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TOURISM in the TRNC By I NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE STUDIES TOURISM IN THE TRNC AND IN TURKEY AND IN THE WORLD by SERAP ÖZYETGİN A MASTERTHESIS PRESENTED TO THE INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES - PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER DEGREE. UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF ASSOC.Prof. Dr. A. Fikret Kutsal AUGUST- 1998 T.R.N.C. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. TOURISM SECTOR : Current Situation 6 2.1 WORLD TOURISM: Current Situation 6 2.2 TOURISM IN TURKEY : Current Situation 7 2.3 TOURISM IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTHERN CYPRUS : '. 9 2.3.1 GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE IN THE TRNC. 9 2.3.2 HISTORY OF TRNC···································································································································· 12 2.3.3 THE ECONOMY OF TRNC 15 3. MATERIAL AND METHOD 18 3.1 MATERIAL USED IN THIS STUDY 18 3.2 METHOD················································································································································································· 18 3.2.l THE METHOD USED FOR THE COMPUTATION OFTHERELAVANTDATA 18 3.2.2 EVALUATION OF THE COLLECTED DATA 19 4. ANALYSIS OF THE COLLECTED DATA 20 (TABLES & EXPLANITIONS) 4.1 TOURISM SECTOR IN THE ECONOMY OF TRNC 20 4.2 INVESTMENT INCENTIVES IN THE TOURISM SECTOR 25 5. RECOMMANDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT 26 5.1 PROBLEMS AND BOTTLENECKS 26 5.2 RECOMMANDATIONS & SOLUTIONS·························································································· 27 6. CONCLUSITION 30 7. TABLES 32 8. SOURCES: 48 LIST OF TABLES Tablo Subject Pages 1 Number of Tourist coming to Turkey 33 2 Development of Gross National Product 34 3 The Position of the Tourism Sector in the Economyof T.R.N.C 35 4 Expansion in the Number of Tourists and Componsition 36 5 Income from Tourism and Share in the Foreign Currency Income 37 6 Foreign Trade and Tourism Balance 38 7 Number of Nights Spent in Touristic Installations an use of Capacity 39 s Preference of Means of Transportation in Tourism 40 9 Revenues from Foreign Tourism and Expenditure 41 10 Foreign Tourists Coming to the T.R.N.C. by Country of Permanent Residence 42 11 Supply of Tourism Services 44 12 Number of Touristic Installations by Catagory 45 13 Distribution of Touristic Installations by Region 46 14 Distribution of OTEM Graduates 47 Acknowledgement First and foremost I wish to express my warmest grateful thanks to my "Master's Degree" consultant Ass. Prof. Dr. A. Fikret Kutsal for his constant sympathetic and patient guidance and his wise and expert advice on many points ot this study which have been very valuable and helpfol for my deeper understanding of the subject I embarked to explore. I wish also to extend my sincere thanks to Mr. Feridun K. Feridun Director of the statistical & Research Department of the State Planning Organization Prime-Ministry-T.R.N.C. for making available for me all statistical data and publications of his department. Lasltly but bont in the least I wish to record my indebtedness and great appreciation to Mrs. Havva Salman, Asst. Director of Onur Tourism & Travel Company whose professional expertise and mature experience in the field of tourism and communication and her superb knowledge of foreign cultures assisted me in the course of my research and guided me to the proper sources for relevant information for this study. I 1. INTRODUCTION Scientific study and development of a field depend on (1) Uniform definitions (2) description (3) analysis (4) prediction and (5) control. But as regards tourism it has been difficicult to have universally accepted uniform definitions because of its multidimensional aspect and it is interractions with other activities. It is only recently that tourism is taught as a discipline and attracts the attention of scholors and experts from many fields. The majority of studies in connection with tourism have been condected for special purposes and have used narrow operational definitions to suit particular needs of researchers or government officials. These studies did not include a systems approach to the subject. Thus many definitions of "tourism" and "tourist" are based on "distance traveled, the length of time spent, and the purpose of the trip." This makes it diffucult to collect statistical information that scholars can use to develop a database, to describe the tourism phenomenon and do analyses. This problem has been tackled by a number of competent bodies over the years, including Leage of Nations, the United Nations, the World Tourism Organization (WTO), The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (DECD), The National Tourism Resources Commission and the US Senate's National Tourism Policy study. Currently, a special commission set up by the European Economic Union (EEU) has taken up this subject and is vigorously persuing the developments in the field of tourism within the European countries. Although tourism is often thought of as a leisure travel, it also includes business and convention travel, meetings, seminars, recreation and student travel. (if less than a year) and accomodations and transportation services. In other 1 words, tourism is a composite of activities, services and industries that delivers a travel experience; transportation, accomodation, eating and drinking establishments, shops, entartainment activity, facilities and other hospitality services available for individuals or groups that are travelling away from home. Tourism includes all the providers of services to the visitors. The International Conference on Travel and Tourism Statistics convened by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) in Ottowa in 1991 made some fundamental recommendations on definitions of tourism, travelers and tourists. The United Nations Statistical Commission adopted World Tourism Organization's recommendations on tourism statistics on March 4, 1993. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO) the officially accepted definition of tourism is: "Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other pruposes." In this context, the term "usual environment" is used to exclude travel within the area of usual residence and frequent and regular trips between home and workplace and other community trips of routine character. So, when we talk of tourism we understand the entire world industry of travel hotels, transportation, and all other components, including promotion, that serve the needs and wants of travelers. Tourism today has been given a new meaning and is primarily a term of economics refering to an industry. Within a nation (political subdivision) or transportation centred economic area of neighbour nations) the sum total of tourist expenditures within their 2 borders is referred to as the nation's tourism or tourist industry and is thus ranked with other national industries. More important than just the total monetary product value of tourism is its role in the balance of trade. Here tourism earnings from foreign visitors represents an export industry and tourism is an "invisible export". A tourist is a person who travels from place to place for non-work reasons. By U.N. definition, a tourist is someone who stays for more than one night and less than a year in a place away form home. Business and convention travel is included, Military personnel, diplomats, immigrants and resident students are not tourists. Tourism commonly is approached through a variety of methods. However, there is little or no agreement on how the study of tourism should be undertaken. The following are several methods that have been used: 1- The Institutional approach 2- Product approach 3- Historical aproach 4- Managerial approach 5- Economic approach 6- Sociological approach 7- Interdisciplinary approach 8- Systems approach etc. Tourism, as it can be clearly seen, embraces almost all aspects of society. We even have cultural tourism which calls for an anthropological approach. What is 3 borders is referred to as the nation's tourism or tourist industry and is thus ranked with other national industries. More important than just the total monetary product value of tourism is its role in the balance of trade. Here tourism earnings from foreign visitors represents an export industry and tourism is an "invisible export". A tourist is a person who travels from place to place for non-work reasons. By U.N. definition, a tourist is someone who stays for more than one night and less than a year in a place away form home. Business and convention travel is included, Military personnel, diplomats, immigrants and resident students are not tourists. Tourism commonly is approached through a variety of methods. However, there is little or no agreement on how the study of tourism should be undertaken. The following are several methods that have been used: 1- The Institutional approach 2- Product approach 3- Historical aproach 4- Managerial approach 5- Economic approach 6- Sociological approach 7- Interdisciplinary approach 8- Systems approach etc. Tourism, as it can be clearly seen, embraces almost all aspects of society. We even have cultural tourism which calls for an anthropological approach. What is 3 really needed to study is a systems approach. The system's approach can take a macroviewpoint and examine the entire tourism system of a country state or area and also how it operates within a given area and also how it relates to other systems, such as legal, political, economic and social systems. However the present study does not include a systems approach. It is beyond the scope of this study to elaborate and criticize each of the different methods of approach to the theme of Tourism. In this study I have endeavoured to examine tourism more closely from the economic point of view which focuses on supply, demand, balance of payments, foreign exchange, employment expenditures, development and other economic factors. This approach, in my opinion, provides a framework for analyzing tourism and its contributions to a country's economy and economic development. But as it has been clearly stated in the foregoing paragraphs tourism apart from being an important economic phenomenon, it has non-economic impacts as well.
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