild beast. PÄMiliÂris, is. m. a friend. Fessus, a, um. part. vpeary, tired. FÄMiLiäRiTAs, ätis. f. familiarity, FiDÉlis, is, e. adj. faithfui, loyal, intimacy. FiDELiTER, adv. faithfully. FÄMösUs, a, um. adj. infamous, FiDEs, èi. f. faith, truth ; trust, greatly renowned. credit; public credit; word, pro FÄMÜLUs, i. m. a servant, a house mase. -* hold servant. FidÜciA, æ. f. cònfidence, trust, FAscicùlus, i. m. dim. a packet, dependence. a parcel. FiLius, i. m. a som, a child. FAstigiUM, i. n. the top. FiNio, ire, ivi, itum. act. to finish; PÄteor, éri, fassus. dep. to com to emd; to come to ome's emd. fess; to owm ; to grant. FiNis, is. m. v. f. the end ; the FÄTIsco, êre, —, —. neut. to conclusiom ; a bound, bordcr, or
fail ; to grow feeble ; to be limit. - weary ; to tire. Fio, fîëri, factus. m. to bc madc ; FÄTUM, i. m. fate, destiny, death. to be dome ; to bccome. FAUch EtiUs, i. a man's name— FIRME, adv. firmly, substantially. Fauchet. FiRMiTAs,ätis.f.firmness,strength. FÄveo, êre, fävi, fautum. neut. to PiRMo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to favour ; to befrienl. strengthen ; to fortify. FÄvor, öris. m. good-will, favour. FirMUs, a, um. adj. firm, steauly, FAUstítAs, ätis. f. good luck, pros constant, valid, strong. perity. Fr.ÄGÍTÁTIo, önis. f. am earnest FAUSTÜs, a, um. adj. auspicious, entreaty or desire, demand. fortunate. FLÄGÍto, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to FAUTOR, öris, m. a favourer, a ask and demand. R. partisan. f. a f FLAGRo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. et EBRIS, 246 1S. 1. a fever; :ver; anan agrue.ague neut. to burm ; to be violent. fra VOCABULARY. GAl. Flecto, êre, exi, exum. act. et weaken; to diminish; to van neut. to bend; to turn ; to per quish. suade. FRANKLINIUs, ii. a man's name.— Flos, öris. m. a flower. Franklin. • FLUENs, tis. part. flowing. FRÄTER, tris. m. a brother. FlueNTUM, i. n. a river, a stream. FrAus, dis. f. deceit, fraud, guile. FLÜMEN, inis. n. a stream, a river. FriéQUENs, tis. adj. frequent ; Föcus, i. m. a fire-hearth; a house. abounding with, many. F@därÄTus, a, um. part. confed FriTUs, a, um. adj. trusting to, erate, allied. relying upom. FœDIFRÄgus, a, um. adj. that Frigus, öris. n. cold, winter. breaketh a league. Frons, tis. f. et m. the forehead, Foedus, a, um. adj. foul, loath the front; the fore part. some; unpleasant; cruel; base, Fructus, fis. m. fruit ; profit, ad shameless, vile ; destructive. vamtagre. Foedus, ëris. n. a league, a treaty. Frùges, um. f. all kinds of fruit; FoeMiNA, v. FÉMINA, æ. f. a wo the fruit of trees. man ; a female. FRÜMeNTÄrius, a, um. adj. be Fömes, itis. m. fuel; coal or wood. longing to corm or forage. *Forbesius, ii. a man's mame— Fruor, i, ctus v. itus. dep. to Forbes. enjoy. - FörEM, es, et pl. förent. Imight be. FrustrA, adv. vn vain, to no pur Före, infin. to be hereafter. pose. Föris, */; abroad. Frustro, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to PorMA, æ. f. a form or shape ; a frustrate, scheme. Frútex, icis. m. a shrub, under PoRMiDo, inis. f. fear, dread, ter wood. fror. FÜGA, æ. f. flight. ForsitAN, adv. perhaps it may be, FÜgio, êre, i, itum. neut. et act. to FortAssE, adv. it may be perhaps, flee; to escape ome's knowledge; peradventure. to escape. FórtE, adv. by chance, accident Fügo, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to drive avay; to put to flight. rí, is, e. adj. hardy, stout, FULTUs, a, um. part. sustained. valiant, strong. FUNDÄMENTUM, i. n. a foundation FoRTiTER, adv. bravely, valiantly. or groundwork; a basis. Fortitúdo, inis. f. patience, great FUNDiTUs, adv. utterly. ness of soul; resolutiom, intre FUNDo, êre, füdi, füsum. act. to iditw. shed; to scatter; to rout ; to r#,- f. fortune ; an estate. vanquish. FortÜNae, ärum. f. pl. one's for FUNDus,i.m. land; a countryfarm. tune orestate ; riches, substance. FUNgor, i, functus. dep. to dis FossA, æ. f. a dike, a ditch, a moat, charge an office or duty ; to do. a trench. FüsE, adv. largely, copiously. Föveo, êre, fóvi, fötum. act. to FÜTÜRus, a, um. part. that shall cherish ; to favour. or will be ; about to be, future. FRAGMENTUM, i. n. a fragment, a G. piece. FrANciscus, i. a man's mame GALLícus, a, um. adj. French or Francis. belonging to the French. FrANgo, êre, frégi, fractum. act. GAllus, i. m, a cock ; a French et neut. to break ; to crash ; to fmam, 247 GRA VOCABULARY mac GAudeo, êre, gävisus, sum. neut. portance ; grave, serious, griev to rejoice; to delight. ous, sharp, severe. GAUdiuM, i. n. joy, gladness. GRÄviter, T adv. heavily, grier GÉNÉRÄlis, is, e. adj. general. ously, severely, hardly, strenu *Genetius, ii. a man's name-| ously. Genet. GRÄvò, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to bur Gens, tis. f. a nation, a people. den ; to weigh down GÉNus, ëris. n. lineage, race ; a GrÄvor, âri, âtus. dep. to grudge; sort or kind. to refuse; to be loath to do it. *Georgia, ae. f. the name of a GRÉGÄrius, a, um, adj. ordinary, state—Georgia. commom. *Georgius, ii. a mam's mame— GrEMiuM, i. n. a lap, the bosom; George. the middle or heart of a country. GerMANicus, a, um. adj. German. Grex, grégis. m. a flock, a herd. GÈro, ère, éssi, estum. act. t0 *GriffiNUs, i. a man's name— bear; to carry; to conduct : ge Griffin. rere morem, to comply with. Güber NÄcùLUM, i. n. et Göber Gestio, ire, ivi, itum. neut. to NAclUM. steerage cr govern long or greatly desire; to delight ^mcmt. in a thing; to take pleasure in GÜbERNÄtor, öris. m. a governor. mt. GÜber No, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to Gesto, áre, âvi, âtum. freq. to order; to manage ; to conduct;
bear. - to gmvern. Gestus, a, um. part. borne, car GÜLA, æ. f. the vindpipe ; the ried, dome. throat. Gestus, ùs. m. gesture, carriage *Guilrordiensis, is, e. adj. of or of the body ; demeanour. belongung to Guiiford. G1óNo, êre, génui, itum. act. to|*GULIELMUs, i a man's name— engender ; to beget ; to create. William. GLÄciÄlis, is, e. adj. frozen, icy. *Guyus, ia man's name—Guy. GlÄdius, i. m. a sword. GYMNÄsiuM, 1. n. a school, a col GLANs, dis. f. a pellet or plummet lege, or hall in a university. oflead or other metal. Glória, æ. f. glory, renown. H. GNAviter, adv. pro naviter. stout ly; actively. HÄbíNA, æ, f. the rein of a brudle, GNÄvus, a, um. adj. pro navus. rule, government, management. quick, lusty, active, diligent. HÄBEo, ère, üi, Itum. act. to have; GRÄDUs, ús. m. a step ; a pace ; to hold; to possess; to treat of; a station. to judge ; to account; habereX GRaecus, a, umi adj. belonging to gratias, to return thanks. - Greece, a Greek, a Grcciam. bHÄBÍTÁTUs, a, umî part. inhabited GrÂMeN, inis. n. grass. or dwelt in, GRANDis, is, e. adj. great; grand. HÄbito, áre, ävi, ätum. freq. ta GRÄTIA, æ. f. affectiom, favour, a dwè.l to inhabit. favour ; sake, cause, or occasiom. HÄBiTUs, ús. m. a habit; apparel, GRÄtiae, ärum. pl. f. thanks. attire, garb. GRÄTUlor, äri, âtus. dep. dim. to *HAcKENsAgkius, ii. the name of congratulate ; to wish ome joy. a place—Hackensack. GRÄtus, a, um. adj. grateful, ac HActENUs, adv. tenus hac, i. e. ceptable, agreeable, welcome. hâc parte, via, re, temus, hither GRÉv1s, is, e. adj. heavy ; of im to, thus far.
248 - non VOCAB ULARY. Jan *HAMrLtoNius, ii. a man's mame Hönörïrîcus, a, um. adj. honour —Hamilton. able. *HAM MoNDius, ii. a man's name HöNöro, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to —Hammomd. homour. *HANcockius, ii. a mam's name— HörA,.æ. f. an hour. Ham:ock. Horrens, tis. part. rugged; dark, HAud, adv. not. dismal. HAUDQUÄquAM, adv. by no means, Horrifice, adv. terribly, horribly. in no vise. Horror, öris, m. horror, fright, Haustus, ûs. m. a drawing up; dread. an inhaling. Hortor, âri, ätus. dep. to exhort; HEBDöMÄDA, æ. f. a week. to advise ; to encourage. HÉbes, ëtis. adj. dull; slono of Hospes, itis. c. g. a guest ; a apprehension. host; a stranger. *HeNricus, i. a man's name— Hostilis, is, e.Tadj. of or belong
Henry. v. ing to an enemy, hostile. HÉri, adv. yesterday. HostiLitas, ätis. f. hostility. HÈros, öis. m. a hero. Hostis, is. c. g. a public enemy. *HessiANUs, a, um. adj. Hessian. HUc, adv. hither, to this place; HIBERNA, órum. n. pl. winter to this point. quariers for soldiers. HÜMÄNiTAs, ätis. f. humanity, HibERNÄcÜLA, örum. n. pl. dim. courtesy, friendliness,kindness ; winter-quarters. civilization. HIBERNIA, æ. f. the name of a HüMÄNus, a, um. adj. belonging place—Ireland. to mankind ; humane, friendly, HiberNicus, a, um. adj. Hiber civilized. niam, Irish. HüMilis, is, e. adj. low, feeble, Hic,hæc,hoc.gen.hujus.pron. this. humble. Hic, v. heic. adv. here, in this HYEMs. Vid. Hiems. place ; in this affair or matter; them. I. HiccE, hæcce, hocce,hujusce. this, this very. JÄcro, êre, cüi, —. neut to lie HiEMs, émis. f. winter; a tempest. disregarded. HiNc, adv. hence ; om this part *JAcobus, i. a man's name-James; and that. Sanctus Jacobus, St. James; HispANiENsis, is, e. adj. of or be aulam Sancti Jacobi, the court longing to Spain, Spanish. of St. James, i. e. the court of HisPANUs, i. c. g. a Spaniard. 'mgland. öRIA, æ. f. a history or nar JActÄtor, öris. m. a boaster. ratmve. JActo, äre, âvi, âtum. freq. act. HöpiE, adv. to-day, this day ; at togive out; to publish; to doubt : this time. jactari et rejici, to be- bandied HöpiERNUs, a, um. adj. of this about. day. JActÜRA, æ. f. loss or damage. HöMo, inis. c. g. a man. JAM, adv. now, at this time; HöNeste, adv. honourably. immediately, besides, further HöNesto, ärc, âvi, ätum. act. to qmore. grace one ; to adom m ; to homour. JAMDÜDUM, adv. long ago. HöNEstus, a, um. adj. honourable. JAMPRiDEM, adv. some while since. Hönor et HöNos, öris, m. homour, JANUÄrius, i. m. the month of respect; a recompense. January. 249 iam VOCABULARY. tmp JAyiANus, a, um. adj. of or belong IMMîNeo, êre, ui, —. neut. to im ing to Mr. Jay. pend; to be at hand. Ibi, adv. there, them. IMMiNUo, êre, ui, ütum. act. to IbideM, adv. there, in the same diminish ; to impair. place. IMMINÜtio, önis. f. a diminishing Ico, ère, ici, ictum. act. to strike. or lessening. IdêA, æ. f. an idea, form, model. IMMitis, is, e. adj. sour, cruel, Idem, eâdem, idem. pron. the same. without pity, remorseless, dis Ideo, conj. therefore, for that courteous. cotttse. IMMöDÉRÄtus, a, um. adj. immo Idóneus, a, um. adj. fit, proper, derate, unreasonable, huge, vast. comrenient, suitable. IMMötus, a, um. part. ummoved,
Idus, uum, idibus. f. the ides of firm, steadfast. - crery month ; the eighth day or IMMÜNis, is, e. adj. exempt orfrce eight days after the nomes. from, free. Ierna, ae. f. the name of a country IMo, conj. yes, yea, nay, nayrather. — Ireland. IMPÀTiENs, tis. adj. not able to Igitur, conj. therefore, then, there bear, impatient. upom. IMPîtIeNtiA, æ. f. impatience. IgNÄviA, ae. f. sluggishness, lazi IMPÄvidUs, a, um. adj. bold, stout, ness, cowardliness. undaunted, fearless. IgNis, is. m. fire. IMPÈDiMENTUM, i. n. a let, impedi IgNöbilis, is, e. adj. ignoble. ment—pl. the baggage of an IgNörANTiA, æ. f. ignorance. army. IgNöro, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to be IMPÈDio, ire, ivi, itum. act. to en ignorant of. tangle ; to hinder; to disturb ; IgNosco, êre, növi, nötum. neut. to debar ; to obstruct. fo take no notice of; to forgive ; IMPELLo, êre, üli, ulsum. act. to to pardon. incite ; to impel. IGNötUs, a, um. part. unknown. IMPENDo, êre, pendi, pensum. act. IlLÄTUs, a, um. part. inferred, to spend; to bestow. brought in, inflicted. IMPÉRÄtor, öris. m. a commander, IlLE, illa, illud, gen. illius, dat. a chief; the general of an army; illi, he, she, that; the aforesaid. an emperor. Illic, adv. there, in that place. IMPÉRiósus, a, um. adj. imperious, IlLico, adv. in that very place ; domineering ; severe, harsh. forthwith, immediately. IMPÉRiTUs, a, um. adj. unskilful, Illuc, adv. thither, to that place. inexperiemced. Illustris, is, e. adj. illustrious, IMPÉRIUM, i. m. command, cha rgas renowned. power; rule, govermment, £% Imbellis, is, e. adj. cowardly. diction. IMBER, bris. m. a shower of rain, IMPÉRo, äre, ävi, âtum. act. to a storm. have commamd over; to order : IMBÜo, êre, üi, ütum. act. to sea to enjoin. son ; to furmish; to store ; to IMPÉTRÄTUs, a, um. part. obtained. vmbue. by request. IMBÜTUs, a, um. part. full of. IMPÉTRo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to IMMÄNIs, is, e. adj. cruel, fierce, obtain by request; to get. savage. IMPÉTUs, ús. m. am assault, onset, IMMÄTÜRUs, a, um. adj. immature. or attack. IMMÉMQR, öris. adj. forgetful, un IMPiGRE, adv. diligently, quickly, mindful, regardless. readily. 250 rno VOCABULARY. iNo IMPLfco, äre, avi et ui, itum et INcido, êre, idi, isum. act. to cut. ätum. act. to involve. INcípio, êre, cêpi, ceptum. act. to IMPLöro, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to begin; to attempt. beseech ; to implore ; to invoke. INcfto, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to im IMPöNo, êre, pösui, pösitum. act. cite; to animate ; to actuate. to impose; to enjoin. INcLÜdo, êre, üsi, üsum. act. to IMPRIMis, pro In primis, in the include ; to enclose ; to shut up. first place, principally, espe INCLytUs, a, um. ssimus, sup. cially, chiefly. adj. famous, glorious, excellent. IMPRööiTAs, ätis. f. dishonesty, INcog$itus, a, um. adj. unknown, basemess. umheard. IMPRöbo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to INcöLA, æ. c. g. [ab incolo] an in disapprove ; to dislike. habitant. IMpröbus, a, um. adj. dishonest, INcölo, ère, ui, ultum. act. to in false, knavish ; immoral; base, it. infamous. INcöLÜMis, is, e. adj. safe, sound ; IMPRövide, adv. improvidently, vchole, entire. hccdlessly, thoughtlessly. INcoMMödus, a, um. adj. disad IM Pröviso, adv. unexpectedly, sud vantageous. denly. INcoNsuLTUs, a, um. adj. unad; IMPRövisUs, a, um. adj. unfore vised, rash, indiscreet. seem, umlooked£ Ex impro INCRUENTUs, a, um adj. without viso,unexpectedly; de improviso, bloodshed, bloodless. on a suddem. INCULPATUs, a, um. adj. blame IMpÜNE, adv. without hurt, danger, less. punishment or fear. INCULTUs, a, um. adj. untilled, un IN, præp. into, to, against, for, in, inhabited, unsowm. towards, upon, at, among. INCUMBo, êre, cübui, cübitum. INaeQUÄLitas, ätis. f. inequality, neut. to apply earnestly and disproportion, disparity. vigorously. INÄNis, is, e. adj. empty, vain. INcÜRIA, æ. f. negligence, careless INcAssuM, adv. in vain, to no pur ?mess. pose. INcURRo, êre, i, sum. neut. to rum INcíbo, êre, cessi, cessum. neut. in, upom, or against; to incur; to go ; to walk ; to come. to meet by chance; to assail; to INcENDiUM, i. n. a fire. attack. INcENDo, ère, i, sum. act. to sct INCURsio,önis. f. a shock or charge; fire to ; to burn. an inroad or incursion. INcENsUs, a, um. part. et adj. in INcütio, êre, ussi, ussum. act. to flamed ; angered, enraged, ac strike. tuateul. INDÄgo, äre, âvi, âtum. to seek ; INceptio, ömis. f. a beginning. to search out; to trace and fimd INCEPTUM, i. n. an attempt, an un out ; to investigate. dertaking, an enterprise. INDE, adv. thence, from that place; INcessus, ûs. m. a stately gait, a from that time ; thcnceforth; fom pace in valking. that cause. INchoÄtus, a, um. part. begum. INDÉcöRUs, a, um. adj. unseemly, INchoo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to be disgraceful. gin ; to perform. INDÉFEssus, a, um. adj. unvea INcido, êre, i, cäsum. neut. to fall ried, indefatigable. into ; to fall upom ; to meet INDîciUM, i. n. a communication ; with ; to befall; to happen. a sign, gm, token. 251 mnr VOCABULARY. tnra ! INDfco, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to in INfaustus, a, um. adj. unlucky, timate ; to indicate; to show. unprosperous, unfortunate, dis | INDico, êre, dixi, dictum. act. to astrous. denounce ; to proclaim. INfectus, a, um. adj. not done ; INDies, rectius in dies. from day undome, unaccomplished. INfêliciter, adv. unhappily. to day, daily. - INDfgìNA, æ. c. g. a native. INfiLix, icis. adj. unhappy, un INdigeo, êre, ui, —. neut. to successful. vant ; to stand in need. INfíéro, ferre, tüli, illätum. act. to INDIGNANs, tis. part. et adj. chaf bring in or into; to bring upom; ing, angry, displeased. to give. INDIGNÄtio, ömis. f. indignation, INFärUs, a, um. adj. beneath, be anger, low—ior, comp. lower, inferior. INDiGNor, äri, átus. dep. to be INFEsTts, a, um. adj. bearing displeased; not to endure. great grudge or hatred; hostile, INDIGNUs, a, um. adj. unworthy; adverse. unfit or unmeet. INfício, êre, féci, fectum. act. to INDoctus, a, um. adj. unlearned, infect; to corrupt; to vitiate. ignorant, illiterate. INfiNiTUs, a, um. adj. infinite, INDÜBÍTÁTUs, . a, um. adj. tum endless, vast. doubted. INFiRMiTAs, ätis. f. weakness, INDÜbito, áre, âvi, âtum. neut. to feebleness. doubt much. INFIRMUs, a, um. adj. feeble, weak, INDÜciae, ärum. pl. f. a truce, res infirm ; variable, vinsettled, ir pite, or ceasing from war. resolute. Indúco, êre, duxi, ductum. act. to INFLAMMÄTio, önis. f. an inflam introduce ; to lead in ; to per mation. suade ; to vmduce. INFORTÜNIUM, i. n. misfortune; INDUCTUs, a, um. part. brought disappointment, inconvenience. in ; introduced ; induced, per INGÉNiuM, i. n. dispositiom, capa suaded. city, talent, genus. INDUo, êre, i, ütum. act. to cover INGENs, tis. adj. very great, huge, over; to assume ; to clothe. mighty, large, vast. fINDUs, a, um. adj. Indian—subst. INgäNuus, a, um. adj. honest ; am Indiam. liberal; fine. INDUSTRIA, æ. f. diligence, labour, INGRÄTUs, a, um. adj. wnpleasant, industry. unacceptable ; unthankful, un INÉDIA, æ. f. want of victuals, grateful. hunger. INGRÄvesco, êre, —, —. incept. INEo, ire, ivi, itum. act. to enter to grow more heavy; to become intor;* to . enter wpom ; to com worse ; to increase. ^mence ; to-come. INGRÉDior, i, gressus. dep. to enter INEPTE, adv. foolishly, absurdly. ?mt0. INERTIA, æ. f. laziness, idleness, INGRUENs, tis. part. being hard at inactivity. hand, violently approaching. INExöRÄBÍLis, is, e. adj. implac INGRUO, êre, ui, —-. neut. to in able, inexorable. vade ; to assail ; to come or fall INExsúPÉRÄBilis, is, e. adj. not suddenly upom. to be conquered or surmounted. INhaereo, êre, hæsi, hæsum. neut. INFÄMIA, ae. f. an aspersiom ; dis to keep in. grace, dishonour, infamy, igno INHospitus, a, um. adj. inhospi miny. table, barbarous • desert. 252 VOCABULARY. ins Ixuicio, áre, jéci, jectum. act. to Insigne, is, m. pl. insignia, an en inject; to throw in, upom. sigm. INiMioitiA, æ. f. et usitatius in INsignio, ire, ivi, itum. act. to sig pl. INiMicitiae, ärum. enmity, nalize ;.to render famous. hostility, strife. INsignis, is, e. aàj. notable, re IniMigus, a, um. adj. unfriendly,| markable, famous,.noble, admi unkind, hostile. L rable, eminent. INiMicus, i. m, an enemy. INsigniter,adv. notably, signally, Inique, adv. impatiently. *mightily. INiquitAs, ätis. f. injustice, par InsiMÜLo, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to tiality. accuse; to impeach. INiquus, a, um. adj. uneven; par Insinuo, áre, âvi, âtum, act. to £t insinuate. - tial, injwrious. INitiuM, i. n. a beginning. INsisto, êre, institi, institum. neut. i INJücuNDUs, a, um. adj. unpleas to urge; to insist upom. ant, grievous, disagreeable. INsitus, a, um. part. grafted; INJÜRiA, æ. f. injury, wrong, rooted, grounded. abuse. INsöLENTiA, æ. f. insolence, haugh : INJUste, adv. unjustly, wrong tamess. fully. INspecto, áre, ävi, ätum. freq. to Injustus, a, um. adj. unjust. vnspect. INNAscor, i, nätus, to be born Inspeetor, öris. m. am overseer, with. inspector, superintendent. INNÄto, äre, ävi, ätum. neut. to INsPÉrÃtus, a, um. adj. not hoped float. or looked for; unexpected. INNÄtus, a, um. part. inbred. INsPîcio, êre, exi, ectum. act. to INNitor, i, ixus v. isus. dep. to inspect; to take a survey of. depend upom. INsTAr. n. indecl. bigness, like INöpia, æ. f. want, need, scarcity. 7mess. 2 INquAM. verb. defect. I say, quoth INsTAuro, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to * * I. Vid. Inquio. renew ; to re-establish. Inquio, is, it. verb. def. I say, INsTituo, êre, ui, ütum. act. to quoth I. institute ; to set in order; to InsÂNus, a, um. adj. mad. settle ; to resolve. InscitiA, æ. f. ignorance. INstirùtio, önis. f. an ordering, INscius, a, um. adj. ignorant. • ^management, direction. Inscriptio, önis. f. an inscription, INsTÍtÚtus, a, um. part. deter a title. fmined, purposed; begum. Insecto, áre, âvi, ätum. act. et INsto, äre, stiti, stitum. to urge; Insector, äri, átus. dep. to to press; to pursue. pursue ; to inveigh against; to INsTwüMENTUM, i. n. an instru rail at. ment, an implement of war. INsíquor, qui, cütus. dep. to fol INstruo, êre, xi, ctum. act. to low after; to pursue. provide ; to furnish ; to ac Inservio, ire, ivi, itum. neut. to cowtre. serve one; to mind and take INsúlA, æ. f. an island. care of. INsUM, esse, fui. to be in. Insideo, êre, sëdi, sessum. neut. INsúmo, êre, si et psi, ptum. act. to sit or rest upon; to besiege ; to spend; to consume ; to be to lie in vait. stomo. Insidiae, ärum. f. pl. an ambush, INsüper, conj. moreover, further an ambuscade ; snares. 1more. 22 253 int VOCABULARY. inw IntÂbesco, êre, ui, --. iucept. to put off for a time ; to discon pine or waste aucay. tumue. Intactus, a, um. adj. untouched, INtrrpöNo, êre, sui, situm. act. whole. to put between ; to interpose. Intëger, gra, grum. âdj. entire INTERPRÉToR, äri, âtus. dep. to and whole ; strong ; new ; un explain; to ezpound; totranslate. stained; pure, unmired. INTERRiTUs, a, um. part. un Integre, adv. uprightly, honestly. daunted, fearless, bold. IntegritAs, ätis. f. integrity, up INTERsípio, ire, psi, ptum. act. to rightness, sincerity. hem in ; to inclose. Intelligo, ère, lexi, lectum. act. INTERsUM, esse, fui. to be present; to understand; to know; to to be of consequence. meam. INTERvAllUM, i. m. am interval, a Intempestus, a, um. adj. unsea pause, a respite. somable : intempesta nocte, at a INTiMUs, a, um. adj. superl. most late luour of the night. intimate. INTENDo, ère, i, sum et tum. act. INToLERANDUs, a, um. adj. not to to bend; to stretch ; to intend; be borne, intolerable. to purpose; to apply. INtrA, præp. within. InteNTÄtus, a, um. part. drawn INTRActÄbilis, is, e. adj unman and pointed at. ageable, umtractable. INTENTÄTus, a, um. part. unas INTREPiDiTAs, ätis. f. intrepidity. sayed. INTRo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to enter INTENto, áre, âvi, âtum. freq. to orgo im. stretch out; to menace ; to INTUeor, éri, tuitus. dep. to look threatem. wpom. INtENTUs, a, um. part. stretched, INviDo, êre, si, sum. act. to in bent—adj. strait;, intense, at vade ; to attack; to seize. temtive. INvíNio, ire, vëni, ventum. act. to INTER, præp. between ; within; find; to meet with ; to invent; during ; among. to discover. INtErcÉdo, êre, ssi, ssum. meut. INvicEM, adv. one amother, each to intercede, to interpose. other; one after another, by INterclùdo, êre, si, sum. act. to turns ; in his or their turm, one shut in ; to stop the passage; to with amother. shut up ; to hinder. INvicTus, a, um. adj. invincible. INTÈREA, adv. in the meanwhile, INviDEo, êre, vidi, visum. act. et in the interim. ngut. to envy ; to grudge; to INTÉReo, ire, ivi et ii, itum. neut. e ; to deny ; to refuse. to die ; to be slain. INyiDIA, æ. f. envy, hatred, ill will, INTERFECTUs, a, um. part. killed, spite, an ill opinion, malice, dis slain. pleasure. INTERFicio, êre, fëci, fectum. act. INviDIösUs, a, um. act. emvious-- to slay ; to kill ; to murder. pass. odious, hateful. INTÉRIM, adv. in the meam time ; INvîgîLo, äre, âvi, âtum. neut. to motvithstanding. watch diligently. INTERMINÄTUs, a, um. adj. that INviöLÄtus, a, um. adj. inviolate ; has mo bound or emd ; intermi unhurt, wntowched. mate. INvisUs, a, um. adj. unseem; hate INTeRMissus, a, um. part. discon ful, odious. tinued. INvito, äre, ävi, âtum. act. to al INTER Mitto, êre, si, ssum. act. to lure ; to invite. 254 JuQ VOCABULARY. IlaEd Invirus, a, um. adj. unwilling. JÜlius, i. m. the month of July. INÜro, ère, ussi, ustum. act. to JÜMENTUM, i. n. a labouring beast. bramud. Jungo, êre, nxi, nctum. act. to INÜsitátus, a, um. adj. unusual, join or couple; to associate. extraordinary. JÜNius, i. m. the month of June. INÜtiLis, is, e. adj. unprofitable, JÜRE, ablat. rightly, by right. unserviceable, useless. Jus, jüris. n. reason, right; the Io, interj. a cry qfjoy. law.^ *JoANNÉs, is. a mân's name— JusJÜRANDUM, jürisjürandi et jus John. Sanctus Joannes, St. jürandi. n. a solemn oath. John's. JussUM, i. m. a command, an order. Jövis. gen. a Jupiter. Juste, adv. justly, uprightly. IpsE, a, um. gemi. ipsius. he, she, JustitiA, æ. f. [a jure] justice. the same, his own self. JusTUs, a, um. adj. just, exact; Ira, ae. f anger, displeasure, pas lawful. siom. ' Irae, pl. enmlies, angry JüvÉNilis, is, e. adj. youthful. feelings. JüvÉNis, is, e. adj. young. IrÃcUNDIA, æ. f. hastiness of tem JüveNtus, ütis. f. youth. per, anger. Jüvo, äre, jüvi, jütum. act. to aid; Irríligiósus, a, um. adj. ungodly, assmst. irreligious. JuxtA, præp. regit acc. near to, Irritus, a, um. adj. qf no effect; hard by. todiam. Juxta, adv. even, alike, as well IRRUo, êre, i, ütum. neut. to rush ome as the other. in ; to rush headlong into. Is, ea, id. gen. ejus. pron. he, she, K. it; the same, that. IsTE, ista, istud. gen. istius. this, KÄLENDÆ v. CÄLENdae, ärum. f. that. the calends of the month. ItA, adv. so, even so. *KENTUcKiENsis, is, e. adj. of or ItÄqUe, therefore. belonging to Kentucky, Ken ItEM, adv. also ; likewise. tuckiam. ItER, itinéris. m. a road; a jour ney; a march—maximum iter, L. a forced march; magnum iter, a hurried march. LÄBor, lábi, lapsus. dep. to glide ; ItäruM, adv. again, the second to float; to sail. time. LÄbor et LîBos, öris. m. labour, JüBEo, ère, ejussi, jussum. act. to hardship. bid ; to order; to command. LÄBöRo, äre, ävi, âtum. act. et JÜcuNDus, à, um. adj. pleasant, neut. to labour; to be oppressed; agreeable, joyful. to be in danger. JÜDEx, Icis. c. g. a judge. LÄcêro, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to JüDiciUM, i. n. judgment ; mind, wound the feelings, opinom. I,ícesso, êre, ivi et i, itum. act. Júdico, áre, ävi, ätum. act. to to provoke ; to set upom ; to chal condemn; to judge; to dcem; lenge; to injure. to suppose. LÄchryMA, æ. f. rectius LAcryma, JügëruM, i. n. an acre of ground. a tear. Jügülo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to LÄcus, i et üs. m. a lake. kill ; to cut ome's throat; to Laedo, êre, si, sum. act. to hurt; butcher. to injure; to offend. 255 mlen VOCABULARY. ltq Lære, ius, issime. adv. merrily, Lîpor v. Lîpos, öris. m. mirth, gladly, joyfully. wit, facetiousness. Laetitia, ig f. joy, gladness, joy LÈthum et LÉTUM, i. n. death. mess. LËvis, is, e. adj. light, small; in Lætus, a, um. adj. cheerful, joy considerable, trifling. ous ; fortunate. . LÈvírer, adv. slightly ; briefiy. Lìpideüs, a, um. adj. made of LÈvo, äre, ävi, âtum. act. to light stome. en ; to alleviate; to help or re ILArgior, iri, itus. dep. to give lieve. liberally ; to bestow. LEx, légis. f. a law ; a condition, LArgus, a, um. adj. very large; stipulation. plentiful. *LexiNgToNIA, æ. f. the name ofa Lîte, iüs, issime. adv. abroad, far place—Lexington. abroad, far and wide, videly. *LexiNgToNIENsIs, is, e. adj. ofor Lítinus, a, um. adj. Latin or Qf belonging to Lexingtom. the people of Latium. LibeLLus, i. m. dim. a libel. Latium, ii. n. the name of a coun LiBENTER v. LÜBENTER, adv. wil try—Latium. lingly, j lv. Lìtus, a, um. adj. broad, large, „£%£%*í invard bark or ample, vide. rind of a tree ; a book or work LÄtus, ëris. m. a side. writtem. LAudo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to Liber, ëra, érum. adj. free. praise ; to commend; to name LibärÄLis, is, e. adj. gentleman one with honour. like ; liberal, free, generous. LÄvo, áre et ére, lävi, lautum, lö Lîbïrätor, öris. m. a deliverer, a tum, et lávátum. act. to wash; releaser. to purge. Libère, adv. liberally, frankly, “LAurentius, ii. a mam's name— freely. Laurens. Libíró, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to set IAus, dis. f. praise, commenda free ; to eztricate; to release. tion ; glory, renown. LiBERtAs, ätis. f. liberty, free Lector, ? m. a reader. dom. Lectus, a, um. adj. choice, fine, Líbet, libuit et libitum est. impers. excellent. it pleases or contents. Lectus, i et ùs. m. a bed to lie or Lfbido, inis. f. one's will, humour; eat on; a couch. lust; any wnbridled passion. Lìgìtio, önis. f. an embassy ; a LfcENTiA, æ. f. license, excess, lieutenancy. licentiousness. LÈgitus, i. m. an ambassador; Licet, ëbat, licuit et “ficitum est. an envoy; a lieutenant. impers. it is lauful; it is free fLiigio, önis. f. a reginent. or possible; I, thou, he, we, &c. LÈgo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. t0 send have power, authority, or leave as an ambassador; to despatch. to do tt. LÈgo, êre, légi, lectum. act. to *LINcoLNIUs, ii. a man's name— choose ; to read. Lincoln. LÉNio, ire, ivi et fi, itum. act. LINGUA, æ. f. the tongue ; a lan to appease; to pacífy ; to guage. soothe. LINTER, tris. f. v. m. a little boat, LÉNiTAs, ätis. f. mildness. a wherry. LÉNiter, adv. gently. LiNUM, i. n. flax. LENTE, adv. slowly, slackly, lei Líquet, impers. it appears ; it is surely. sure, clear, certain, and mani 258 lus VOCABULARY. mani
fest; it vs apparent or well LUstro, are, ävi, âtum. act to knowm. traverse. Lis, litis. f. any strife or dispute ; LUx, lücis. f. light; day ; life a quarrel. LYRA, æ. f. a harp. LiTÉRA, ae. f. a letter of the alpha bet; a letter or epistle. M. Lîrërae, ärum. f. pl. an epistle or MÄcHiNA, æ. f. am engine. letter; writings, deeds ; learn MÄcÜLA, æ. f. a spot or stain; a ing : literæ Latinæ, the Latin fault ; a blemish. tongue. MÆstitiA, æ. f. Vid. Moestitia. LitärÄRIUs, a, um. adj. belonging MÄgis, adv. more ; rather. to letters amd learming. MÄgistrÄtus, üs. m. magistracy, Litus, öris. n. the shore, the coast. a magistrate. *LIvINGsTONIUs, ii. a man's name MA G N Â N i MiT A s, ätis. f. cour —Livingstom. age, magnanimity, greatness of LöcUs, i. m. pl. löci et lóca, a spirit. place, room, or stead ; opportu MAGNiTÜdo, înis. f. greatness, nity. magnitude. Lödix, icis. f. a blanket. MAGNöPÈRE, adv. greatly, ezceed LONDINIENsIs, is, e. adj. of or re ingly. lating to Londom. MAGNus, a, um, adj. great, large, LoNGE, adv. loci. far from, a powerful, difficult. great distance off; agreat while; MÄjestAs, ätis. f. superiority, excecdingly, very much, a great majesty. dcal. MÄJor, or, us. comp. greater, LoNGülus, a, um. adj. dim. some elder; momentous, importamt. what long. MÄJöREs, um. pl. m. ancestors ; LoNGUs, a, um. adj. long, tedious. forefathers. Insula Longa, Lomg Island. MÄiUs, i. m. the month called May. Löquor, löqui, löcütus v. löquü MÄLE, adv. pejus, comp. pessime, tus. dep. to speak; to discourse. superl. ill. LöTus,a,um. part. [a lavo] washed, MÄlo, mälüi, malle, to be more bathed, rinsed, made cleam; willing ; to wish rather. dyed. MÄLUM, i. n. subst. vice ; an evil; LÜÊEt, impers, it pleases. misfortune, difficulty, danger. LÜcEsciT, impers. v. LUcisciT. it MÄLUs, a, um. adj. evil ; unjust; is day, it is bright day, it grows hurtful ; bad. light. MANcus, a, um. adj. defective ; LÜcesco, ëse, —, —. incept. to weak ; imperfect. grow clear, to grow light. MANDÄTUM, i. n. a commission, a Lücrifício, êre, fëci, factum. act. command or charge; injunction, to make gain qf. mandate. LücülENtus, a, um. adj. clear. MANDo, äre, ävi, âtum. act. to *LUDovicus, i. a man's mame commit to ome's charge ; to send Lewis. away. Lüdus, i. m. a school. MÄNE, subst. n. nom. acc. et abl. LÜgeo, êre, uxi, uctum. act. to the morning, day-light. mourn; to lament; to bewail. MÄNeo, êre, si, sum. neut. to LUo, ère, ui, itum. act. to pay; to tarry ; to stay ; to wait; to re suffer punishment or death. maim. UsiTANus, a, um. adj. Portu MÄNiFESTUs, a, um. adj. manifest, gue se—subst. X % a Portuguese, & clear, plain, evident. 257 VOCABULARY. miet Miwîpülä*m, adv. by bands or MÉMÍNI, Memento, Meminero, companies. Meminisse. verb. defect. to re MÄnipùlus, i. m. v. MÄNipLus. a nember; to make mentiom of. handful; a band or company of MÉMor, öris. adj. mindful, remiem soldiers under one captain. bering. MÄNo áre, ävi, ätum. neut. to MÉMöräbflis, is, e. adj. memor flow. able, renouomed. MÄNöwitro, ère, misi, missum. MÉMökÄto, abl. et ui, dat. a re act. to manumit; to enfranchise. hearsal, a remembrance. Mínus, ûs. f. a hand ; u band of MÉMöriA, æ. f. memory; remem soldiers. brance. MÄrae, is. m. the sea. MÉMöríter, adv. by heart, with MÄririmus, a, um. adj. of or be out book. longing to the sea. MÉMöro, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to MÄritus, i. m. subst. ex adj. & tell; to make mentiom or speak married man, a husband. of. Maewöreus, a, um. adj. made of wá, tis. f. the minud, thought, marble. design. MAro, önis. m. Virgil's swrname. MENsA, æ. f. a table, & board. MArpesius, a, um. adj. Marpesian. MENsis, is. m. a month. MArs, tis. m. the heathen god of MENsoR, öris. m. a surveyor of war, var. land. MArrius, a, um. adj. belonging to MENtio, önis. f. mention or a war, martial ; belonging to the speaking of. month of March. MENtior, iri, itus. dep. to lie; to MÄter, tris. f. a mother. counterfeit; to imitate ; to feign. MÄteria, æ. f. et MÄtÉrtes, ei. f. MENtitus, a, um. part. dep. hav matter, stuff; materials. ing lied, having deceived—pass. MÄthêm ítícA, æ. et MÄTHÈMí feigned, false. tice, es. f. mathematics. Merces, édis. f. wages or hire; MÄthêMÄticus, a, um. adj. of or consideration. belonging to mathematics. MercuriUs, ii. m. the metal mer MÄtÜre, adv. early ; quickly. cury. MÄtúro, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to MÉREo, ère, ui, itum, et MÉReor, hasten. éri, ritus. dep. to earn ; to de MAxiMe, adv. superl. most, most serve ; to receive pay for service of all : quam maxime, in the best tem var. mammer. MERgo, êre, si, sum. act. to im MAxiMUs, a, um. adj. sup. great merse ; to overwhelm. est, largest; very great, most MÉRiDiEs, i. m. noon-tide ; mid mighty ; eldest. day ; midnight; the south. MÉDicÄMEN, inis. m. any sort of MÉRiTo, adv. worthily, deservedly, * medicine. rightly. MÉDiciNA, æ. f. physic, medicine. MÉritUM, i. n. a hire, reucnrd; Mëdïcus, a, um. adj. physical. desert or merit ; excellence. MÉDicUs, i. m. a physician ; sur MERx, cis. f. any kind of mer geom. chandise, commodities. MÉDtocriter, adv. indifferently. Messis, is. f. a harwest. MÉDIUM, i. n. the midst or Ä. MÉTA, æ. f. a turning ; the limit MÉdius, a, um. adj. the middle. or end. MÉLivs, adv. better in all respects. MÈtor, äri, ättis. dep. to set out MEMBRUM, i. m. a member or limb. a camp. 258 mis VOCABULARY. mor Mërvo, ère, ui, ütum. act. to fear; MfsÊror, äri, ätus. dep. to pity; to be cautious. to compassiomate. MÈtus, ús. m. fear, dread; care. Missio, ónis. f. a despatch, a mis Miles, itis. c. g. a soldier ; the suom. soldiery. *MississiPiENsis, is, e. adj. of or Militäris, is, e. adj. military. belonging to the Mississippi. IMilitia, æ. f. the being a soldier, Mitto, êre, misi, missum. áct. to warfare ; employment or serv send; to dismiss. ice ; the militia or soldiery. MöDÉRÄMEN, inis. m. maragement, MiLLE, m. indecl. in sing. a thou comduct, guidamce. sand—plu. millia, ium, ibus. MöDÉRÄTor, öris. m. a governor, MILLÉsiMUs, a, um. adj. the thou a ruler, a director, a regulator. sandth. MöDÉRÄTUs, a, um. adj. mode MiLLiARE, is. m. a mile. rate, discreet, temperate. MiLLiAruum, ii. n. a mile. MöDÉRor, äri, átus. dep. to mode MÎNae, ärum. f. pl. threats, men rate; to bound ; to govern ; to
ezces. - rule ; to regulate. v MiNiME, adv. sup. least or fewest; MöDEsTIA, æ. f. temperance, mo *not at all, by ho means; least deration, calmness ; modesty. of all. MöDEsTUs, a, um. adj. moderate, MiNiMUM, i. m. subst. ex adj. the sober. least. Möpo, adv. just now, even now; MiNiMUs, a, um. adj. [superl. a á while ago, a little while since ; parvus] the least or smallest. sometimes—sometimes,provided MiNister, tri. m. minister, assist that; only. amt. MöDUs, i. m. measure, rule, ordem, MiNistro, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to manner, method. afford ; to yield ; to give. MoestitiA, æ. f. sadness, mourn MiNito, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to fulness. threatem. MölEsTiA, ae. f. trouble. MiNiror, äri, átus. dep. to threaten MoLiMEN, inis. n. a project, enter sore ; to menace. prvse. MiNor, us. less, smaller; younger. MoLLiTER, adv. softly, gently, Μíxor, äri, ätus. dep. to threaten ; nicely. to memace. MöMENTUM, i. n. value, moment, MÎNöres, um. pl. et adj. owr suc importance. cessors, posterity. MöNEo, ère, ui, itum. act. to ad Míxuo, êre, ui, ütum. act. to di monish ; to put one in mind; to minish ; to lessen; to impair. advise ; to counsel ; to warm. MiNus, adv. less ; less than. MöNiTUM, i. n. advice, counsel, ex MirácúlUM, i. n. a miracle. hortatiom. MiRANDUs, a, um. part. wonder MöNiTUs, a, um. part. advised, ad ful; admirable. »monished. Mire, adv. womderfully, strangely, *MoNoNGAHELA, æ. f. the name of extremely. a river—the Monomgahela. Mirus, a, um. adj. wonderful, ex MoNs, tis. m. a mountain : Mons cellent. Regius, Montreal. Misceo, êre, cui, mistum et mix MoNstro, áre, âvi, ä£um. act. to
tum. act. to mingle ; to mix; to & - put into confusion. *MoNUMÉTHA, æ. f. the name of a Miser, ëra, érum. adj. miserable, place—Monmouth. pitiful. MöRA, æ. f. a delay, 259 mun VOCABULARY. ne Morbus, i. m. a disease, sickness. Münus, ëris. m. a gift; a reward, Mörior, móri, mortuus. dep. neut. a bribe ; a benefit, a favour ; leg. et moriri, to die. duty, or office. Möror, äri, átus. dep. to stay;*to Murmur, üris. n. a murmur. delay; to dwell ; to stop. MÜRus, i. m. a wall. *Morrisius, ii. a man's name— Mùs A, æ, f. a muse ; a song. IMorris. MÜtátio, önis. f. a changing, *MorristoNiA, æ. f. the name of a shifting; mutatiom. place-Morristown. Mütätus, a, um. part. altered, Mors, tis. f. death. changed. MortÄlis, is, e. adj. mortal; hu MÜto, áre, âvi, ätum. act. freq. mam, earthly. to change; to alter. Mortuus, a, um. part, dead. MÜTuus, a, um. adj. mutual, re Mos, móris. m. a manner, custom; ciprocal, ome amother. a temper, humour, or nature; moral virtue or vice ; morals. N. Mötus, ùs. m. a motiom. Moveo, ère, mövi, mötum. act. to NAMqUe, conj. for. move ; to stir up ; to cause, NANciscor, i, nactus. dep. to ligit Mulceo, êre, si, sum et mulctum. wpon ; to find; to come by; to act. to soothe ; to appease; to get, assuage; to calm ; to pacify. *NAPoLEoN, önis. a man's name Mvlcto, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to —-Napoleom. fine, &c. Vid. Multo. NARRÄtio, ónis. f. a narration. MuliÉbris, is, e. adj. of or belong NAscor, i, nátus. dep. to be born; ing to a female. to spring ; to arise. Multitúdo, inis. f. a mumber; a NÄsUs, i. m. a nose. multitude. NÄsÜtus, a, um. adj. ome that has Multo, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to fine; a great mase, to punish. NÄtÄLEs, ium. pl. m. lineage; Multo, adv. by much, far, long, family ; parentage, descent, or a great deal or while. extraction. MultuM, adv. much ; frequently, NÄtÄLis, is, e. adj. belonging to a very oftem; lomg before, far for man's birth or nativity ; born ward: cum adj. very, ezceeding. in, a native. Multus, a, um. adj. many; much; NÄtio, önis. f. a nation, people, or frequent, oftem; lomg, prolix. country. MuNdus, i. m. the world. NÄtÜRA, æ. f. nature. MÜNIA, órpm. n. pl. offices, duties. NÄTus, a, um. part. born. MÜNiciPiUM, ii. n. any city or NÄvÄLis, is, e. adj. naval. town corporate. NÄvigÂTIo, ömis. f. navigation. MÜNiFicE, ady. boumtifully, freely, NÄvigiUM, ii, n. any sort of ship largely, or wessel. MÜNiFicENTiA, ae. f. munificence, NÄvîgo, äre, ävi, ätum. act. ta liberality. sail; to mavigate. MÜNiMENTUM, i. n. a fortificatiom; NÄvis, is. f. a ship, a bark.
a rampart. - NÄvo, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to per MÜNIo, ire, ivi, itum. act. to for form earnestly, vigorously, or tify; to strengthen. diligently. ' MÜNitio, ónis. f. fortification. NAUTA, æ. m. a sailor. MÜNitUs, a, um. part. fortified, NE, adv. not : conj. that not; so secured, strengthened. as nQt, 260 - nihi VOCABULARY. nos Nec, conj. neither; nor; not, not NihilöMiNus, adv. p. Nihílo wí even; nor yet. NUs, no less ; motwithstanding, NÈcessário, adv. necessarily, in nevertheless. dispensably, of necessity. NihîlUM, i. n. nothing. Νëcessários, a, um. adj. neces Nil, contr. pro Nihil. indecl sary or unavoidable ; of neces nothing; nothing at all. sity, induspensable ; needful. Nímis, adv. too much or too little ; NÉcęssitAs, ätis. f. necessity; exceedingly, very. force ; familiarity. NÎMIUM, adv. too much, overmuch; INÉcessitúdo, inis. f. wnavoidable very much, very. necessity, great need. Nímiús, a, um. adj. too much, ex INegligo, êre, exi, ctum. act. to orbitant, excessive. fueglect. Nisi, conj. if not, except, unless. NÉgo, áre, ävi, âtum. act. to deny; Nisus, ús. m. endeavour, an effort. to refuse. Nitor, i, nixus, et nisus. dep. to NÉgötium, ii. n. any affair, mat endeavour; to labour; to strive. ter, orthing. Nitrítus, a, um. adj. mixed with *NelsoNius, ii. a man's mame— mitre : pulvis mitratus, gunpow Nelsom. NÉwo, inis. c. g. nobody: no one. Nix, nivis. f. enow. Nempe, adv. I that is, to vit; Nöbilitas, ätis. f. nobility; the namely. nobility or noblemen. NÈMus, öris. n. a wood or grove ; NocTURNUs, a, um. adj. of or per the trees of a wood. taining to night; íy night or *Neo-CaesAriensis, is, e. adj. of rne, cwc. 9r belonging to New-Jersey. Nölo, monwis, nolle, lui. to be un *NEo-Eboracensis, is, e. adj. willimg. of or belonging to New-York. NöMEN, inis. m. a word, title ; a NÈQUE, conj. neither, nor, &c. family ; name or reputation ; a Vid. Nec. ?matanae. INëqueo, ire, ivi, itum. neut. can NoN, adv. mot. not; not to be able; to be unable. NöNae, ärum. pl. f. the nones of NÉQuicquAw, adv. in vain, to no every month. pwrpose. NöNÄGINTA, adv. ninety. NÈQUis, néqua, nëquid v. mequod. NoNDUM, adv. not yet, not as yet. lest any one orthing. NoNNiHiL, n. indecl. somewhat, a INERvus, i. m. a merve, a sinew: little. nervi. plur. strength, force, pow NoNNULLUs, a, um. gen. ius. adj. er, vigour. some, something, a little. INescio, ire, ivi, itum. neut. to be NoNNUNQUAM, adv. sometimes, ignorant; not to know, wot, or now and then. tell. NÖNUs, a, um. adj. the ninth. Neuter, tra, trum. gen. ius, dat. NoRMA, æ. f. law, form. i. neither the one mor the other; Nos, nostrùm v. nostri, nobis. pl. neither of the two. ab ego. we. NÉve, nor, neither, and not. Nosco, êre, növi, motum. act. to *NewtoNius, ii. a man's name— know ; to discern. Newton. Nosmet, ourselves, we ourselves. Nex, nëcis. f. death. Noster, tra, trum. pron. ours, our Nexus, às. m. a connexion. ovcm; my, mine ; propitious. Ni, conj. $f not, except, unless. Nostras, ätis. olim NostrÄtis, Nihil, n. indecl. nothing. is, e. adj. of our or our own 261 nue VOCABULARY. oes country, sect, party, opinion, or Nürus, üs. f. any unmarried wo side. mum. Nöta, ae. f. a mark ; a sign, NusquAM, adv. in no place; no Nòto, áre, âvi, âtum, act. to stain; where; in no point. to censure; to note ; to mark NyctegresiA, æ. f. the mame of out; to distinguish; to express ; a play—Nyctegresia. to brand. “NovANglus, a, um. adj. of or re O lating to New-England—subst. OB, præp. regnt acc. for; on ac a Newc-Englander. count of; by reasom of; before Növitius, a, um. adj. newly made; or over against ; about. rotum. Ob*o, ire, ii v. ivi, itum. to come Novus, a, um. adj. mew : res no by or at; to discharge; to per vae, change of government; no Ä; to die. vissima acies, the rearmost ramk; Objecto, äre, ävi, âtum. freq. to novissimum agmen, the rear expose to. most body. OBJicio, êre, jéci, jectum. act. to NovA-Caesare A, æ. f. the name of put to; to object; to raise. a country—New-Jersey. Obitus, ûs. m. meeting ; death, Novum-EboracuM. n. the mame decease. of a place—New-York. OBIURgo, äre, ävi, âtum. act. to Nox, noctis. f. might. chide ; to rebuke ; to rate; to Nüdiustertius, adv. the day be reprimand; to reprove. fore yesterday, thrce days ago. OBLÁTUs, a, um. part. offered, Nüdus, a, um. adj. naked, uncov proffered. ered; destitute ; defenceless. Obliviscor, ci, litus. dep. to for Nullus, a, um. adj. gen. nul get; to omit; to pass by. lius, none, no ; nobody ; void, OBNoxius, a, um. adj. attached; null. obnoxious ; exposed to ; prone; NüMEN, Inis. n. the divine im inclined to. pulse ; a deity. Obscúro, äre, âvi, âtum. act to NüMÉRus, i. m. a number; mea darkem ; to hide ; to render ob .sure. scutre. NuMMus v. NÜMUs, i. m. a piece OBsEcRÄTus, a, um. part. ear of momey or coin; mamey. mestly besought. NuNc, adv. now, at present, at Obsecro, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to this time. beg or conjure; to beseech ; to NUNcio, áre, ävi, ätum. act. Vid. emtreat. Nuntio. Obsecror, äri, ätus sum. dep. to NuNciUs, ii. Vid. Nuntius. beseech, entreat. NuNcüpÄtus, a, um, part. called OBsícuNDo, áre, âvi, ätum. act. by name. to humour; to comply with. NuNcüpo, áre, âvi, âtum, act. to Obsíquor, ui, ütus. dep. to attend name; to call. to; to comply with; to sub NUNQUAM, adv. mever. mat to. NUNTio, áre, ävi, ätum. act. to ObsERvAtio, önis. f. am observixg; tell; to relate; to carry news ; observation. to acquaint. ObsERvo, äre, ävi, ätum. act. ta NuNTius, ii. m. a messenger; a watch ; to observe Mmessage, mews, or tidings. Obsessor, öris. m. a besieger. Nüpiërus, a, um. adj. late or mew; Obsessus, a, um, part. beset, bé ^ewly come or taken. sieged. 262 ] oct. VOCABULARY. opp Obsideo, êre, sëdi, sessum. neut. OcTo, adj. indecl. eight. et act. to besiege ; to surround ; Octöber, óbris. m. October. to enwirom. OcTögÉsiMUs, a, um. adj. the Obsidio, önis. f. a siege, ablockade. eightieth. Obsisto, êre, stiti, stitum. neut. OcTöGINTA, adj. indecl. fourscore. to stop; to hinder; to oppose ; OcüLUs, i. m. dim. an eye ; view,
t0 withstand. - sight. Obsitus, a, um. part. set, planted; ODIUM, ii. n. hatred, ill-will, ami overrum, overgrowm. mosity. Obsto, áre, stiti, stitum et státum. OfrENDo, êre, di, sum. act. to act. to interpose; to obstruct; offend ; to give offence to. to hinder. OFfíro, ferrc, obtúli, oblätum. Obstrictus, a, um. part. bound. act. to show ; to offer ; to inter ObstRINgo, êre, nxi, strictum. act. pose. to bind; to engage ; to entangle. Offîcio, êre, fëci, fectum. act. to OBTEMPÉro, äre, ävi, ätum. act. hinder; to obstruct. to comply with ; to act accord OFFicIUM, ii. m. business ; duty; ing to am omce. ObtiNgit, ëbat. præt. obtigit. to *OhioENsIs, is, e. adj. ofor belong £T; to chamce ; to fall to ing to the state of Ohio. lot. OLIM, adv. in time past; here ObtÜtus, ús. m. a looking at, an after. - earnest beholding. OMitto, êre, misi, ssum. act. to OBviAM, adv. in the way ; to meet omit; to put off; to defer. omne. OMNigêNUs, a, um. adj. of all ObviUs, a, um. adj. meeting in the kinds or sorts. way. OMNiNo, adv. wholly, entirely; an Occásio, ömis. f. occasion, oppor deed; in short. tunity; emergency. OMNis, is, e. adj. all; the whole ; OccÄsüs, ûs. m. sun-set; the west; every. fall, ruin. ONUsTUs, a, um. adj. ladem or OcciDENTÄLis, is, e. adj. belong loaded ; burdemed; filled with. ing to the west, western. OPÉRA, æ. f. work, labour. Occido, êre, i, sum. act. to kill ; OPINIo. önis. f. opiniom, judg to slay. memt ; esteem. Occisus, a, um. part. et adj. slain, OPíTüLor, äri, ätus. dep. antiq. killed. OPITULo, to help ; to assist. OccuMBo, êre, cübui, cübitum. OPoRTEo, êre, ui. pers. to behove ; neut. to die. to be needful. Occüpo, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to OPoRtET, ëbat, uit, êre. impers. seize ; to take possessiom; to it behoves ; it is meet or proper; hold; to employ; to occupy. it ought. Occurro, ère, i, rsum. néùt. to OPPÉRior, iri, rtus. dep. to stay,
^meet. - wait, or tarry for. Occurso, áre, ävi, ätum. freq. to OPPÉto, êre, ivi v. ii. Itum. act. run to often ; to be frequently to undergo; to suffer ; to die. in one's mind. OPPiDANUs, i. m. a citizem or OceÂNus, i. m. the oceam or main tompmsmam. & ea. OppidÜLUM, i. n. dim. a little 9ctìvus, a, um. adj. the eighth. tou/m. OctingeNti$simus, â, um. adj. the OPPfdUM, i. n. a walled towm ; a eight-hundredth. city. 263 orb VOCABULARY. par.
OpportÜNitas, ätis. f. seasonable ORDÎNÄtio, önis. f. a method; a ^ess, advantage. creation ; administratiom, go OpportÜNus, a, um. adj. fit, con ernmemt. venient, advantageous ; seasom ORDiNo, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to put able, opportune. in order; to regulate. Oppressus, a, um. part. pressed Ordior, iri, orsus et orditus. dep. down ; borne douom, oppressed, to begin or enter upon. !1 crushed ; vamquished, subdued. ORdo, inis. m. am order; series; Opprimo, êre, essi, essum. act. to disposal ; method; rank ; com operthrow; to destroy ; to sur dition ; a rank or file of sol prise. diers ; order, discipline. OpprobriuM, ii. n. a reproach or ORigo, inis. f. the head; a begin taumt. ming ; pedigree, lineage, or de OppugnÃtor, öris. m. an enemy; sc€mt. a besieger. ORioR, iri, ortus. dep. to rise ; to Oppugno, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to break out; to arise. assault. ORIUNDUs, a, um, part. deriving Ops, inus. öpis, gen. öpem, accus. pedigree from, descended from; öpe, abl. power, might; help, borm at. assus tamce. ORNÀMENTUM, i. n. attire ; an or Optátus, a, um. part. et adj. mamemt, a credit. wished, desired, or longed for. QRNÄTe,adv. elegantly, eloquently. OPTiMAs, ätis, c. g. belonging to ORNÀTUs, a, um. part. et adj. aristocracy: optimates,the great decked, adorned. ºmnem. ORNÄtus, üs. m. dress ; furni OPTiME, adv. Vid. Bene, very ture. well, best; most easily or con ORNo, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to adorn; veniently. to furnish; to arm or accoutre. OptiMUs, a, um. adj. sup. best, ORo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to beg ; most excellent, most beneficent. to emtreat ; to pray. Optio, ónus. f. a choice, option, or ORTUs, ús. m. birth ; extraction; electiom. rise. OPÜLENTUs, a, um. adj. potent, Os, öris. m. the mouth; tongue. mighty ; rich, wealthy. OsTENDo, êre, di, sum et tum. act. Opus, ëris. n. a work, a perform to show ; to make plain; to ance ; labour. manifest; to prope. Opus, subst. indecl. need, occa OTIUM, ii. n. leisure ; peace, pub stom. lic tranquillity. Opus, adj. indecl. needful, expe dient, mecessary. P. OPUscüLUM, i. n. dim. a small treatise or work. PÄciscor, cisci, pactus. dep. io ORA, æ. f. a coast, regiom, country. agree; to come to terms. OrÄcÜLUM, i. m. am oracle, an PÄco, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to sub swer from the gods ; a prophecy. due ; to bring into subjectiom; ORÄTI6, ónis. f. a speech; a dis to make tractable. course ; an oratiom ; am edict. PÄgus, i. m. a village or country ORÄToR, öris. m. a speaker; an towm. orator. PÄLAM, adv. openly, publicly; ORBÄTUs, a, um. part. destitute ; plainly, notoriously. bereft of; deprived of. PALLEsco, êre, —, — incept. to Orbis, is. m. a globe ; an orb. grow pale. 264 temtr VOCABULAR*. pem Pannus, i. m. any cloth, stuff, or Piffor, páti, passus. dep. to suf. clothing. fer ; to undergo ; to endure; Par, päris. adj. equal ; like. to let; to allow. P£Âtys, a, um. part. prepared, PATRiA, æ. f. one's country or fitted; ready, provideti. matice soil. Parco, ère, péperci et parsi, par PatrimöniuM, ii. neut. d palernat sum et citum. neut. to save ; to e&tate. reserve for; to forbear. PAtrius, a, um. adj. of or belong PÄrko, êre, rui,Tritum. neut. to vng to a father. obey; to comply with. PAtro, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to PÄriò, êre, pëpëii, partum et pär effect ; to perform ; to achiete. itum. act. to öring forth ; to ob PAUci, æ, a. adj. pl. few. tain ; to accomplish ; to cause ; PAUcüli, æ, a. adj. dim. very to occasiom. - feuo. *Partsiensis, is, e. adj. of or be PAULÄtiM, adv. by little and littte, longing to Paris, Parisian. by degrees. Parisii, orum. m. pl. the name of PAútisper, adv. a little while, for a place—Paris. a little while. PÄriter, adv. in the same pro PAULo, by a little, a little. portiom, equally ; in like man PAULUs, a, um. adj. very small or ner ; as well. little. PÄro, áre, ävi, âtum. act. to get PAUPEr, ëris. adj. poor ; needy. ready; to prepare; to design. PAx, äcis. f. peace ; quiet ; a HArs, tis. f.Ta part, a slare; a truce ; reconculiation. divisiom of; a side-pl. Partes, PEctus, öris. m. the ehest ; the a side or party. bosom or breaest ; the heart or PArtiM, adv. pártly ; some. mind. PArtus, a, um. part. gottem, ob PÉcúnia, æ. f. an estate ; money. tained, procured. PÉcus, öris. n. sheep, a flock. Parum, adv. little, but a little ; not Púcus, üdis. f. et m. a sheep ; a well, ill. bruzush man. Parvülus, a, um. adj. dim. very PÉpes, itis. c. g. on foot : pedes small, little. et pedites, foot soldiers—et sing. PArvus, a, um. adj. Minor, coin. pedes, foot, a body of foot. Minimus, sup. T little, small; PÉdester ®. Piëpestris, tris. tre, scanty ; inconsiderable ; weak. adj. on foot ; belonging to a PascuuM, i. m. subst. pasture. footman or foot soldier : Tpedes PAscuus, a, um. adj. serving for tris sermo, a prose discourse, pasture or grazing. the language of prose. PAssiM, adv. every where. Pellis, is. f. %%£; or hide of a PAssus, ús. m. a pace ; 4 step. beast : pelles, tents for $ol• PÄtífto, éri, factus. neut. to be duer$. discomered, detected, or disclosed. Pelto, êre, pépüli, pulsum. act. RÀreo, êre, ui, —-. neut. to be to drive or chase one away ; to opem ; to be opened; to spread repel. out. PENDEo, ère, pépendi. nsum. neut. PÄter, tris. m. a father or sire. to depend. PÄtiens, tis. part. suffering, bear Pesbo, êre, pépendi. -- act, to ing—adj. that can or will un think o/; to esteem ; to value } dergo or endure ; patient. to pay. PÄtiENtia, æ. f. patience, endw PÉne v. Paene, adv. almost. famce. 23 Pênes, præppraep. regit g acc. 366 under prem VOCABULARY. … per one's command; in ome's power; discharge or execute completely with. or fully. Pknetro, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to Pergo, êre, perrexi, rectum. neut. penetrate. to go, to advance, to proceed. PÉNitus, adv. deeply; thoroughly, PÈrhÜMÄNiter, adv. very kindly perfectly, entirely ; wholly, al or courteously. together. PÉricLitor, äri, ätus. dep. to be *PeNNsylvANiENsis, is, e. adj. of in dangeror peril; to endanger; or belomging to Pennsylvaniu. to bring into danger; to make *PENNsylvanus, a, um.adj.Penn experiment or trial of. sylvaniam—subst. a Pennsyl PÉricülösus, a, um. adj. danger tocumtam.* ous, hazardous, perilous. Per, præp. by ; by means of; be PÉricüLUM, i. n. peril, danger; tween ; through ; during. a trial, essay, experiment. PÉractus, a, um. part. perfect, PÉritiA, æ. f. knowledge, skill, finished ; past, spemt. skilfulness. PÉRAgro, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to PÉritus, a, um. adj. skilful, ex vpander; totravelower orthrough. pert, able. PÈRANgustus, a, um. adj. very PERLÄtus, a, um. part. brought, strait and marrow. carried, reported, told. Perbrèvis, is, e. adj. very short. Perlìgo, êre, légi, lectum. act. PErcello, êre, cüli, culsum. act. to read over; to read through. to overthrono ; to astomish. Perlongus, a, um. adj. very long Percitus, a, um. part. moved; orat a great distance ; very long passionate, fierce. or a great while. Percútio, ère, ssi, ssum. act. to PeRMAGNUs, a, um. adj. very large strike. or great. Perditus, a, um. part. et adj. PeRMÄNeo, êre, nsi, nsum. neut. lost. to abide; to stay ; to remain; PErdo, êre, didi, ditum, act. to to contimue. lose ; to ruin. PERMUltus,a,um. adj. very many; PerDÜco, êre, xi, ctum. act. to very much. lead ; to bring ome to. PÉrörÂtio, önis. m. the close or PÈREGRiNus, a, um. adj. foreign, last part of an oration or speech; strange; a stranger,a foreigner. a peroraton. PerfÄcile, adv. very easily or PERPEssus, a, um. part. kaving readily. suffered or emdured. Perfectus, a, um. part. finished, PERPiërior, i, pessus. dep. to suf. ended, completed; brought about fer ; to undergo. or to pass; performed, fulfilled. PEr PÉtUus, a, -um. adj. contin Perfíro, ferre, tüli, lätum. act. ual, uminterrupted, lasting; con to tell; to bring word of; to stant. report; to advise; to endure. Perplus, üris, adj. in sing. n. pl. Perficio, êre, fëci, fectum. act. perplures, plura et pluria, maìy ' to perfect; to complete ; to ef more, much more. fect; to accomplish. PERsAEPE, adv. very often. Perfügio, êre, fügi, itum. neut. PErscribo, êre, psi, ptum. act. to to fly for succour or shelter. write at large or throughout; to PErfuNCTus, a, um. part. having rccord; to write. gome through with ; being freed PER síquor, qui, quütus. dep. to from, by having performed. pursue ; to carry om, to go Perg;o*, gi, functus. dep. to through with. , VO(^AB rhtt UJILARY. pot, Persäviro, áre, ävi, ätum. act. Prêtas, ätis. f. devotion, religion, to persevere ; to persist. piety, affecti Persisto, êre, stiti, stitum. neut. Pigeo, êre, ui, — * neut. to think to abide; to continue ; to perse much of; to grieve. toere. Piget, impers. it irks, grieves, or Persolvo, êre, solvi, sölütum. repents. act. to pay thoroughly. Pignus, öris et ant. ëris. n. a PersöNA, æ. f. a personi, a person pledge ; a token. age; a character; a disguise. *PiNckNeyus, i. a man's name— Perspectus, a, um. part. Tet adj. Pinckney. plainly perceived, thoroughly *PitcAirNUs, i. a nmam's mame— seem understood. or Pitcairm. - Perspicio, êre, spexi, spectum. Pius, a, um. adj. pious ; affec act. to see or discover plainly ; ttomate. to understarud fully. PLÄcidus, a, um. adj. gentle ; Perspicuus, a, umi. adj. clear, quiet; easy, calm. perspicuous, explicit. PErstringo, êre, nxi, strictum. PLÄNE, adv. manifestly, plainly, evidently, clearly. act. to glance at it; lightly to PLAUdo, êre, si, sum. act. to com 1rum oper. Persuädeo, êre, suädi, suäsum. mend; to applaud. PlAUstruM, i. n. a cart or waim act. to persuade ; to advise. to carry loads upom ; a wagon. PertiNÄöiter, adv. obstinately, Plebs, plébis. f. the common peo tenaciously; resolutely, stur ple, one of the common people. PertiNeo, êre, tinui, tentum. neut. Plecto, êre, xi et ui, xum. act. . to punish. to reach ; to extenud; to pertain; fully, abundantly. to belong. PlêNe, adv. Perturbo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to PlêNUs, a, um. âdj. full; abound furnished with. disturb; to disorder. ing or PervêNio, véni, ventum. neut. Plërumque v. Plërunque, adv. ire, oftentimes, the most part. come; arrive at ; to be for to to Plöro, åre, âvi, âtum. act. tovcail; made known. . to lament. peevishness, ob PervicÃciA, æ. f. PLUMBeus, a, um. adj. oflead. stinacy ; resolutemess. more ob PlûrimuM, adv. most of all, very Pervîcîcius, adv. comp. most part. stinately, sturdily, obstinately. much ; for the Pes, édis. foot the measùre Plùrimus, a, um. adj. sup. very m. a ; many. of a foot, twelve inches; a foot much, very ofland. Plus, üris. in sing. m. pl. plures, plura et pluria, more. PessUNDo, äre, dédi, dätum. act. PLus, adv. more, longer, better. overthrow; to throw dowm ; to PLÜvia, æ. f. raim. to ruin ; to destroy. PÉtitio, önis. f. a petition. PópAgrA, æ. f. the gout in the act. eet. PÈto, êre, ii et ivi, itum. to P£. æ. f. punishment, penalty, entreat humbly ; to desire; to pann. beg of ome; to request; to crave; Pœniter, ébat, tuit, êre, impers. to seek after; to assail; to aim for. it repents. at; to make pertaining *Peytonius, ii. a nan's name— Poëticus, a, um. adj. Peyton. to a poet; poetical. Ρhilösöphus, m. a philosopher. Pölitia, æ. f. the government, i. policy. 267 VOCABUILARY. pra Pollfceor, éri, eitus. dep. to pro Postripie, adv. the next dayafter, mise ; to e. the day following. Pömum, i. ;'.:„, name of all Postülátio, önis. f. a request; 4 kinds of fruit tkat grows on desire ; a demand. trees. Postülátum, i. m. a petitiom, a Pòno, ére, sui et siwi, ajtum. act. demanud. to put; to e. Postùlo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to P.? tis. ;*; bridge : Regius desire; to require. Pons, Kingsbridge. Pötens, tis. part. et adj. potent, PöpülÄris, is, e. adj. popular powerful. subst. a countryman or woman; Pötentia, æ. f. power, ability; of the same breed or stock—pl. authority, infiuence. the multitude. Pötestas, ätis. f. power, gover*- Pöpülo, äre, ävi, ätum. aot. to ment, authority. waste; to ransack; to spoil. Pötior, iri, itus. dep. to possesa; Pöpülor, äri, ätus. dep. to plun to get; to eonquer. der; to waste. Pötis, is, e. adj. potior, com. po Pöpülus, i. m. a mation ; a peo tissimus, sup. able; possible, ple. good. Porrigo, öre, exi, ectum. act. to PötissiMUM, adv. sup. specially, stretch, reach. principally, chiefly, most of all, Porro, adv. further; moreover, preferably to others. furthermore, besides. Pöritus, a, um. part. having ob Porta, æ. f. the gate of a city, a tained, gotten, conquered. port. Pötius, adv. comp. rathei, more PortkNtvM, i. m. a prodigy. eligible, better. Porticus, ús. f. a porch or gal Prae, præp. regit abl. before; iw lery ; a portico. comparisom; for orby reasom of. Porto, áre, âvi, ätum, act. to Praebeo, êre, bui, bìtum. act. to carry; to bear. allow; to afford; to offer; to Posco, êre, pöposci, —. act. ta show; to give. ask far ; to demand. Praecädo, êre, cessi, cessum. act Possessio, önis. f. a possession, a to go before. property. Praeceptor, öris. m. a master, a p? êre, sëdi, sessum. act. tutor, an instructer. to possess ; to have or enjoy ; to Præceptum, i. n. a precept or rule ; a mazim ; a mandate; occupy. Possum, posse, pötui. neut. to be advice, instructiom. able; to have power. Praecfdo, êre, di, cisum. act. ta Post, præp. after; behind; since cut or chop qff; to clip. Post, adv. afterwards, after that. Præcipio, öre, cêpi, ceptum. act. PosteA, adv. afterwards. to instruct ; to dircct; to com Postírus, a, um. adj. that comes nand. 9r follows after: posterior, after, Praecipue, adv. particularly, es. later, worse : postremus,thelast, pecially, chiefly. the worst. Praecipüus, a, um. adj. chief, Posthábeo, êre, bui bìtum. act. principal, special. to set less by; to place or set Praecisus, a, um. part. cut off, behind; to esteem less. chopped, cut short. Postquam, adv. after that, as ; PraecLÀrus, a, um.adj. very cleat •t^tce. and bright; moble, r - IPostrimo,adv. 268 sup. p. lastly,lastly, finallyfinally. famous, excellent. prae VOCABULARY. pri PraecöNiuM, ii. n. fame, praise, PraesertiM, adv. especially. commendution. Praeses, idis. c. g. a president, a PraedA, ae. f. a prey or booty ; governor. spoil, pillage. PraesidiÂrius, a, um. adj. belong PraedÄtörius, a, um. adj. pil ing to a garrisom. laging or plundering. PraesidiuM, ii. neut. a garrison; PRÆdíco, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to a guard; a station, a post; a proclaim; to affirm ; to report; fortress, a defence, aid, succour. to boast; to vaunt of. PraesTÄBÎlis, is, e. adj. excellent. Praeditus, a, um. adj. endued Praesto, áre, stiti, stitum et stä with, having. tum. meut. et act. to execute ; to Praedüco, êre, xi, ctum. act. to nake ; to perform ; to show ; mark out beforehand. to exhibit ; to make good ; to Praefectus, i. m. any officer; a warrant ; to exccl; to surpass; commander, a governor. to exceed—impers. it is better. Praefîro, ferre, túli, lätum. act. PraesUM, esse, fui. neut. to be in to bear before ; to prefer. authority ; to have the charge, Prae*îcio, êre, féci, fectum. act. rule, or oversight. to set over; to give in charge. PRÆTER, præp. except, beside. Praefigo, êre, xi, xum. act. to P R AE T É R e A, adv. furthermore, fasten or stick before. moreover, besides. PraejüdiciuM, ii. m. a prejudice. PRÆTÉrEo, ire, ivi v. ii. itum. act. Praeltor, äri, ätus. dep. to fight to go or pass by or over ; to let tra battle ; to contend. pass. - - PraeliUM v. ProeliuM, i. n. a PRAETERMItto, êre, misi, issum. battle, a fight; an engagement, act. to omit; to forget; to leave a combat. undone ; to let pass. Praemitto, êre, misi, ssum. act. PRÄtUM, i. n. a meadow. to send before. PrÄvus, a, um. adj. wicked, dis PraeMiuM, ii. n. a reward. a duc honest, depraved.. recompense. Praxis, eos. f. the doing any Praemöneo, êre, ui, itum. act. to thimg ; the practice of any art forewarn or pursuit. PÈaeMöNitus, ûs. m. a foretelling PRÉcis, gen. ci, cem. ce. pl. pre or forewarning. ces, um, ibus. f. a suit or en Praesobilis, is, e. adj. o/ high treaty ; a prayer, a supplicatuom. rank,very distinguished in rank. Prícor, âri, ätus. dep. to pray ; PraeNuNTiA, æ. f. a foreteller. to supplirale; to beg ; to entreat. Praeoccüpo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. PRÉMo, êre, essi, essum. act. to to seize uyom beforehand ; to press, weigh, o, sink down ; to anticipate. oppress ; to constravn. BraepöNo, êre, sui, situm. act. to PREstoNiUs, ii. u muum's name— place before ; to prefer ; to set Prestom. opem*. PRÉtigM, ii. m. esteem, value, Praepösitus, a, um. part. set opcr, worth, honour, account. made chef commander. PriDEM, adv. prius, comp. primum, Praescribo, êre, psi, ptum. aet, sup. qu. prius die, lately, some to prescribe ; to dietate ; to ap while since, long ago. poimt. PRiMÄrius, a, um. adj. chief, prin PraeseNs, tis. part. et adj. present. cipal. PraesentiA, æ. f. presenee ; the Pri$tóres, um. pl. m. the nobles pr esent. Y 2 or gentry. 269 -mo ' voCABULARY. pro Priwum, adv. first, in the first Prödo, êre, idi, itum. act. to Le place, the first time. tray. PÉimus, a, um. adj. first, chief. Pröfecto, adv. really ; tndeed, Princeps, ipis. adj. first, chief, truly, assuredly. principal-subst. a chief, 4 gov Próriseo, ferre, tüli, lätum. act. Ernor or ruler; any presisling to produce ; to extend; to pro officer. long ; to protract. *PRincetoNiA, ae. f. the name of a Pröficuscoa, ci, fectus. dep. to pluce—Princetom. advance ; to come; to go; ta PhixcipÅtus, ùs. m. principality, march. sopereignty, dominion, Pröfiteor, éri, fessus. dep. ta Principium, ii. n. a beginning. profess; to enlist for a soldier: Prior, us. com. primus, sup, the profiteri nomina, to enlist. former. Pröfúsus, a, um, part. poured Pkistinus, a, um. adj. ancient, out—adj. wasteful, profuse,pro» former. digal, lavish. Privátus, a, um. bereft or Prögrìdioe, di v. diri, gressus. deprived; void a) dep. to come ar go forth ; to ad. Privátus, a, um. adj. private. vamce. Privo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. *o de* PRöhíbeo, êre, bui, bitum. act. to prive. prohibit; to hinder; to debar. Prius, adv. comp. before. PröMöveo, êre, móvi, mötum. act, PriusquAm, adv. before that. et neut. to advance ; to pro Ph9, præp. for, as, according to; mote ; ta enlarge ; to extend; before ; oh aecount of. to prolomg. PröbÂtus, a,um. part. et adj. tried, PrömuLgo, äre, ävi, âtum. act. to proved, allowed ; well liked of. noise abroad; to proclaim. Pröbe, adv. well, PrcpÄgo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to Pröbitas, ätis. f. goodness, hom increase; to enlarge. esty, virtue, probity. PaöpE, adv. propius, comp. prox Próbo, áre,' ävi, âtum. act. to ime, sup. nigh, near to, by, be prove; to apprope ; to try. side, almost. Pröbus, a, um. adj. honest, virtu PröpädieM, adv. shortly, within ous, good. a few days or a short time. Paöcëdo, êre, cessi, cessum. neut. Pröpello,[êre, püli, pulsum. act. to proceed, to march on. to repulse; to keep off. Pröcërus, a, um. adj. high, tall, Pröpää», adv. speedil;, in haste lofty; long. Pröpäre, àre, ävi, ätüm. act. to Pröclivis, is, e. adj. et ProcLi do quickly—neut. to hasten. vus, a, um. down hill ; inclined. Pröpinquus, a, um. adj. neigh PeöcuL, adv. far, far off, fqr bouring-subst. a neighbour. from. PröpöNo, êre, sui, sjuiii. act. to Pköcumbo, êre, cübui, bìtum. n. propose ; to set before one ; ta to fall in battle ; to be slain. offer; to proffer. Procürätor, öris. m. an admin PröpösituM, i. n. a purpose, an istrator, an agent, a solicitor. intent, qm aim or emd. Prödeo, ire, jvi v. ii, itum. n. to Proprius, a, um. adj. peculiqr. go or come forth ; to murch Propter, præp. for, by regson of, forth ; to go or came aut. ^mear to. PÉódítor, öris. m. 4 traitar. or Proptêre A, adv. for that cause. betrayer. PaöPugnäcüLUM,'i. n. 4 fort, 4 P*ânîrîs, É" a,a, um.um. part.part. betrayed.betraye buhpqrk. pue VOCABULARY. qtfa Pröpugnátor, öris. m. a defender. PuBLicus, a, um. adj. publie, com PröpUGNo, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to mon, opem. fight or contend for; to defend. Püdor, öris. m. shame. Prorsus, adv. altogether, entirely, PUER, ëri. m. a child, a boy. utterly, wholly. PugnA, æ, f. a fight, engagement, PrösÄpiA, æ. f. a race, family. battle, skirmish. Prösíquor, qui, cütus. dep. to PUGNATUR, impers. they fight. pursue ; to accompany; to at PUGNÀtus, a, um. part. fought. temd. PUGNo, áre, âvi, âtum. neut. to Prospectus, ûs. m. a prospect or fight; to oppose. view ; sight. PULCHER, chra, chrum. adj. val Prospicio, êre, spexi, spectum. iant, fair, beautiful, excellent, act. to vicw; to foresee; to dis glorious, honourable. corper. PULCHRE, adv. stoutly, beauti Prosto, äre, stiti, stitum. neut. to fully. stamd out; to stand io be hired PULLus, a, um. adj. blackish ; be or sold. longing to a funeral or mourm PrösUM, pródes, desse, fui, neut. vng. to do good ; to profit; to ad PULMO, önis. m. the lungs. vantage. PULvis, ëris. m. et f. dust, powder. Rrövectus, a, um. part. et adj. PUNCTUM, i. n. a point. carricd along ; advanced. PURGÂTus, a, um. part. et adj. ez Prövöho, êre, vexi, vectum. to cused. carry on ; to comvoy ; to ad PURPÜRÄTUs, a, um. part. clad in vancc; to promnote. purple ; a nobleman, a courtier. PröväNio, ire, véni, ventum. neut. PurPÜRo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to to come forth ; to procecd; to be make of a purple colour. produced; to happen. PÜRUs, a, um. adj. pure; open; IPRövidENtiA, æ. f. foresight, prov sacred, holy ; pure; upright. idemce. Püto, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to think, Frövideo, êre, vidi, visum. act. to ta consider; to esteem. foresee ; to provide; to prevent; to provide against. Q. ProvidUs, a, um. adj. foreseeing; provident, circumspect, wise. QUÄcUNQUE, adv. which way so PRöviNciA, ae. f. a province. eoer. PröviNciälis, is, e. adj. provin QuADRINGÉNi et QuADRigêNI, cial. QUADRINGENtENi et QUAdRI. ProUt, adv. even as, like, accord cÉNI, æ, a. adj. pl. four hundred, img as. QUaero, êre, sivi, situm. act. to ProxiMiTAs, ätis. f. mearness, ask; to seek. proximity. QUAM, conj. v. adv. how : tam— ProxiMUs, a, um. Adj. sup. near quam, as well—as; very, very est, meaet. much ; after, after that; as PRÜDENs, tis. adj. sagacious, pru nuch as ; as lomg as ; rather dent, wise, careful, skilful. tham : quam maxime, as much PrüdentiA, æ. f. wisdom, pru as possible; quam amplissimus, dence, discretiom. as ample as possible, &c. PUBLicÃtio, önis. f. a publishing; QuAMOBREM, adv. wherefore, for a confiscation of goods. which cause. PUBLíco, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to QUAMQUAM, conj. although, hono canfiscate. ever. 27] qut VOCABULARY. ■ Art Quamvis, conj. albeit, although. QuiNQUÄgisfuus, a, um. adj. the Quando, adv. when ? at what time; fiftieth. since or seeing that. QUINQUENNIUM, ii. n. the space of QuANDöquidem, conj. for as much five years. as,seeing that, because, whereas. QUINTiLis, is. m. the month of QuANQuAM. Vid. Quamquam. July. QuANtuM, adv. as far as, how or QUINtUs, a, um. adj. pro QUINc as, how much. tus, the fifth. Quantumvis,conj.albeit, although. Quippe, adv. for, because, as be QuANtus, a, um. adj. how great, ing. hono much ; as much or as great QuisNAM,quænam, quodnam, who? cis. which ? what ? what. QuÄpropter, adv. v. conj. for Quisque, quæque, quodque, every which reasom. man, evcry one, every thing; QuÄre, adv. wherefore ? for which whosoever, whatsoever. reasom. Quisquis, m. et f. quid, quod. neut. Quartus, a, um. adj. the fourth.. whosoever, whatsoeper; anyone. Quîsi, adv. as if; as it were ; in Quivis, quævis, quidvis v. quod a manner; almost. vis. whosoever, any one. Quîtio, êre, ssi, ssum. act. to Quo, adv. et conj. whither; by shake. how much ; because. QuAtriduuM, i. n. the space of QuoAD, adv. as long as ; as far four days. as ; as to, with respect to. QuAtuor, adj. pl. indecl. four. QuócircA, conj. wherefore, there QuatuordáciM, pl indecl. four fore. teem. QuöcuNQUE, adv. whithersoever. Que, conj. and ; also; or. Quod, pro QuoAD, so far as, so QUeo, ire, ivi, itum. defect. to be much as. able ; to may or can. QUod, conj. that ; because ; as; QuìriìlA, æ. f. a complaint. forasmuch as ; since. QuęrimöNA, æ. f. a complaint. QuóMiNUs, adv. the less ; that— Quìror, quéri, questus. dep. to 7not. complain. Quömödo, adv. after which fashion Qui, quæ, quod. pron. who, which; or mammer; how. who? what ? QuoNDAM, adv. formerly, hereto QuiA, conj. cum indic. et subj. be ore. cause, for as much as, for that. qά. conj. simce that, for as Quicunque, quæcunque, quod rmuch as ; because. cumque, whosoever, whatsoeper. QUöQUE, conj. also. QuidAM, quædam, quoddam et Quot, indecl. plur. so many as. quiddam, some certain person or QuötANNis, adv. every year, year thing. by year, yearly. QuidEM, adv. truly, indeed. QUöTiDiE, adv. every day, day by QuiLíbet, quælibet, quodlibet v. day, daily. quidlibet, whosoever you will; QUUM, adv. when- conj. since, any one. whereas. QuiN, adv. et conj. why not ? but, but that. R. QuINDÉcm, adj. pl. indecl. fifteen. QUINDÉNi, æ, a. adj. pl. fifteen. RÄdix, icis. f. a root. QUINGENTI, æ, a. adj. pl. five hun *RANDoLpHius, ii. a man s name dred. IRandolph. 272 rec VOCABULARY. rrji. RÄtíò, ónis. f. reutsom ; regard; a RÉcüpìro, áre, âvi, âtum. act.to cause ; a design or purpose; recover ; to regain. q. tray ; a mammer ; am expe RÉcurro, ère, curri, cursum. neut. diemt ; a comditiom ; a reckoming to rum back ; to retreat. or account; purport, method. RÉcüso, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to IRÄTus, a, um. part. et adj. act. refuse ; to deny. judging, belicving, thinking, REddo, êre, didi, redditum. act. supposing. to render ; to restore ; to give; IRÉbellis, is, e. adj. rebellious, to recompense; to pay. rebelling. REDEo, ire, ivi et ii, itum. neut. RÉcÉdo, ère, ssi, ssum. meut. to to returm ; to come to. retire ; to withdraw ; to retreat. RÈDigo, êre, égi, actum. act. to RicENs, tis. adj. new, fresh ; bring back again ; to constrain. newly or latcly made or dome; RÉDINTEGRo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. late, recent, modern. to refresh ; to renew. RÉcENs, adv. freshly,lately,nevely, RÉditus, ûs. m. a return. qf late. RÉdüco, ère, xi, ctum. act. to RÉcENsEo, êre, sui, sum et situm. bring or lead back. act. to muster ; to view ; to sur RÉDux, ücis. c. g. brought or ro vey. turned again ; returning. RÉcENsitus, a,um. part. reviewed, Riìfìro, ferre, tüli, lätum. act. to mumbered carry back ; to bring ; to pro RÉceptuM, i. n. an engagement pose; to betake ; to yield; ta or promìse. impute : referre pedem, to yiell RÉceptus, üs. m, a retreat, a re ground. tiring. RÉfertus, a, um. part. et adj. RÉcessus, üs. m. a retiring ; a full. place of retirement. Reficio, êre, fëci, fectum. to re RÉcipio, êre, cêpi, ceptum. act. pair; to amend; to renew. to receive ; to betuke ; to retreat. RÉformido, äre, âvi, âtum. act. Riîcîto, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to to fear much ; to dread greatly. read out aloud. RÉGÀLis, is, e. adj. royalor kingly; RicoNditus, a, um. part. et adj. imperial, princely. hidden, laid up. RÉgfo, önis.Tf. a country, a regiom. RÈcoNDo, êre, didi, ditum. act. to RÉgius, a, um. adj. of a king; hide; to lay up ; to hoard. royal. RicoRDátus, a, um. part. remem REGNUM, i. n. a kingdom ; rule or bering. government. Riìcordor, äri, ätus. dep. to call Riîgo, êre, rexi, rectum. act. to to mind; to remember. rule ; to goverm.
REcte, adv. well, aright, rightly, RÉgÜLA, æ. f. a rule. - becomingly, fitly. Rejectio, ónis. f. a rejecting or RecTor, öris. m. a governor; a refusing. τuler. Rejicio, êre, jéci, jectum. act. to REctUM, i. n. homesly, integrity, cast or fling back. partue. RÉLÄBor, bi, lapsus. dep. to slide Rectus, a, um. part. ruled or or fall back again. governed. RÉLÄTio, önis. f. a relation. Rectus, a, um. adj. straight; right RÉLÄtus, a, um. part. brought forward; direct. back agaim; related; returned. „* IRiícüdo, êre, di, sum. act. to ham RÉLictus, a, um. part. left behind; ner or forge anew. abandoncd. 273 rep VOCABULARY. Riligio, önis. f. religion; a form to confine; to restraim ; to re of worship. press ; to check. PÈligiósus, a, um. adj. religious. RÉPÜdiátus, a, um. part. rejected, RÈlinquo, ère, liqui, lictum. act. refused. to leave behind ; to relinquish. Riépünio, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to Rílíquus, a, um. adj. the rest, divorce ; to refuse; to reject. residue. RÉPUGNANTIA, ae. f. contrariety RÉluctìtus, a, um. part. act. opposition, resistance. struggling againust—pass. strug RÈpugno, äre, ävi, ätum. neut. to gled against. cross ; to thwart ; to oppose; to | RÉluctor, äri, ätus.dep. to strug resust. gle or wrestle. RÉpüto, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to RÉMädium, ii. n. a remedy, a think and think again ; to con cure. sider; to revolve. RÉMeo, äre, ävi, âtum. neut. to RÉQUIEsco, êre, évi, étum. incept. return or come back again. to rest. RÉMisse, adv. remissly, negli REs, rei. f. a thing ; an affair; gently. substance ; a purpose ; a state, RÉMörÃ, æ. f. a delay, stop or empire, or government; any hindrance. business, post, or employment ; RÉMötus, a, um. part. et adj. set nomey, wealth ; a subject ; an aside or at a distance—adj. re art, property: novæ res, a revo mote, afar off, at a distance. lutiom. RÉMöveò, êre, mövi, mötum. act. ResciNDo, êre, scidi, scissum. act. to remove. to cut or break down ; to annul; RÉNitor, ti, sus et xus. dep. to to repeal. resist. REscissUs, a, um. part. cut domon RÉNixus, ûs. m. a resisting; an or asunder. effort; reluctance, resistance. RescriptUM, ti. n. a rescript; a RÉNUo, êre, nui, nütum. act. to brevet. refuse; to deny. Rêsîco, áre, cui, ctum. act. to Reor, réri, rätus, dep. to suppose; pare ; to clip. to judge; to deem; to think. RÉsEctUs, a, um. part. cut or Ripente, adv. suddenly, all om a pared off. suddem. RÉservo, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to re RÉpeNTiNus, a, um. adj. unlooked serpe. /or, sudden. RÉsisto, êre, stiti, stitum. neut. Riìpìrio, ire, péri, pertum. act. to to withstand; to resist. find out; to discover. REspicio, êre, exi, ectum. act. to RÉpítitus, a, um. part. repeated. consider; to regard; to re Riípíto, êre, tiwi v. tii, titum. act. spect. to go oper again. RespoNDEo, êre, di, sum. neut. to Repleo, êre, évi, étum. act. to answer ; to reply. fill up; to replenish. REspoNsUM, i. m. an answer, a Replêtus, a, Tum. part. filled; reply. abounding. Res-PUBLicA, rei-publicæ. f. a RÉporto, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to commomwealth; a state. report; to get. Respuo, êre, pui, pütum. act. to REPREHENDo, êre, di, sum. act. to refuse ; to reject ; to slight. seize; to reprehend; to blame; REstítUo, êre, tui, tütum. act. to to censure. restore ; to surrender; to repair; Reprimo, êre, ressi, ressum. act. to renew ; to rally. 274. saep VOCABULARY. sCA Rítíneo, êre, nui, tentum. act. Saepënömäro, adv. oftentimes, to restrain ; to retaim. many a time, very often. Retro, adv. behind, back, back Saevio, ire, vivi et vii, vitum. next ward. to rage. RÈvÉRA, [i. e. re verâ] in very SaevitiA, æ. f. cruelty, tyranny. deed, in good earnest ; in real SÄgÄciter,adv.shrewdly, subtlely, ity, truly. judiciously. RiËverto, êre, ti, sum. act. to turm SÄguM, i. n. a frock, a soldier's coarse cloak or cassock. back ; to returm. - RÉveRtor, ti, versus. dep. to re SAL, sälis. m. et raro n. salt; wit. turm, come back, or again. SALTEM, conj. at least; omly. RÉviso, êre, si, sum. act. to re SÄLÜber v. bris, bris, bre. adj. visit ; to returm. healthful, wholesome ; healthy ; RÉvöco, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to good. recall; to call in ; to refer. SÄLus, ütis. f. health; safety; sal Rex, régis. m. a king. vation. *RhodENsis, is, e. adj. Rhodensis SÄLÜTÄris, is, e. adj. wholesome ; Insula, Rhode Island. good, useful. Ripa, æ. f. the bank of a river. SÄlÜto, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to IRisus, ûs. m. laughter, laughing. salute ; to greet. Ritus, ús. m. a rite or ceremony ; SALvus, a, um. adj. safe, sound ; a course ; a fashion or man well, in good health. zzer. SANcio, ire, ivi et xi, itum et ctum. RivÜLus, i. m. dim. a little brook. act. to consecrate; to ratify. Rivus, i. m. a brook, a river. SANcTUs, a, um. part. et adj. rati HöBöro, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to fied, established; sacred, solemn. strengthen ; to make strong ; to SÄNE, adv. truly, indeed. enforce. SANGUis, inis. m. blood. Röbur, öris. m. strength of body, SÄNo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to heal. stoutmess. SÄNUs, a, um. adj. whole, heulth Röbustus, a, um. adj. hale, lusty, ful, wholesome ; vise. able ; hardy, strong, firm. SÄPIENs, adj. well advised, dis RoMA, æ. f. the name of a place— creet; judicious, wise. Rome. SÄPIENTIA, æ. f. wisdom. RoMANUs, a, um. adj. Romam. SARcíNA, æ. f. a truss, pack, bag Romuleus, a, um. adj. of or be gage. longing to Romulus. SîTîgo, êre, égi, — neut. to be Rüdis, is, e. adj. ignorant, unac busy about a thing ; to have quainted. enough to do. Ruo, êre, rui, rüitum. neut. to SÄtis, Tadw. enough ; sufficient ; fall; to rush. sufficiently. Rus, rüris. n. im plur. rura, the SÄTisFício, êre, féci, factum. act. country ; rusticity. to satisfy ; to give satisfac Rusticus, a, um. adj. homebred, tiom. rustic. SAtisfActio, önis. f. a satisfac tion, a reparation. S. SÄTiUs, adj. better. SAUcius, a, um. adj. wounded, dis Sicer, cra, crum. adj. sacred, holy, ahled. divime ; solemn. ScANDo, êre, di, sum. act. to Saepe,adv. oftentimes, manytimes, mount ; to climb ; to scale. frequently. ScÄPHA, æ. f. a skiff. 275 . VOCABUILARY. se Scìlìrìtus, a, um. part. defiled, SÉpülo, adv. plainly ; carefully, polluted—adj. cruel, hurtful. assiduously, industriously. Schöla, æ. f. a school. SËges, étis. f. land tilled or sonon; Schölasticus, a, um. adj. scho standing corn, a crop. lastic. SegNiter, adv. negligently, sloth Scientia, æ. f. a knowledge; sci fully, sluggishly. ence. SÉJUNCTUs, a, um. part. put asun Scilicet, adv. truly, doubtless. der. SciNtili.A, æ. f. a spark of fire. SÉJUNgo, êre, xi, ctum. act. to Scio, ire, ivi, itum. act. to know. separate. Scöpülösus, a, um. adj. full of SÉLectus, a, um. part. chosen rocks or shelves ; difficult, dan out ; choice, select. gerous. SÉLigo, êre, légi, lectum. act. to Scöpus, i. m. a mark or butt which choose out. men shoot at ; design, aim, or SELLA, æ. f. a seat or chair. purpose. SÉMEL, adv. once ; never but omce. Scribo, êre, psi, ptum. act. to SÈMîhör A, æ. f. half an hour. write ; to compose. SÉMîtA, æ. f. a narrow way, a Scriptor, öris. m. a writer. footpath, a way. ScriptuM, i. n. a writing. Semper, adv. always, continually, Scriptus, a, um. part. written, for ever. composed. SempiterNus, a, um. adj. per Scrútor, äri, ätus. dep. to search petual, continual, everlasting. diligently ; to explore ; to ex SÉNÄTUs, üs. m. a senate or chief amine ; to sift. council; a parliament. SÉcêdo, êre, cessi, cessum. neut SÉNÄtus-consULTUM, i. m. an act, to withdraw; to retire; to retreat. ordinance, or decree of the sen SÉciUs, adv. comp. less. ate; an act of parliament. SÉcri$tUM, i. n. a secret. SÉNEx, is. c. g. an old man or Sector, äri, ätus. dep. to follono ; tuoomno m. to follow after. SENsus, ûs. m. sense. SÉcüluM, i. n. the time of a man's SENTENTIA, æ. f. opinion; judg life ; an age ; the world. ment, advice ; a resolution ; de SÉcUNDUM, præp. regit acc. nigh sire, wish ; a sense ; a sentemce ; or near; hard by. a decree ; feeling. ! SÉcuNDUs, a, um. adj., second; SENTIo, ire, si, sum. act. to be sen prosperous. sible of; to think ; to deem ; to SÉcÜritAs, ätis. f. security, assu be apprised; to perceive. rance, safety. SEPÂRo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to SÉcÜrus, a, um. adj. secure, safe. separate; to disjoin. SÉcUs, adv. atherwise. SEPTÉNI, æ, a. adj. pl. seven each; Sed, conj. but; but also; however. se®em. SÉdes, is. f. a seat; a dwelling SEPTENTRio, ömis. m. the morth. place ; a settlement. SEPTENTRIÖNÄLis, is, e. adj. north SÉdítio, önis. f. a mutiny; in erm. surrection, sedition. SEPTiMUs, a, um. adj. the sercnth. SÉdítiósus, a, um. adj. seditious, SEPTINGENTÉsfMUs, a, um. adj. factious, mutinous. the sevem-hundredth. SÉDo, äre, ävi, âtum. act. to allay; Septuägêsimus, a, um. adj. the to assuage ; to quiet; to calm. seventieth. Sëdüco, êre, xi, ctum. act. to SÉPulchruw, i. m. a grave, a lead aside or apart. tomb, a sepulchre. 276 VOCABULARY. .sol. Siaíésus, a, um. adj. serene; Stewuw, i-ri.s stawdard ot exuigm, blithe, cheerful, calm. a banmer. Säaies, éi. f. an order, a course, SilenTiuw, ii. n. silente; secreey; a traiw. quietness. Sermo, ónis. m. commom dis SILva, ae. f. a wood. course ; a speech, language. SiLvssrsr, v. tris, tris, tre. adj. SÉro, adv. too late. woodw. SÉro, êre, sévi, sätum. act. to SiMiLis, is, e. adj. like. sow; to spread abroad; to dis SimpLxx, icis. adj. simple. semimate. SiMPLiciTAs, ätis. f. simplicity. SErpo, êre, psi, ptum. neut. to Simul, adv. together ; at the iame creep ; to extend. time—with ac, as soon as, as SErvìtor, öris. m. a preserver, well as. a deliverer, a saviour. Símülo, áre, ävi, âtum act. to Servio, ire, ivi, itum. neut. to be seem; to cownterfeit; to feign ; a slave ; to be subservient to. to dissemble; to play the hypo ServitiuM, ii. n. bondage, entkral crate. memt. SiNcírus, a, um. adj. sincere, Servitus, ütis. f. bondage, slave hearty. ry, subjection, thraldom. SiNE, præp. without. Servo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to Siwcólus, a, um. adj. every, each kcep ; to preserve; to save. ome; single. Servus, i m. a bondmam or slave. Sixo, ère, sivi, situm. act. to suf Sese, accus. [a sui] himself, her fer; to allow; to permit.
self, themselves. - Siquis,qua,quod et quid, fanyome. Seu, conj. either, or, whether. Sisto, êre, stiti, státum. neut. et SÉvÉRitAs, ätis. f. harshness, act. to stand still ; to stop ; to rigour, superciliousness. place. Sex, adj. indecl. siae in number. Situs, a, um. part. suffered, per SexceNti, æ, a. adj. pl. six hum mitted; situate. dred. Sive, conj. or, either; if. Sexies, adv. six times. SöciätAs, ätis. f. alliance, society; Sextilis, is. m. the month of a confederacy, friendship. August. Söctus, ii. m. a companion, an Sextus, a, um adj. the sixth. ally or confederate ; a fellow Si, conj. if; seeing that, since; soldier, a companiom in arms. although ; whether. SoL, sölis. m. the sun. Sibyllinus, a, um. adj. Sibyl SöLENNE, v. Solemne, is. n. 4 line. solemnity. Sic, adv. so, thus ; after this fash SöLENNis,is,e. adj. annwal, yearly; , tom. accustomed. - fSicA, æ. f. a short sword, a pon Söleo, êre, itus, et ant. solui, neut. iard, a bayonet : sicæ præfixæ, pass. to be accustomed or wont ; fized bayonets. to atse. SigNÄtus, a, um. part. sealed, Sölerter, adv. ingeniously, dis signed. creetly, diligently. SignificÃtio, önis.. f. an adver Sölertia v. Sollertia, æ. f. tisement, a sigm; a significa shrewdiuess, dexterity. tion, an acceptatiom, import. Sölîcîröpo, dimis. f. trouble, so Signo, äre, ävi, ätam. act. to mark licitude, anxiety, vezation. out; to seal; to signify; to Sölftüdo, dinis. f. solitude, a wil show. dernuess. Z 24 gra •ta VOCABULARY. sua Sölítus, a, um.part. wont, accus make steadfast, stable; to estab• tomed, usual. lish. Sölum, i. m. the ground or soil. Stíbilis, is, e. adj. firm, stead Sölum, adv. only, alone. fast,stable; durable,sure,steady, Solvo, êre, vi, lütum. act. to lasting. loose; to release ; to deliver ; to StÄbilitas, ätis. f. firmness, sta pay; to wcigh anchor; to put bility. to sea; to break up. Stíbülum, i. n, a stable. Sölus, a, um. adj. gen. ius. alone, *Staten, m. indecl. Insula Statem, only ; solitary. Statem Island. Sölütus, a, um. part. et adj. StÄtim, adv. forthwith, straight loosed, released. way. SöNitus, ús. m. a sound; a noise. StÅtuo, êre, ui, ütum. act. to Sons, tis, adj. guilty. place; to set up; to erect; to Söpio, ire, ivi, itum. act. to set at appoint; to decree ; to resolve. rest. Stätür A, æ. f. stature ; size. Sors, tis. f. lot, chance, fortune, Stätus, ùs. m. a standing; a hazard. state, conditiom. Spîtium, ii. n. a space; time; Stätütus, a, um. part. ordained, largeness ; extent. appointed. Spíciális, is, e. adj. particular, StigMósus, a, um. adj. infamous, special. stigmatized. Spícies, èi. f. a form, figure; an StipENDiuM, ii. n. wages or pay outward show; am appearance. for soldiers ; a campaign. SpectÄcülum, i. n. a spectacle ; a Sto, áre, stéti, stätum. neut. to public sight or show. stand. Specto, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to Srölidus, a, um. adj. dull, heavy, behold; to view ; to consider; sottish. to regard ; to respect; to at StrÄges, is. f. a slaughter, a mas tend; to concern. sacre, a discomfiture, a car Spícülîtor, öris. m. a spy in ?nage. tooar. StrêNuE, adv. strongly, stoutly, Sperno, êre, sprévi, sprétum. act. strenuously to disdain; to despise; toslight. StrèNuUs, a, um. adj. stout, brave; Spèro, äre, ävi, âtum. act. to valiant; active, ready. hope; to trust; to look for. SrRICTIM, adv. closely ; briefly, Spes, ei. f. hope ; expectation. lightly. SpLENDidus, a, um. adj. bright ; Struo, êre, xi, ctum. act. to com noble ; gorgeous, gallant. trive ; to design ; to devise. Splendor, öris. m. splendour, StüdEo, ère, ui,—. neut. to study; beauty ; glory. to desire it ; to endeavour. SpoNDEo, êre, spöpondi, sponsum. Stúdiósus, a, um. adj. diligent, act. to promise freely ; to en careful, learned; zealous. gage ; to assure; to betroth. STÜDIUM, ii. n. study ; care, dili Sponte, ablat. et spontis, gen. of gence, concern, regard; temper, himself or of his own frce will: humour, fancy, desire; good sponte suâ, of his owm accord, will, zeal. freely, willingly. STULtE, adv. foolishly. SpospoNDERAT,pro SpoponderAt. STÜpeo, êre, ui, —. neut. to be Sprêtus, a, um. part. despised, astonished ; to wonder; to be contemned, slighted. surprised. STÄBÍlio, ire, ivi, itum. act. to SuÄDÉLA, æ. f. persuasion. 278 sui VOCAB UI,ARY. sup
SuÂDeo, êre, äsi, äsum. act. to *SULLIvANus, i. a man's mame advise ; to counsel. Sullivam. SUB, præp. under; about; next. SUM, esse, fui. verb. subst. to be ; SUBDitus, a, um. part. subject to. to live; to be able or capable. SUbdÜco, êre, xi, ctum. act. to SUMMA, æ. f. a sum of momey ; the take away ; to withdraw. whole ; the principal place ; the SÜBEo, ire, ivi, itum. neut. to head of any thing: summa im climb up ; to spring up ; to un perii, the highest authority. dergo; to sustain ; to assail. SUMMöpÉRE [i. e. summo opere] SüBigo, êre, égi, actum. act. to very much. bring under ; to subdue ; to SUMMUM, i. n. the top, the pitch or comquer; to force ; to constrain. height. SUBJicio, êre, jéci, jectum. act. SUMMus, a, um. adj. sup. highest; to lay or put under ; to subject; greatest; extreme ; very excel to add. lent, sovereign ; very deep. SúbitÄNEUs, a, um. adj. sudden. SÜMo, ère, psi, ptum. àct. to take ; Súbito, adv. hastily, suddenly. to receive ; to undertake ; to as SUBLIMÄtus, a, um. part. sub estu.m.e. limed. SUMPTUs, üs et ti. m. expense. SUBLiMis, is, e. adj. lofty, exalted, Süper,præp.upon; beyomd; above; sublime. about, of. SUbscribo, êre, psi, ptum. act. to SÜPERBIA, æ. f. pride, arrogance, subscribe, to sign. highmindedmess. SUBsíquor, qui, cütus. dep. to SÜPÈRior, or, us. comp. higher; follow forthwith or hard by ; to former, older. come after. SüPÉro, äre, âvi, âtum. act. to go `SUBsidiuM, ii. n. aid, help, assist or climb over; to surpass ; to amce, subsidy, succour. surmount; tovamquish; to over SubvêNio, ire, ëni, entum. neut. come. to help ; to relieve ; to succour. SÜPervÄcÄNeus, a, um. adj. un Succído, êre, ssi, ssum. neut. to necessary, superfluous. approach ; to come to; to fol SUPPÉdito, äre, âvi, âtum. act. et low; to succeed. neut. to supply ; to find and SuccEssoR, öris. m. he ihat fol furnish with; to supply with. lows or comes in amother's place ; SÜPPÉtiae, f. pl. acc. suppetias. cal successor. aid, help, succour, supplies. Successus, üs. m. success; pros SUPPÉto, êre, ivi, itum. act. to be perity. sufficicnt. Succuíìro, ère, ri, sum neut. to SUPPLEMENTUM, i. m. a supply, a help ; to aid; to succour; to supplement, a recruit. relieve. SUPPlEo, êre, évi, étum. act. to Südo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. et neut. fill up ; to make up ; to recruit. to sweat ; to labour. SÜPPLicÃtio, ónis. f. supplicatiom, Sufficio, ère, fëci, fectum. meut. prayer, a thanksgiving. , et act. to suffice ; to be sufficient. SuPPLiciUM, ii. n. punishment. Suffossus, a, um. part. under SUPPRiMo, ère, essi, essum. act. mined; stabbed; destroyed. to put a stop or check to; to Suggêro, êre, ssi, stum. act. to suppress. put in mind ; to suggest ; to SUPRA, præp. regit acc. above. brimg under ome's observatiom. SUPRA, adv. alofi, om high, above. Stti, gen. pronom. of himself, of SUPRÄDictus, a, um. part. afore herself, of itself, of themsclves. said 279
• •ret. VOCABULARY. tper Suprêwrus, a, um. adj. super!. TÉlum, i. m. any weapon. highest; last, latest; greatest; TÉMÉrÃrius, a, um. adj. rash, in supreme. discreet, thoughtless, inconsid Surgo, ère, rexi, rectum. meut. to erate. arise; to get wp. TÉmère, adv. rashly, confusedly. Suscipio, ère, cêpi, ceptum. act. TÈMÉRitAs, ätis. f. rashness, fool to undertake ; to undergo; to hardiness. accept; to take upon him. TempèrANTIA, æ. f. moderation, Suscito, áre, ävi, ätum. act. to temperance, sobriety. awake ; to kindle; to provoke ; TempestAs, ätis. f. time, seasom ; to stir up ; to rouse. tempest or storm ; destruction, Suspensür A, æ. f. a hanging wp. danger; a commotion. Suspfcio, önis. f. mistrust, sus Tempestive, adv. seasonably, op picion. portunely. Sustrnro, áre, âvi, ätum. freq. to Tempestivus, a, um. adj. seasom sustain ; to find; to maintain. able ; opportune. SustíNeo, êre, nui, tentum. act. Tempus, öris. n. time ; opportu to_support ; to maintain ; to nity; an occasion. EF; # suffer; to withstand. TeNdo, êre, tétendi, sum et tum. Suus, a, tmm. pronom. his ; hers ; act. to extend; to hold out; to its ; theirs or their own ; do go ; to march ; to advance; to mestics, relatives, countrymen; aim. proper, lawful ; peculiar. TÉNEbrae, ärum. f. plur. dark Sylva, ae. f. &c. " Vid. Silva. ness, the dark night; obscurity. Sylvestris, is, e. adj. woody. TÉneo, êre, nui, ntum. act. to hold fast; to seize ; to track ; T. to trace ; to keep ; to rule; to govern; to amuse; to please ; TÄberNÄcülum, i. n. a tent. to maintain; to embrace ; to TÄlis, is, e. adj. such like ; this : possess ; to retain. plur. these. Tentìrus, a, um. part. tried. TAM, adv. so, so much ; as much, Tento, äre, ävi, ätum. freq. to ad as well. venture; to try; to attack. TÄMeN, conj. notwithstanding, TeNtörium, i. n. a tent. eper. TÉnuis, is, e. adj. fine. TÄMetsi, conj. albeit, although; Tergiversor, äri, ätus. dep. to notwithstanding. boggle ; to shuffle and cut; to TANDEM, adv. at length. trifle with ome; to be backward. TANTuM, adv. so much, so many; TergUM, i. n. the back. only. TÉro, êre, trivi, tritum. act. to TANTUM Mödo, adv. only. waste; to spend. TANtus, a, um. adj. so much, so Terra, æ. f. the earth; land or great, so many ; so worthy, country ; the world. moble. Terrestris, is, e. adj. of or be TArde, adv. slowly. longing to the earth ; earthly. TArditAs, ätis. f. slowness ; dul Terribilis, is, e. adj. dreadful, tmess. terrible. TAxÄtio, ónis. f. a cessing, taz Terrífícus, a, um. adj. dreadful, ing. /rightful. TAxo, áre, âvi, ätum. freq. to tar. Terrori, öris. m. fear, terror, Tri.lus, üris. f. the earth ; land; dread; an alarm. a country, a natiom. Tertius, a, um. adj. the third. 280 *trtA VOCABULARY. tu TessiìRA, æ. f. a watch-word, a TRANQUILLîtAs, ätis. f. tranquil. lity, quietness. TEstÄMENTUM, i. n. a testament TRANQUILLUs, a, um. adj. calm ; or last will. quiet, sedate, undisturbed. TETÄNUs, i. m. lock-yaw. TRANs, præp. over, beyond, om the *THoMAs, æ. a man's name— other side. Thomas. TRANsEo, ire, ivi, itum. act. to go *TicoNDErogA, æ. f. the name of through ; to rum through one; a place—Ticonderoga. to pass over. TiMEo, ère, mui, — n. et act. to TRANsiGo, ère, égi, actum. act. t0 fear ; to dread ; to be afraid for conclude; to transact; to des or of. patch. TiMidus, a, um. adj. fearful, tim TRANSMissUs, a, um. part. sent or orous, cowardly. passed over; passed, sent. TiMor, öris. m. fear, dread; cow TRANSMITTo, ère, misi, ssum. act. ardice, apprehension. to semd over ; to transmit. TINTINNÄBüLUM, i. n. a little TRANSPORTo, äre, âvi, âtum. act. bell. to transport. Tiro, önis. m. a freshman, a nov TRÉCENTI, æ, a, adj. pl. three ice. humdred. TÍTÜBANs, tis. part. stumb ling, TRÉDÉciM, plur. indecl. thirteen. stammering. fTeìMÉBUNDUs, a, um. adj. fear Títülus, i. m. a title. ful—subst. a Quaker. TöGA, æ. f. a gown, an upper gar *TRENToNiA, ae. f. the name of a nent, a toga. place—Trenton. ToLLo, êre, sustüli, sublatum. act. TRÉPidus, a, um. adj. fearful, to take up ; to lift up ; to raise ; cowardly. to elevate ; to remove. TRes et hæc tria, plur. three. ToRMENTUM, i. n. any rope ; an fTRiBÜNUs, i. m. a colonel. engine qfwar. Tribuo, êre, bui, bütum. act. to ToRRENs, tis. m. a stream, a land give ; to grant; to bestono ; to flood, a torrent. attribute ; to ascribe; to impute. Tot, adj. plur. indecl. so many. TRiBÜTUs, a, um. part. given. TöTUs, a, um. adj. gen. ius. whole; TRICÉsiMUs, a, um. adj. the thir all. tieth. TRACto, áre, âvi, âtum. freq. to TRIDUUM, ui. n. the space of three handle ; to mamage ; to treat. days. TRÄDiTUs, a, um. part. delivered; TRIGÉsiMUs, a, um. adj. the thir surrendered ; handed dowm. tieth. TRÄDo, ère, didi, ditum. act. to TRiGiNTA, adj. plur. indecl. thirty. deliver ; to surrender. TRiPARTiTo v. TriPERTiTo, adv TRÄdüco, êre, xi, ctum. act. to in three parts. bring; to convert; to pass away. TRIPLö, adv. by threefold. Teîho, êre, xi, ctum. act. to draw; Tristis, is, e. adj. sad, sorrow to drag ; to get; to prolomg. ful. TRÄjectus, a, um. part. thrust TritícUM, i. n. wheat. through ; carried or conveyed Trücîdo, äre, âvi, ätum. act. to over ; crossed, passed over. murder; to kill ; to assassimate ; TRÄJEctUs, üs. m. a crossing to massa6re. ome's path, an opposition. TryoNiUs, ii. a man's name TRÄjicio, êre, jéci, jectum. act. Tryon. to carry, lead, or pass over. Tu, tui, pron. thou. Z 2 '28] vac VOCABULARY. vehi Turon, éri, tuftus et tütus. dep.] Vìdum, i. n. a ford or shallow. to see; to behold; to defend ; toIVÂfritiA,.æ. f. et VAFRities, ei. assist; to be defended. f. craftinuess, shrewdness. Tum, adv. then, at that time ; as VÄgor, äri, átus. dep. to wander; well as. to stray ; to rove. Tum, conj. and, also. VAlde, adv. very much, greatly. Tümultuósus, a, um. adj. tumul VÄLÉdico, ère, dixi, dictum. act. tuous, seditious ; stormy. to bid farewell or adieu. TüMultus, ús. m. tumult, trouble, VÄleo, ère, lui, litum. neut. to be disturbance ; seditiom. strong. TuNc, adv. them, at that time. VÄliétúdo, dinis. f. hcalth ; sick. TüNicA, ae. f. a man's waistcoat ness. or jacket. VAllis, is. f. v. WALLEs, a valley Turba, æ. f. a multitude; trouble; or dale. —turbæ, pl. disturbances. VAllUM, i. n. a tremch, a fence, Turbämentum, i. n. trouble. a wall, a bulwark or rampart. Turbo, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to VÄNus, a, um. adj. vain; use trouble; to disturb. less. *Turcus, i. m. a Turk. *VAriolae, ärum. f. pl. thc small Turmátim, adv. by troops or poz. bands. VÄrius, a, um. adj. changeable, Turpis, is, e. adj. base, dishon various. ourable, disgraceful. VAs, väsis. n. contr. a vasum; Turpiter, adv. shamefully, dis unde in pl. Vása, örum. any gracefully ; basely, infamously. kind of vessel or household Turpitúdo, dinis. f. dishonesty; goods. baseness, meanness. Vasto, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to lay Turris, is. f. a tower. waste; to ravage. TütëlA, æ. f. defence, protection; WAstus, a, um. adj. waste, deso keeping ; guardianship. late ; huge, vide, broad, large ; Tùto, äre, âvi, ätum. freq. to de vast. fend ; to secure. VÄtes, is. c. g. a poet or poetess. Tütor, äri, ätus. dep. to defend Ubi, adv. where, in what place ; and keep safe. where ? vchem. Tütor, öris. m. a defender, pro UBiNAM, adv. where or in what tector; a guardiam. place ? Tütus, a, um. adj. safe, out of Ubique, adv in every place ; every danger, secure. where. *Typographus, i. m. a printer. Ve, conj. or, either. fTypus, i. m. a type or figure; a Vígítus, a, um. adj. lusty, sound, printer's type. vigorous. TyrANNis, idis. f. tyranny. VehíMENs, tis. adj. vehement, PyrANNus, i. m. a king; a tyrant; earnest, powerful, stirring.
a usurper. - Vehäwenter, adv. eagerly, earn estly, strongly. V. VEhîwENTIA, æ. f. vehemency, earnestmess. Vícuífício, êre, fëci, factum. act. VEHîcülum, i. n. a car, wain, or to vacate, to evacuate. wagon ; a vehicle. VÄcvo, äre, ävi, âtum. act. to Weho, êre, xi, ctum. act. to carry ; vacate, to evacuate. to convey—neut. to bé" carried; Vícuus, a, um. adj. void, vacant. to tra vel. 282 sig VOCABULARY. som, Vel, conj. or : vel, vel, either— VERTo, êre, ti, sum. act. to turn, or ; evem ; evem as. to chamge. VÉLITÄtio, önis. f. a skirmish VÉRUM, conj. but, but yet; truly. ing. VÉRUs, a, um. adj. real, true. VÉLíTor, äri, ätus. dep. to skir Vescor, sci,—. dep. to live upon; *mish. to eat. VÉLox, öcis. adj. quick, speedy, VesTER, stra, strum. pron. adj. hasty. your, yours. ViëlUt, adv. like, like as. VestigiuM, ii. n. a trace ; a track ; VÉNA, æ. f. a vein. a footstep : e vestigio, imme VêNÄLis, is, e. adj. to be sold, set diately. to sale, venal. VESTio, ire, ivi, itum. act. to clothe; VENÄticus, a, um. adj. pertain to array. ing to hunting. Vestis, is. f. a garment, clothes. VÉNÄTio, ömis. f. a hunting. Vestitus, a, um. part. clad, ap VENDo, êre, didi, ditum. act. to parelled, clothed. sell. Vestitus, üs. m. apparel, cloth VÉNIA, æ. f. pardon, leave; fa img, raiment ; a garment. vour ; indulgemce. WÉTÉRÄNUs, a, um. adj. old; an VíÉNIo, ire, véni, ventum. neut. to old soldier, a veteram. come; to arrive ; to go; to pro WÉTUs, ëris. adj. et antiq. Vìter, ceed : venire in aciem, to form unde Wëtërior, comp. rimus, in line of battle. sup. former, past, old : pl. vet VÉNor, äri, ätus. dep. to hunt. eres, the amcients. ViiNUs, ëris. f. the goddess of love WÉTUstas, ätis. f. antiquity. and beauty ; love ; lust. VExiLLUM, i. m. a banner, stand VER, vëris. n. the spring-time. ard, ensign, or flag. VERBUM, i. n. a word ; a speech : VExo, äre, ävi, âtum. freq. to dis verba, words only, not realities. turb; to harass. VÉRE, adv. indeed, verily ; justly. ViA, æ. f. a way or passage ; a VîRÉcUNDIA, æ. f. modesty ; a track. reverent regard. ViÂtor, öris. m. a traveller. VÉReoe, éri, itus. dep. to rev VicEsiMUs, a, um. adj. the twen erence ; to fear. tieth. VÉRisiMiLis, is, e. adj. likely. ViciNiTAs, ätis. f. the meighbour VERNONIUs, a, um. adj. Mons hood. Vernonius, Mount Vernom. ViciNUs, a, um. adj. near, adja VÉRo, conj. but, nay : adv. indeed, cemt. truly. ViciNUs, i. m. a neighbour. VERsÂTUs, a, um. part. turned, Vicis [gen. nom. obsol.] vici, experiemced, practised, versed. vicem, vice. f. place ; Qffice, *VERsio, önis. f. a versiom, a part. translatiom. VicissiM, adv. by turns ; one after Verso, áre, âvi, ätum. freq. to amother; back again. turn often ; to stir or turn about. Victor, öris. m. a conqueror. Versor, äri, ätus. dep. to be em VicTÖRIA, æ. f. victory. ployed; to converse. Victus, a, um. part. overcome, Versus, a, um. part. turned, vanquished. changed; inclined. Victus, üs et victi. m. sustenance, Versus, præp. regit acc. towards. provision, food. Vertex v. Vortex, icis. m. a VicUs, i. m. a village, a dis whirlpool; a vortez. trict. 283 vit. VOCABULARY. vom. Widro, ère, vidi, visum. act. to. Viro, áre, âvi, ätum. act. to shun, see ; to visit; to understand. to avoid. Videor, éri, visus. pass. to be Vitüpírátio, önis. f. a blaming seem; to seem. or finding fault vith. Vidëtur, bitur, sum est. impers. Vivo, êre, xi, ctum. neut. to live ; it seems ; it seems good. to continue; to be. Vidua, ae. f. a widow. Vivus, a, um. adj. living ; alive. Vigeo, êre, ui,—. neut. toflournsh. Vix, adv. scarcely, with difficulty. Vigésimus, a, um. adj. Vid. Wi Ullus, a, um. adj. gen. ullius, cesimus. dat. ulli, any, any ome. VigilANtiA, ae. f. watchfulness ; ULTiMUM, adv. the last time. care. ULTiMUs, a, um. adj. super. last, Viginti, adj. pl. indecl. twenty. farthest or farthermost. WillA, æ. f. a country-seat. Ultro, adv. willingly ; volunta Villicus, i. m. a husbandmam ; a rily, freely ; immediately. steward. Umbilicus, i. m. the natel; the Vinco, ère, ici, ictum. act. to end : ducere ad umbilicum, to conquer; to subdue ; to van bring to an end. quish. UNA, adv. together, in company Vincùlum et VincluM, i. n. a with, at the same time. bond or band. UNDA, ae. f. a surge, a wave. Vindicátum est, impers.they were UNDE, adv. whence. revenged, or defended. UNDÉcimus, a, um. adj. the elev Vindico, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to emth. defend ; to deliver; to claim; UNDÉvicíni, æ, a. adj. pl. nineteen. to maimtain. UNDÉvici$siMÄNus, a, um. adj. the ViNUM, i. m. wine. rnineteenth. Viólo, áre, âvi, âtum. act. to UNDÉvici$simus v. UNDÉvigîsî break ; to violate. mus, a, um. adj. the mineteenth. Vir, viri. m. a male ; a mam ; a UNDÉvigiNTi, pl. indecl. nineteen. husband. UNDique, adv. om every side, from *Virginia, æ. f. the name of a state all places, parts, or corners. —Virginia. UNguis, is. m. a nail. *Virginiensis, is, e. adj. of or be UNivERsus, a, um. adj. the whole, longing to Virginia. all without exception. Viridis, is, e. adj. green. UNQUAM, adv. at any time, ever. Virilis, is, e. adj. of a man; UNUs, a, um. adj. gen. ius. one stout, manly : pro virili parte, alone, the same. with all one's power. UNusquisque, unäquæque, unum Virtus, ütis. f. fortitude, valour; quodque, adj. every one, every. good management; worth ; vir Vöco, äre, ävi, âtum. act. to sum tue. mom ; to cite ; to reduce ; to Vis, vim, vi pl. vires, virium, bring. ibus. f. force, violence; strength, WöLito, äre, ävi, âtum. freq. to might, power; abundance ; a fly about. store of things. Völo, velle, völui. defect. to be Viso, êre, si, sum, freq. to go to villing ; to wish ; to dcsire. see ; to visit. VöLUNtÂrius, a, um. adj. volun Visus, a, um. part. beheld, seem; tary, willing. perceived. VöLUNTAs, ätis. f. will; good wile, Vita, æ. f. life. affection. VitiuM, ii. n. a defect; a crime. Volvo, êre, lvi, lütum. act. to utt VOCABULARY. -arem. Âurl donpm ; to consider; to be Utîlîtas, ätis. f. advantage, in conversant vith. terest; importance ; service. Völöto, äre, âvi, ätum. freq. to UTINAM, adv. opt. O that ! would ! revolve. Utor, üti, üsus. dep. to enjoy ; to Vömer et Vömis, ëris. m. the have; to use ; to employ. ploughshare. UTPötae, adv. because as, as Vortex, icis. m. Vid. Vertex. UTRINQUE, adv. om both sides. Vosmetipsi, your owmselves. Vid. UtrUM, adv. whether. Tu. VuLGÀRis, is, e. adj. vulgar, com VörUM, i. n. a desire, a wish. mom, ordinary ; homely. Vox, vöcis. f. a voice. VUlgo, adv. commonly, ordinarily. Urbs, is. f. a city. VuLGUs, gi. n. et m. the commom Urgeo v. Urgueo, êre, ris, rsum. people. act. to press om ; to press down ; VulNÉro, äre, ävi, ätum. act. to to oppress. wound, maim. UsQUE, adv. continually ; as far VULNUs, ëris. n. a wound. as, until; even. VULTUs, ùs. m. the look, aspect, Usus, ús. m. use, benefit; prac cou?mtemamce. tice, experience, usage. Uxor, öris. f. a wife. Ur, adv. as, inasmuch as ; by how much the more ; how ? how ! W. to the end that; so that. *WAsHINGTONius, ii. a man's UtcuNQUe, adv. howsoever; when mame— Washington. soeoer. .WoLFius, ii. a man's name Uterque, uträque, utrumque, gen. Wolfe. iusque. adj. both, euch. XWILLETIUs, ii. a man's namé Ur1, adv. that; to the end that ; Willet. evera dis. UTÎlis, is, e. adj. useful, commo Z. dious, advantageous, advisable. ZÉLöTypus, a, um. adj. jealous.
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*rom Charles Anthon, LL.D., Jay-Professor of Lan guages, Columbia College, and Rector qf the Grammar School. At the request of Mr. Reynolds, I have examined the manuscript of a Latin Biography of Washington, by the late Mr. Glass, of Ohio, and consider it well worthy of publication. It is, indeed, quite a curiosity of its kind. There is generally an air of stiffness in the productions of modern Latinists, which soon betrays a want of fa miliarity, on the part of the writer, with the idiom em ployed by him. Nothing of this nature is to be discov ered in the present work ; on the contrary, the most cur sory reader cannot fail to be struck with the easy flow of the style, and the graceful turn of very many of the peri ods. The care, too, which has been exercised in the se lection of appropriate terms and phrases is worthy of notice, especially when taken in connexion with the fact of the author's having written his work without the aid of any books of reference, and his having been compel led, consequently, to rely solely on the stores of his owii memory. I would not wish to be understood as viewing this production in the light of an accurately critical and finished piece, but yet I cannot help thinking that it will make a very good school-book. For the subject will in terest the young scholar, and awaken the best feelings in his bosom ; while, if the Latinity of the work should at any time appear to the instructer of a questionable or er roneous character, he cam consult the improvement of his pupils, and at the sane time display his own acumen, in suggestimg other and better expressions. CHAS. ANTHON. Now-York, March 18th, 1835. TESTIMONIALs.
From the Rev. S. B. Wylie, D. D., Professor of Ancient Languages, and Vice Provost of the University of Penn sylvania. Mr. Reynolps, DEAR Sir,—In compfance with your request, I have examined * A Life of Washington, in Latin Prose, by ; Francis Glass, A. M., of Ohio.” My opiniom of this per formance is, that in purity of style, rotundity of period, and judicious selection of words, it is exceeded by none of the modern works introductory to the study of the ancient Roman classics. Its imperfections are few; its beauties numerous. It will be a valuable acquisition to our classical schools, initiatory to Cæsar or Nepos, or such first Romam author as the teacher may see cause to adopt. Such an American book has hitherto been a de sideratum. It is now furnished. It is well calculated to fire the youthful genius, and inspire the generous mind with the purest patriotic sentiments. In thus expressing myself, I cannot help mingling some feeling with my recollections of the author. I was acquainted with Mr. Glass from his boyish days. He was an enthusiastic votary of the classic muse immedi ately on his initiation into the Grammar School. That he laboured not in vain, this production will be a lasting memorial. Very respectfully, yours, &c., S. B. WYLIE. Bellvue, Sept. lst, 1835.
From the Rev. Samuel W. Crawford, A. M., Principal of the Academical Department of the University of Penn sylvania. DeAa Sia,—Iheartily agree with the above recommen dation, and add, that I will introduce the book into the Academy under my care as soon as published. SAM°L W. CRAWFORD. J. N. Reynolds, Esq. TESTIMONIALS
From Ch. Κ. Dillaway, A. M., Teacher of the Publie Latin School, Boston. J. N. REynolds, Esq. DEAR SIR,—At your request I have examined, with as much attention as my time would admit, the Life of Washington, in Latin Prose, by Francis Glass of Ohio— edited by you. The attempt you have mada to give something of a national character to our school classics, is a good one. As a specimen of modern Latinity, the volume is highly creditable. The notes are as they should be,—simple, and not so numerous as to render the student's task too easy. I should be glad to see it introduced as an ele mentary book into our schools.
- Respectfully, Your obedient servant, CH. K. DILLAWAY.
Hostom, Nov. 20th, 1835. I)EAR Sir,—I have examined a portion of the Life of Washington, in Latin Prose, all that my other avocations would permit. I have been much pleased with the per formance, and, with a discriminating instructer, it must prove a good work for scholars, in the early part of their Latin course. I hope it will be generally introduced in all our good schools. I am, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, F. P. LEVERETT, J. N. Reynolds, Esq. From J. W. Stuart, Professor of Languages, Columba College, South Carolina. Columbia, S. C., Oct. 2d, 1835. DEAR Sir,—I have examined the Latin Life of Wash ington with as much care as my time would allow, and must confess myself in general pleased with its execu tion. The author's choice of words is good, often mice. His verbal order is certainly very praiseworthy ; it w* TESTIMONIALS. such as pleasantly suspends the attention, and often ter minates sentences with emergy and dignity. The material of the life seems also well selected. As the offspring of the labour of an obscure but fine scholar, an enthusiast in study, and a victim to misfortune—as the first attempt of any note in this country to paint public character or events in the imperial Latin, the performance is a curi osity worthy of high credit. *•.
Respectfully, - Your obedient servant, J. W. STUART. J. N. Reynolds, Esq.
From J. L. Kingsley, LL.D., Professor of the Latin Lan guage in Yale College.
- - New-Haven, 7th November, 1835. J., N. Reynolds, Esq. SIR,—A copy of the Life of Washington, by Francis Glass, with your letter from New-York, was received here during our late college vacation. I have read it ower, and my opinion of the work does not differ materi ally from that of Professor Anthon. You haye doneright in publishing it. It is my present intention to write, in the course of a few months, a notice of it for some one of our periodicals. Yours respectfully, J. L. KINGSLEY.
From Jared Sparks, Esq., Author of the Life and Editor qf the Writings of Washington. Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 9th, 1835. DEAR Sir,—At your suggestion I have read the Lyfe qf Washington, by Francis Glass, with a view to its merits as an historical composition. The work seems to me to embrace the prominent facts in the public career of Washington, judiciously selected and skilfully arran ged. The narrative is clear, oftem spirited, and there are occasional passages of strength and beauty. Consider ing the extent and variety of the materials, the narrow TESTIMONIALs.
Arom Henry Junius Nott, Professor of Belles Lettres in South Carolina College. DEAR SIR,—I have at your request perused a portion of Mr. Glass's Life of Washington, in Latin, with as much care as my time permitted. Though not entirely free from faults, it shows a most uncommon acquaint ance with the classics in general use, and great facility in Latin composition. I have no hesitation in saying, that in the hands of an accurate teacher it will make a pleasing and useful school-book. HENRY JUNIUS NOTT. J. N. Reynolds, Esq. Sept. 26th, 1835.
From S. North, Professor qf Languages, Hamilton Col lege, N. Y. Hamilton College, Sept. 28th, 1835. DEAR Sia,—After spending a long vacation away from college, I have recently returned, and found your letter of the 20th August in the office, accompanied with a * Life of Washington, in Latin." This will account to you for the seeming neglect with which your communi cation has been treated. Some months ago I was indebted to Mr. Prentice, of Utica, for an opportunity of examining a considerable part of the work which you have sent me ; and I cannot better express my opinion of it than by saying, that I en tirely concur in the views expressed by that gentlemam, and Professor Anthon, of its merits. Respectfully yours, s. NORTH. J. N. Reynolds, Esq., New-York.
From J. Proudfit, Prqfessor of the Latin Language in the University of New-York. A Life of Washington in Latin, issuing from the for ests of the West, and the pem of an humble schoolmaster, viewed as a specimen of literary enthusiasm, and a proof |
TESTIMONIALS of what genius and labour, unaided and unencouraged, can accomplish, is truly a Savpa i8ao6av. But this work is not merely interesting as a curiosity. It is written with surprising accuracy, and really possesses no common portion of the ease, spirit, and raciness of classical com position. Mr. Reynolds deserves well of his country for his attempt to introduce it into our schools as a book of elementary instruction. It is not only quite equal, in point of Latinity, to many of the works of modern schol ars which are already in use for that purpose, but its sub ject will give it a far higher interest for American youth, while it serves to keep before their minds the example of that ** august and immortal man,” the spirit of whose his tory will do scarcely less to preserve the liberties of his country, than the wisdom of the institutions which he has | bequeathed her. I cannot conclude this notice without alluding to the affectionate and eloquent tribute which Mr. Reynolds has paid to the memory of his friend and instructer, in the introductory memoir, and which, from its tendency to cherish a generous love of classical studies, contributes not a little, in my opinion, to the charm and value of the work. J, PROUDFIT New-York, Oct. 15th, 1835.
From the Rev. Romeo Elton, A. M., Professor of the Latin and Greek Languages and Literature, in Brown Univer
sit - • 3/ Brown University, Nov. 3d, 1835. DeAr Sir,—Ihave examined Mr. Glass's Life of Wash ington in Latin, and have formed a very favourable opin ion of its general merits. Though the work has some defects, yet these are trifling when compared with its excellences ; and many parts display a purity of style, sufficient to rank the author very high in the scale of modern Latin writers. It will be perused with interest and utility by the youthful mind, and deserves to find a place in the library of the classical scholar. R ELTON. J. N. Reynolds, Esq. TESTIONMIALS.
So far as I have been able to examine the remarkable work of Mr. Glass, I fimd every thing to make me concur in the judgment of Professor Macleam, as given above. JAMES W, ALEXANDER, Professor of Belles Lettres
College of New-Jersey, - September 5th, 1835. }
From William A, Duer, LL.D., President of Columbia College. Highlands, near West Point, August 24th, 1835. } DEAB SiR,—Please to accept my thanks for your atten tion in transmitting to me the Life of Washington, in Latin, by the late Mr. Glass. I consider it a literary cu riosity, and felt much interest in the account given in your preface of the author. Indeed, your agency in the publication of his work may, I think, be . regarded not only as proving your desire to benefit the public, and manifesting due respect for the memory of your deceased friend, but as evincing a discrimination and sympathy in the merits and fortunes of a man of genius highly hon ourable to yourself. I remain, sir, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, W. A. DUER. J. N. Reynolds, Esq.
From the Rev. Wilber Fisk, D. D., President of the Wes leyan University, Middletown, Comn. PRoM a very imperfect and cursory notice of the Life of Washington, in Latin prose, by Mr. Glass, edited by Mr. Reynolds, I am prepared to speak favourably of the work. The design is excellent. A history of Wash ington, in good Latim, to be put into the hands of youth who are engaged in the study of that language, is cer tainly a happy conception ; and as carried into effect l.v Mr. Glass, will, I doubt not, be of essential service to the cause df education. I will also add, that my confi teSTIMONIALS.
dence in the work is greatly confirmed, from the fact of its having been examined and recommended by the first classical scholars in our country. It will soon become an elementary text-book, I think, in all our classical schools. W. FISK.
New-York, September 8, 1835. -
From the Rev. J. M. Mathews, D. D., Chancellor of the University of New-York. From the very cursory perusal which I have given the * Life of Washington, by Francis Glass, A. M.,” I have been led to form a favourable opinion of it. Its excel lences, as a Latin composition, far outnumber its defects ; and I am pleased with every attempt of the kind to fix the minds of our youth on the models of greatness and worth which are furnished by our own country. J. M. MATHEWS. New-York, 18th September, 1835.
From Robert B. Patton, Professor of the Greek Language and Literature in the New-York University. MR. Reynolds, SiR,—Accept my thanks for the copy of ** the Life of George Washington, in Latin prose.” Iam much pleas ed with both the plan and the execution of the work. While our youth are called upon, in many instances, to study elementary books in our primary schools, composed confessedly by modern scholars, on subjects of compar atively minor importance, why should they not be fur nished with elementary books for their earlier course, adapted to furnish a knowledge of our own history, and especially of the life of one whom America, amd I may say also Europe, is proud to honour. With my best wishes for your success in endeavouring to introduce the work into our primary schools, I am, dear sir, yours,&c. ROBERT B. PATTON. TESTIMONIALS.
From D. Prentice, A. M., Principal of Uticq Academy,
INew-York. - I HAvE examined with some attentiom the sheets of a Life of Washington, in Latin, by Francis Glass, A. M., and I consider the work a performance of mo small merit. In regard to the style of composition, the writer has suc ceeded far beyond the ordinary efforts at writing in Latin. The idiom is remarkably pure, the words being selected with careful attention to precisiom and classic use. The barbarisms which the introduction of modern imstitutioms and observances, particularly the science of war, and legislation, must necessarily compel- the writer to use, are so skilfully reduced to the forms of Romam declen sion, that they are not, in general, offensive. Many of them are words exceedingly sonorous amd descriptive. Amother difficulty of no small importance in writing Lat in is, the proper use of “ equivalents,” arising from the circumstance, that of the numerous classes of words which our language has borrowed from that, the greater portion of them have now a meaming different from the original; and the use of these words in the same sense which is annexed to the analogous English terms, would be a barbarous perversion of their meaning, offensive to purity and good taste. In avoiding these, the writer of this work shows accurate and faithful training. But he has not merely freedom from faults ; he possesses posi tive excellences. In his periods, he has generally the flow and graceful variety which are the principal charm of the style of history, exhibiting much of ancient digni ty and simplicity, and occasionally turning them with um common elegance. In description he is not deficient in strength and energy, but is easy, and sufficiently diffuse to avoid the meagermess of a mere annalist. The life of the venerated Father of our Country, a character so full of moral and intelìectual grandeur, can be delineated in no so appropriate diction as in the severe and majestic simplicity of the Roman. And the youthful student of classic enthusiasm will find the history of his beloved country invested with a charming interest, when he meets TEST1MONIALS.
the matchless deeds of his forefathers, the heroes and sages of the Revolution, clothed in the noble and digni fied periods of a language which claims the homage of the learned world. I am satisfied that this work, from the excellence of its style, and its rich materials of biography and history, will become a popular and valuable elementary book in our schools. Severe criticism may detect some ** Pata vinities ;" but, considerimg the circumstances under which it was written, I consider it an extraordinary production. I shal] immediately adopt it as a class-book. ID. PRENTICE. July 4th, 1835.
From the Rev. John Maclean, Vice-President and Profes sor of Ancient Languages and Literature qf the Col lege qf New-Jersey. The Life of Washington, by Francis Glass, is, in the opinion of the subscriber, a work of singular merit, and of that degree of excellence which is claimed for it by the editor ; who, by its publication, has discharged a just debt of gratitude to his able-preceptor. An unqualified approval is not claimed for the work, nor is it the design of the subscriber to give it such a one. His engagements, during the time it has been in his hands, have not admitted of his examining the entire work, yet he doubts not that a perusal of the whole would serve only to deepen the favourable impressions already
received. - The handsome manner in which the work is presented to the public, reflects great credit upon all concerned in its publication. It is to be hoped that the youth of our country may become familiar with this production of a ripe scholar ; and that they may learn to emulate the author's ardour in the study of the ancient classics. JOHN MACLEAN. College of New-Jersey, } September 5th, 1835.
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