DOCSLIB.ORG

Precocious Puberty Due to a Hypothalamic Late Middle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Precocious Puberty Due to a Hypothalamic Late Middle J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.26.3.275 on 1 June 1963. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1963, 26, 275 Precocious puberty due to a hypothalamic hamartoma in a patient surviving to late middle age LIONEL WOLMAN AND G. V. BALMFORTH From the Department ofNeuropathology and Medical Unit, Royal Infirmary, Sheffield Precocious puberty is considered to be present when until the age of 21. Thereafter, they were irregular gonadal function, which is adult in type and degree, until the menopause occurred in the early thirties. At is accompanied by secondary sex development, in about this time she began to shave regularly. Although the male or female, some years before this would married, she never became pregnant. Her father, a normally be diabetic, died from heart disease. Her mother and expected (Simpson, 1959). Seckel (1946) seven siblings were all normal. regarded genital maturation as precocious when it About one month before her sudden death she became apparent in boys before the age of 10 years developed thirst, polyuria, lassitude, and loss of weight. and in girls before the age of 8 years. It is usually an She was found to be a strikingly short and obese woman idiopathic acceleration of normal puberty and is weighing 15 stones. There were large dewlaps. The feet Protected by copyright. considerably more common in girls than in boys and hands were tiny. She had a beard but the hair was (Jolly, 1951). Identical features can result from distributed normally elsewhere. Investigations included involvement of the hypothalamus either directly or a fasting blood sugar level of 292 mg./100 ml., urinary indirectly in disorders of adjacent structures, such 17-ketosteroids of 4.7 mg./24 hr., 17-ketogenic steroids as the pineal and upper of 6.0 mg./24 hr., and gonadotrophins of 54 mouse brain-stem. Such cases are units/24 hours. The blood pressure was 190/100 mm. Hg. more common among boys than girls (Weinberger There was a B.coli urinary tract infection. The diabetes and Grant, 1941). Of the various pathological lesions mellitus was controlled with a 1,000 calorie diet. She affecting the hypothalamus, a well-defined group is collapsed and died a few minutes after the sudden onset the hamartoma occurring on the ventral aspect of of dyspnoea. the posterior hypothalamus. Over 30 cases have now been described in the literature and the majority POST-MORTEM FINDINGS of these have been reviewed recently by Schmidt, Hallervorden, and Spatz (1958). Most children The cause of death was a large pulmonary embolus developing the condition due to hypothalamic blocking the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery. It causes had arisen from a deep vein thrombosis in the left either die young or survive only till early external iliac vein. The heart weighed 305 g. and showed http://jnnp.bmj.com/ adult life, being especially sensitive to operative left ventricular hypertrophy. The kidneys were mildly procedures (Le Marquand and Russell, 1935). scarred. The uterus and ovaries were small and atrophic. That reasonable longevity may be compatible with The thyroid, pancreas, and adrenals appeared normal. these growths is suggested by the family reported The brain (weight 990 g.) was small with a normal by Rush, Bilderback, Slocum, and Rogers (1937), in convolutional pattern and slight bilateral frontal cortical which sexual prococity was found in the father and atrophy. The mammillary bodies appeared enlarged when two sons as well as in other members, and is con- viewed from the ventral aspect of the brain (Fig. 1) but a closer inspection of the midline sagittal section revealed firmed on September 28, 2021 by guest. by the following study of a patient who that they were both of normal size but attached to and survived until the age of 62 years. covering them was a small firm white pedunculated mass measuring 1.5 x 1 x 1 cm. The attachment of the nodule CASE REPORT to the hypothalamus was by a broad base extending anteriorly on to the posterior part of the tuber cinereum A.W., a woman aged 62, developed rapidly during more on the right than the left (Figs. 2 and 3). It had not childhood. Menstruation began at the age of 7, and by produced any signs of compression or distortion of the this time the breasts had become as large as her mother's. neighbouring parts and the ventricular system was of Growth ceased at the age of 9 when she measured normal size and shape without any displacement. The 4 ft. 6j in. and weighed 15 st. 6 lb. The periods, which pituitary fossa appeared slightly enlarged but the gland were heavy, continued regularly at monthly intervals was normal. The pineal gland showed no abnormality. 27' J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.26.3.275 on 1 June 1963. Downloaded from 276 Lionel Wolman and G. V. Balmforth W-4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ n; '[ . k iZZ Z!S'~~* ,a. fa * 41~~~~ i,SII ......~~~~~~~~~~~~*t Protected by copyright. ~~~~~~< HG. 1. Ventral aspect of the brain showing nodular > of the mnammillary bodies. The brain had ;51 t ~~~~~~~~~~beensectioned sagittally in the midline. < $t§X/lix X ~~~~~~~FIG.2. Midline sagittal section of brain viewedfrom left g hamartoma attached to a normal-sized right mammillary body and extending forwards on to the ventral _ of the tuber cinereum. mmnmwwmumumemnmwm-nmnmwm.mmm-mt~'&.;;.~ ;. HG. 3. Midline sagittal section of brain viewed from ;fl-- ienlargement~~~~~~~~~~rightshowing hamartoma attached almost entirely to http://jnnp.bmj.com/ normal-sized left mammillary body. 4. Section of dorsal part of hamartoma showing a s 3- i:;^-vtv1~~*R*d;~~~~~~~iiL.9t~~~I,t*.-j group of large nerve cells on the right adjacent to a cluster Jre. seen s / : i X \. ........ .Xt~showingof small nerve cells. A band of nerve fibres can be across the upper part of the section and these > _ ^: . ° J / ~~~~~~~~weresituated near the capsule of the mammillary body. / stain. x 150. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~surface on September 28, 2021 by guest. 5. Section of central part of hamartoma showing a ; nerve cell and widely separated nerve fibres. , % , ~~~~~~~~~~9~~ Silver stain. x 400. i ....R,3w ^;i.... 6. Coronal section of left mammillary body with __;,[.HG. I-mmnmnmmnmnmninnunmnnmnmmnmnmnmnw-u miF p j j ~~~~~~~~~~~~~separateddorsal partbyofthebundlesmalformation.of myelinated nerve fibres in the H - 4>-.-/-''.2Y;s_k-;(/ rti~~~~~~~~~~~~solitaryS9°oJb:$_;>i9uS:}24~~~~~~~~~Silver~~~~~~~extending>tFI~~~~G.~~~~HG.Mallory's P.T.A.H. x 12.3. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.26.3.275 on 1 June 1963. Downloaded from Precocious puberty due to a hypothalamic hamartoma in a patient surviving to late middle age 277 O.,., : * i. :s ... -W~~~~~~' : / b t o AF A A -t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Protected by copyright. b~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~4 *&kS,+t*I'%i bS W " 'Vt~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ U,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A :~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~G 7 Diagammti rersntto of th conxin http://jnnp.bmj.com/ .....o 7 D r on September 28, 2021 by guest. f the hamartoma with the right hypothalamus as seen in sagittal section. The triangles represent groups of nerve cells. FIG. 8. Nerve cell from hamartoma containing neuro secretory material which is also distributed irregularly .,>.:1salong its axone giving a beaded appearancer 6e1f1 Performic acid-alcian blue. x 820. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.26.3.275 on 1 June 1963. Downloaded from 278 Lionel Wolman and G. V. Balmforth HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION case described by Graber and Kersting (1955). The fact that hamartomatous malformation of the The nodule consisted of groups of nerve cells separated hypothalamus may not be so uncommon is by a loose astroglial network in which were many suggested myelinated nerve fibres and scanty interfascicular by the work of Sherwin, Grassi, and Sommers (1962) oligodendroglia. The glial fibres were most dense around who found miniature hamartomatous nodular perivascular spaces and around the periphery of the projections ofthe tuber cinereum in the posterolateral nodule where there were very many corpora amylacea. portion of the hypothalamus in 21 % of 121 brains The pia arachnoid over the nodule was markedly carefully examined. Multiple endocrine abnormalities thickened but appeared normal over the adjacent and neoplasms were significantly increased in these hypothalamus. Some of the groups of nerve cells were cases. composed of small neurones while others were much Of the symptoms associated with hypothalamic larger (Fig. 4). A few nerve cells showed bullous vacuola- hamartomata, pubertas praecox is the most tion of their cytoplasm. Serial sections of the nodule striking and adjacent hypothalamus were examined to trace the and frequent. As many diverse types of tumour of course of the nerve fibres. The right side was sectioned the hypothalamus have been reported associated sagittally and the left side was sectioned in the coronal with precocious puberty (Morley, 1954), it is not plane. In the ventral and central part of the nodule the likely that the pathological type of growth is fibres tended to be solitary (Fig. 5) or in small bundles. important but rather its effect on the hypothalamic These increased in size near the hypothalamus where nerve cells and connexions. It thus seems likely large bands of nerve fibres occurred between the groups that the fibre connexions of these hamartomas are of nerve cells. Many of these fibres merged with the important in influencing the onset of precocious capsule of the mammillary body (Fig. 6) but anteriorly the they extended into the area praemammillaris of the puberty. Occasionally, however, hamartoma has posterior hypothalamus and the tuber cinereum establish- been discovered as a chance finding at necropsy in ing connexions with the nucleus mammillo-infundibularis a previously normal and healthy individual, as Protected by copyright.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hamartomas of the Tuber Cinereum: CT, MR, and Pathologic Findings
    309 Hamartomas of the Tuber Cinereum: CT, MR, and Pathologic Findings - - - - - - 1 --- - --- --- . ' . - ~ - -- --- ----. _.... ~ -- - ------- - - -- - Crest B. Boyko1 The neuroimaging studies, clinical evaluations, and surgical and pathologic findings John T. Curnes2 in five children with biopsy-proved hamartomas of the tuber cinereum were reviewed. W. Jerry Oakes3 Surgical andjor MR findings showed that patients with precocious puberty had pedun­ Peter C. Burger" culated lesions while those with seizures had tumors that were sessile with respect to the hypothalamus. The radiologic studies included six MR examinations in four patients and CT studies in all five patients. Three children presented with precocious puberty and two with seizures, one of which was a gelastic (spasmodic or hysteric laughter) type of epilepsy. MR studies were obtained both before and after surgery in two patients, only preoperatively in a third patient, and only postoperatively in the fourth child. MR was superior to CT in displaying the exact size and anatomic location of the hamartomas in all cases. The mass was isointense with gray matter on sagittal and coronal T1- weighted images, which best displayed the relationship of the hamartoma to the third ventricle, infundibulum, and mammillary bodies. Intermediate- or T2-weighted images showed signal characteristics of the hamartoma to be isointense (one case) or hyper­ intense (two cases) relative to gray matter. The difference in T2 signal intensity did not correlate with any obvious differences in histopathology. CT showed attenuation iso­ dense with gray matter, and no calcium. There was no enhancement on CT. There was no enhancement on MR in the one case in which contrast medium was administered.
    [Show full text]
  • Hamartoma of the Tuber Cinereum: a Comparison of MR and CT Findings in Four Cases
    497 Hamartoma of the Tuber Cinereum: A Comparison of MR and CT Findings in Four Cases 1 2 Edward M. Burton " Hamartoma of the tuber cinereum is a well-recognized cause of central precocious WilliamS. Ball, Jr.1 puberty. We report three patients with an isodense, nonenhancing mass within the Kerry Crone3 interpeduncular cistern identified by CT. In a fourth patient, the CT scan was normal. Lawrence M. Dolan4 MR imaging was obtained in all cases and demonstrated a sessile or pedunculated mass of the posterior hypothalamus arising from the region of the tuber cinereum. The smallest mass was 2 mm in diameter and was found in the patient in whom the CT scan was normal. The signal intensity of the masses was generally homogeneous and isointense relative to gray matter on T1- and intermediate-weighted images, and hyper­ intense on T2-weighted images. MR imaging accurately diagnoses hypothalamic hamartomas, identifies small hamar­ tomas of the tuber cinereum more sensitively than CT does, and provides optimal imaging for serial evaluation while the patient is being treated medically. Central (neurogenic or true) precocious puberty is caused by premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, resulting in sexual maturation prior to age 7112 years in females and age 9 years in males . Hamartoma of the tuber cinereum is a well-recognized cause of central precocious puberty [1 , 2] , with approximately 90 cases previously reported in the radiologic literature [3-9]. There are, however, few reports describing its appearance on CT [6-12] and MR imaging [9, 13]. We report four cases of hypothalamic hamartoma causing precocious puberty, and describe their pertinent CT and MR characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lateral Hypothalamic Parvalbuminimmunoreactive
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Published in "7KH-RXUQDORI&RPSDUDWLYH1HXURORJ\ GRLFQH" provided by RERO DOC Digital Library which should be cited to refer to this work. The lateral hypothalamic parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV1) nucleus in rodents* Zoltán Mészár1, Franck Girard1, Clifford B. Saper2 and Marco R. Celio1,2** 1Anatomy Unit and “Program in Neurosciences”, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rte. A. Gockel 1, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland 2 Neurology and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA Running title: Parvalbumin-positive nucleus in the lateral hypothalamus Associate Editor: Paul W. Sawchenko Key Words: medial forebrain bundle, lateral tuberal nucleus, glutamate, projection neurons, neuropeptides, vocalization Corresponding author: Marco R. Celio, Anatomy and “Program in Neuroscience”, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rte. A. Gockel 1, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. Phone: +41 26 300 84 91; Fax: +41 26 300 97 33. E-mail: http://doc.rero.ch [email protected]. **MRC spent sabbatical leaves at HMS in 1997 and 2008. Supported by the Canton of Fribourg, an grant of the Swiss National Science Foundation (no.: 3100A0-113524), the Novartis Foundation and USPHS grants NS33987 and NS072337. *Dedicated to Emilio Celio (1927-2011), founder of Swant. Abbreviations: Anatomic: IIn: optic nerve 3dV: third ventricle 2 A: amygdala AHA: anterior hypothalamic area Cer: cerebellum cp: cerebral peduncle DMH: dorsomedial hypothalamic
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution and Characterization of Different Molecular Products of Pro
    The Journal of Neuroscience. March 1992, 12(3): 946-961 Distribution and Characterization of Different Molecular Products of Pro-somatostatin in the Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary Lobe of the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) Philip J. Larsen,’ Maurizio Bersani,2 Jens J. Hoist,* Marten Msller,l and Jens D. Mikkelsenl ‘Institute of Medical Anatomy B and *Institute of Medical Physiology C, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark Antisera raised against various synthetic peptide fragments intracellular processing of pro-somatostatin. Somatostati- of the pro-somatostatin molecule were used to visualize im- nergic nerve fibers and terminals in hypothalamic areas and munohistochemically the distributions of different pro-so- the posterior pituitary lobe were immunoreactive to all of the matostatin fragments in the hypothalamus and posterior pi- employed antisera. tuitary of the Mongolian gerbil. To define the nature of the From the present results, obvious differences between immunoreactive somatostatin-related molecular forms, gel intrahypothalamic and hypothalamo-pituitary somatostatin- chromatography combined with radioimmunoassays of hy- ergic neurons emerge. Within hypothalamic neurons not pro- pothalamic and posterior pituitary extracts was performed. jecting to the median eminence and the posterior pituitary Within the hypothalamus, only trace amounts of somato- lobe, pro-somatostatin is posttranslationally processed in statin- and somatostatin-28( l-l 2) were present, whereas the cell body predominantly
    [Show full text]
  • Diffusion Tensor Tractography of the Mammillothalamic Tract in The
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Difusion tensor tractography of the mammillothalamic tract in the human brain using a high spatial Received: 15 August 2017 Accepted: 19 February 2018 resolution DTI technique Published: xx xx xxxx Arash Kamali 1, Caroline C. Zhang2, Roy F. Riascos1, Nitin Tandon3, Eliana E. Bonafante-Mejia1, Rajan Patel1, John A. Lincoln4, Pejman Rabiei1, Laura Ocasio1, Kyan Younes4 & Khader M. Hasan1 The mammillary bodies as part of the hypothalamic nuclei are in the central limbic circuitry of the human brain. The mammillary bodies are shown to be directly or indirectly connected to the amygdala, hippocampus, and thalami as the major gray matter structures of the human limbic system. Although it is not primarily considered as part of the human limbic system, the thalamus is shown to be involved in many limbic functions of the human brain. The major direct connection of the thalami with the hypothalamic nuclei is known to be through the mammillothalamic tract. Given the crucial role of the mammillothalamic tracts in memory functions, difusion tensor imaging may be helpful in better visualizing the surgical anatomy of this pathway noninvasively. This study aimed to investigate the utility of high spatial resolution difusion tensor tractography for mapping the trajectory of the mammillothalamic tract in the human brain. Fifteen healthy adults were studied after obtaining written informed consent. We used high spatial resolution difusion tensor imaging data at 3.0 T. We delineated, for the frst time, the detailed trajectory of the mammillothalamic tract of the human brain using deterministic difusion tensor tractography. Limbic system of the human brain is a collection of gray and white matter structures that supports a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Ti&Diencephalon of the Vir'i' 4Nia Opossum
    STUDIES ON TI&DIENCEPHALON OF THE VIR'I' 4NIA OPOSSUM PART 11. THE FIB,,RiC70NNECTIONS IN NORMAL AND EXPP MENTAL MATERIAL' LAVID BODIAN National Research Coq :,'gFeJlow in Medicine, Laboratory of Comparative N6dro1ogyl Depart3 ,# of Anatomy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbo., and the Department of Anatomy, Thq,gniueraity of Chicago, Illinois THIBTI-'*.INPLATES (TWENTY-SIX FIGURES) CONTENTS Introduction ..... .............................................. 208 Material and methods.. .................. ..................... 209 Internal capsule and tha. mie radiations ................................ 210 Dorsal thalamic eommisswes and internal medullary lamina. .............. 213 Supraoptic decussations ................................................ 215 Connections of the dorsal thalamus.. ................................... 223 Anterior nuclear group. ............... ........... 223 Medial nuclear group ............................................. 224 Midline and commissural nuclei. ... ............... 227 Lateral nuclear group ............................................. 230 Ventral nuclear group and medial lemniscus.. ........................ 231 Geniculate nuelel and associated optic and auditory nuclei of the di- mesencephal I: junction. Tecto-reuniens fiber systems. ............ 233 The optic tracts and nucleus opticus tegmenti.. ...................... 237 Conriections of the ventral thalamus. ....... ............... 239 Zona incerta .................................................. Nucleus genic! +us lateralis ventralis.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypothalamus
    883 Hypothalamus HYPOTHALAMUS Introduction The hypothalamus is a very small, but extremely important part of the diencephalon that is involved in the mediation of endocrine, autonomic and behavioral functions. The hypothalamus: (1) controls the release of 8 major hormones by the hypophysis, and is involved in (2) temperature regulation, (3) control of food and water intake, (4) sexual behavior and reproduction, (5) control of daily cycles in physiological state and behavior, and (6) mediation of emotional responses. A large number of nuclei and fiber tracts have been described in the hypothalamus. Some of these are ill-defined and have no known function, while others have been studied in detail both anatomically and physiologically. This handout will attempt to focus your attention on the significant and interesting aspects of the structure and function of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is the ventral-most part of the diencephalon. As seen in Fig. 2 of the thalamus handout, the hypothalamus is on either side of the third ventricle, with the hypothalamic sulcus delineating its dorsal border. The ventral aspect of the hypothalamus is exposed on the base of the brain (Fig. 1). It extends from the rostral limit of the optic chiasm to the caudal limit of the mammillary bodies. Three rostral to caudal regions are distinguished in the hypothalamus that correspond to three prominent features on its ventral surface: 1) The supraoptic or anterior region at the level of the optic chiasm, 2) the tuberal or middle region at the level of the tuber cinereum (also known as the median eminence—the bulge from which the infundibulum extends to the hypophysis), and 3) the mammillary or posterior region at the level of the mammillary bodies (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypothalamic Hamartomas. Part 1. Clinical, Neuroimaging, and Neurophysiological Characteristics
    See the companion article in this issue (E7). Neurosurg Focus 34 (6):E6, 2013 ©AANS, 2013 Hypothalamic hamartomas. Part 1. Clinical, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological characteristics SANDEEP MITTAL, M.D., F.R.C.S.C.,1 MONIKA MITTAL, M.D.,1 JOSÉ LUIS MONTES, M.D.,2 JEAN-PIErrE FArmER, M.D., F.R.C.S.C.,2 AND FREDERICK ANDErmANN, M.D., F.R.C.P.C.3 1Department of Neurosurgery, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Wayne State University, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan; 2Department of Neurosurgery, Montreal Children’s Hospital; and 3Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Hypothalamic hamartomas are uncommon but well-recognized developmental malformations that are classi- cally associated with gelastic seizures and other refractory seizure types. The clinical course is often progressive and, in addition to the catastrophic epileptic syndrome, patients commonly exhibit debilitating cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric disturbances. Over the past decade, investigators have gained considerable knowledge into the pathobio- logical and neurophysiological properties of these rare lesions. In this review, the authors examine the causes and molecular biology of hypothalamic hamartomas as well as the principal clinical features, neuroimaging findings, and electrophysiological characteristics. The diverse surgical modalities and strategies used to manage these difficult le- sions are outlined in the second article of this 2-part review. (http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2013.3.FOCUS1355)
    [Show full text]
  • Tuning the Brain for Motherhood: Prolactin-Like Central Signalling in Virgin, Pregnant, and Lactating Female Mice
    21/6/2016 e.Proofing Tuning the brain for motherhood: prolactin-like central signalling in virgin, pregnant, and lactating female mice Hugo Salais­López 1 Enrique Lanuza 2 Carmen Agustín­Pavón 1 Fernando Martínez­García 1,* Phone +34 964 387457 Email [email protected] 1 Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Jaume I, Av. de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain 2 Departaments de Biologia Cel·lular i de Biologia Funcional, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, València, Spain Abstract Prolactin is fundamental for the expression of maternal behaviour. In virgin female rats, prolactin administered upon steroid hormone priming accelerates the onset of maternal care. By contrast, the role of prolactin in mice maternal behaviour remains unclear. This study aims at characterizing central prolactin activity patterns in female mice and their variation through pregnancy and lactation. This was revealed by immunoreactivity of phosphorylated (active) signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (pSTAT5­ir), a key molecule in the signalling cascade of prolactin receptors. We also evaluated non­ hypophyseal lactogenic activity during pregnancy by administering bromocriptine, which suppresses hypophyseal prolactin release. Late­pregnant and lactating females showed significantly increased pSTAT5­ir resulting in a widespread pattern of immunostaining with minor variations between pregnant and lactating animals, which comprises nuclei of the sociosexual and maternal brain, including telencephalic (septum, nucleus of the stria terminalis, and amygdala), hypothalamic (preoptic, paraventricular, supraoptic, and ventromedial), and midbrain (periaqueductal grey) regions. During late http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=F6Dh0Rrkyf7yFBfPwEWl_JTT4qYCAsP3 1/56 21/6/2016 e.Proofing pregnancy, this pattern was not affected by the administration of bromocriptine, suggesting it to be elicited mostly by non­hypophyseal lactogenic agents, likely placental lactogens.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diencephalon Is Located Near the Midline of the Brain Above the Midbrain
    Neuroanatomy Dr. Maha ELBeltagy Assistant Professor of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine The University of Jordan 2018 10/15/17 Prof Yousry Diencephalon Diencephalon The Diencephalon is located near the midline of the brain above the midbrain. Developed from the fbiforebrain vesilicle (prosencephalon). More primitive than the cerebral cortex and lies under it. Surrounds the third ventricle The Diencephalon • The cavity of the 3rd ventricle divides the diencephalon into 2 halves. • Each half is divided by the hypothalamic sulcus (which extends from the interventricular foramen to the cerebral aqueduct) into ventral & dorsal parts: Dorsal part includes: ‐ Thalamus, Epithalamus & Matathalamus. Ventral part includes: ‐ Hypothalamus & Subthalamus Interventricular foramen Thalamus Hypothalamic sulcus Hypothalamus cerebral aqueduct THALAMUS THALAMUS • It is a large egg shaped mass of grey matter which forms the main sensory relay station for the cerebral cortex. Interthalamic • It forms part of the lateral wall adhesion of the 3rd ventricle & the part of the floor of the body of the lateral ventricle. • The 2 thalami are connected by interthalamic adhesion. THALAMUS Shape and rel ati ons: Oval shape has 2 ends and 4 surfaces: Anterior end: narrow and forms the posterior boundary of the IVF. Posterior end: Pulvinar overhanging the MGB and LGB. Upper surface : floor of body of lateral ventricle. Medial surface: lateral wall of third ventricle Lateral surface: caudate above &lentiform below separated from it by posterior limb of internal capsule Lower surface: hypothalamus anterior and subthalamus posterior Classification of Thalamic Nuclei I. Lateral Nuclear Group II. Medial Nuclear Group III. Anterior Nuclear Group IV. Posterior Nuclear Group V. MhliMetathalamic NlNuclear Group VI.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hypothalamus at the Crossroads of Psychopathology and Neurosurgery
    NEUROSURGICAL FOCUS Neurosurg Focus 43 (3):E15, 2017 The hypothalamus at the crossroads of psychopathology and neurosurgery Daniel A. N. Barbosa,1,2 Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza, MD, PhD,1,3 Felipe Monte Santo, MD,1,4 Ana Carolina de Oliveira Faria, MSc, PhD,1,3 Alessandra A. Gorgulho, MD, MSc,5,6 and Antonio A. F. De Salles, MD, PhD5,6 1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, D’Or Institute for Research and Education; 2Division of Neurosurgery and 3Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro; 4Intensive Care Unit, Icaraí Hospital, Niteroi, RJ; 5HCor Neuroscience, São Paulo, Brazil; and 6Department of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California The neurosurgical endeavor to treat psychiatric patients may have been part of human history since its beginning. The modern era of psychosurgery can be traced to the heroic attempts of Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz to alleviate mental symptoms through the ablation of restricted areas of the frontal lobes in patients with disabling psychiatric ill- nesses. Thanks to the adaptation of the stereotactic frame to human patients, the ablation of large volumes of brain tis- sue has been practically abandoned in favor of controlled interventions with discrete targets. Consonant with the role of the hypothalamus in the mediation of the most fundamental approach-avoidance behaviors, some hypothalamic nuclei and regions, in particular, have been selected as targets for the treatment of aggressiveness (posterior hypothalamus), pathological obesity (lateral or ventromedial nuclei), sexual deviations (ventromedial nucleus), and drug dependence (ventromedial nucleus).
    [Show full text]
  • Hypothalamic and Pituitary Injury J Clin Pathol: First Published As 10.1136/Jcp.S3-4.1.178 on 1 January 1970
    J. clin. Path., 23, Suppl. (Roy. Coll. Path.), 4, 178-186 Hypothalamic and pituitary injury J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.s3-4.1.178 on 1 January 1970. Downloaded from C. S. TREIP Cambridge The hypothalamic-pituitary axis is recognized Hypothalamic Lesions to an increasing extent as a physiological unit which influences and is influenced by endocrine The lesions described in this paper are based on and autonomic function. Anatomically, however, a personal series of 15 cases of fatal head injury, a clear distinction is to be drawn, with regard to surviving from three to over 300 days, in which both cellular and vascular anatomy, betweenthe serial histological sections of the hypothalamus neural (hypothalamus and neurohypophysis) and were examined. The lesions may for conveniencecopyright. the glandular epithelial (pars distalis) components be divided into four anatomical groups: (1) of the axis. The anatomical situation of lesions lesions of the supraoptic and paraventricular which may cause physiological disturbances nuclei; (2) lesions of the infundibulum; (3) of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis has to be lesions in and around the third ventricle; and considered, as it appears in some cases at least (4) lesions of the mamillary bodies. Lesions of all that a precise location may be required to disrupt four areas are commonly found in one brain the physiological integrity of the axis. Despite and sometimes in association with pituitary present-day refinements of biochemical diagnosis, lesions; not infrequently, however, the pituitary the final word regarding the correlation of clinical gland is histologically intact. Injury of the brainhttp://jcp.bmj.com/ findings with anatomical lesions still rests with the elsewhere is almost always present (Vonderahe, histopathologist.
    [Show full text]