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PHD PHARMACOGNOSY- EMMANUEL K. KUMATIA.Pdf ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CONSTITUENTS OF ANNICKIA POLYCARPA STEM AND ROOT BARKS AND CLAUSENA ANISATA ROOT A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY FACULTY OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES BY EMMANUEL KOFI KUMATIA KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (KNUST) KUMASI-GHANA AUGUST, 2016 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is the product of my own research work. It does not contain any manuscript that was earlier accepted for the award of any other degree in any University nor any published work of anybody except where cited and due acknowledgments made in the text. ……………………………….. ……………………… Emmanuel Kofi Kumatia Date ………………………………… ……………………… Prof. (Mrs.) Rita Akosua Dickson Date (Supervisor) ……………………………...... ……………………… Prof. Kofi Annan Date (Supervisor) ……………………………...... ……………………… Prof. Abraham Yeboah Mensah Date (Head of Department of Pharmacognosy) ii DEDICATIONS This work is especially dedicated to my mother, Madam Veronica Akoto, my wife, Mrs. Anne Boakyewaa Anokye-Kumatia and my children, Evzen Fifii Kumatia and Eliora Nana Akua Kumatia. iii ABSTRACT Clausena anisata and Annickia polycarpa are medicinal plants used to treat various painful and inflammatory disorders among other ailments in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic/antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extracts of C. anisata root (CRE), A. polycarpa stem (ASE) and root barks (AR) in order to provide scientific justification for their use as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Analgesic activity was evaluated using the hot plate and the acetic acid induced writhing assays. The mechanism of antinociception was evaluated by employing pharmacological antagonism assays at the opioid and cholinergic receptors in the hot plate and the writhing assays. Anti- inflammatory activity was also evaluated by carrageenan induced edema in rats’ paw assay. The compounds were isolated using bioassay-guided fractionation and their structures identified by spectroscopic methods. CRE at 1000 mg/kg p.o. produce significant (p < 0.001) analgesic activity of 72.15 and 48.05 % in the hot plate and writhing assays respectively and significant (p < 0.01) anti-inflammatory activity of 27.53 %. ASE also produced significant (p < 0.001) analgesic activity of 82.54 and 44.03 % in the hot plate and writhing assays respectively and significant anti-inflammatory activity of 69.64 %. Furthermore, the results also showed that the petroleum ether (pet ether) fraction (PEF) of C. anisata root extract and the chloroform fraction (AC) of A. polycarpa stem bark extract were the most active fractions among the petroleum ether, chloroform and aqueous fractions of these extracts. A total of seven (7) compounds were isolated. Four (4) coumarins, namely, anisocoumarin B, osthol, imperatorin and xanthotoxol in addition to a carbazole alkaloid, heptaphyline were isolated from PEF. Two (2) protoberberine alkaloids namely jatrorrhizine and palmatine were also isolated from AC. Palmatine was further isolated from the chloroform fraction of A. polycarpa root bark. The seven isolated compounds were tested for analgesic activity in the writhing test. Six of them at 6 mg/kg p.o., produced significant analgesic activity of 38.13 to 47.28 %. One of the isolates (xantothoxol) was inactive. Analgesic activity of diclofenac in the writhing test was 32.92 % at 6 mg/kg p.o. Four of the isolates were also tested for analgesic activity in the hot plate assay. These isolates at 9 mg/kg p.o. produced immence analgesic effect of 30.13 to 93.87 %. The analgesic effect of tramadol 9 mg/kg p.o. was 27.13 % in the hot plate test. Furthermore, naloxone antagonized the analgesic iv effect of CRE, ASE, anisocoumarin B, xanthotoxol and palmatine in the hot plate test. This indicates that C. anisata root and A. polycarpa stem bark, anisocoumarin B, xanthotoxol and palmatine produce analgesia by acting on the central opioidergic nociceptors. Moreover, the isolates administered at 9 mg/kg p.o. produced significant anti-inflammatory activity of 33.39 % to 66.50 %. The anti-inflammatory activity of indomethacin was 58.15 % at 9 mg/kg p.o. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and the mechanism of antinociceptive action of C. anisata root, A. polycarpa, anisocoumarin B and heptaphyline are being reported for the first time in this study. In addition, the analgesic activities of jatrorrhizine and the mechanism of antinociception of palmatine are also being reported for the first time by this study to the best of my knowledge. Lastly, LD50 of the crude ethanol extracts were found to be above 5000 mg/kg p.o. indicating that they were safe for short term usage. These findings provide scientific justification for the use of C. anisata root and A. polycarpa stem bark as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent in traditional medicine. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am thankful to God for what He has done for me throughout the period of this study. I am very grateful to my supervisors Prof. (Mrs.) Rita Akosua Dickson and Prof. Kofi Annan who have advised, supported and encouraged me during all the years that I spent pursuing this degree. I am highly indebted to Prof. Dominic Adotei Edoh, the Chief Executive Director of the World Health Organization (W.H.O) collaborative Centre for Plant Medicine Research (CPMR) at Mampong - Akwapim, Ghana. I am also immensely grateful to Dr. Alfred Apomah Appiah, the Deputy Chief Executive Director of CPMR for his assistance. Words cannot express my in- depth gratitude to Dr. Nguyen Hung Tung of the Pharmacognosy Department of Nagasaki International University (NIU), Japan and Dr. Solomon Habtemariam of University of Greenwich, United Kingdom, for running the NMR spectra of the compounds and helping with the structure elucidations. Special mention is also made of Mr. Charles Kweku Adomako, the Administrative Secretary of the Centre for Plant Medicine Research (CPMR) for his support. I am forever grateful to all the Board members of CPMR for granting me study leave to pursue the PHD degree. I would like to express my appreciation to all Senior Members of the Pharmacognosy Department, especially Prof. Abraham Yeboah Mensah and Dr. Isaac Kingsley Aponsah for their support. I cannot end the list without mentioning the technical assistance given to me by the staff of the Animal House Unit of the Centre for Plant Medicine Research (C.P.M.R) especially Messrs. Samuel Collins Addo, Francis Ansah and Theophilus Ansah Kyene. Finally, I am thankful to all persons who in diverse ways assisted me in one way or the other during the course of this work. vi TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATIONS ........................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................ xv LIST OF ABREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ....................................................................... xvii CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Natural products and their derivatives as drugs ..................................................................... 1 1.2 JUSTIFICATION AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY.................................................. 26 1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................... 26 1.3.1 Aims ..................................................................................................................................... 26 1.3.2 Specific Objectives .............................................................................................................. 26 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 28 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 28 2.1 BOTANICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE PLANTS ........................ 28 2.1.1 Clausena anisata (Wild) Hook f. ex. Benth ........................................................................ 28 2.1.2 Annickia polycarpa, Stten and Mass ...................................................................................
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