The Anatomy and Embryology of the Hypothalamus in Relation to Hypothalamic Hamartomas
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The Role of the Hypothalamic Dorsomedial Nucleus in the Central Regulation of Food Intake
The role of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus in the central regulation of food intake Ph.D. thesis Éva Dobolyiné Renner Semmelweis University Szentágothai János Neuroscience Doctoral School Ph.D. Supervisor: Prof. Miklós Palkovits, member of the HAS Opponents: Prof. Dr. Halasy Katalin, Ph.D., D.Sci. Dr. Oláh Márk, M.D., Ph.D. Examination board: Prof. Dr. Vígh Béla, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sci Dr. Kovács Krisztina Judit, Ph.D., D.Sci. Dr. Lovas Gábor, M.D., Ph.D. Budapest 2013 1. Introduction The central role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure has long been established. The hypothalamus receives hormonal input such as insulin, leptin, and ghrelin from the periphery. The gate for the most important adiposity signals is the arcuate nucleus, which contains neurons expressing orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, respectively. These neurons convey peripheral input to the paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei, and the lateral hypothalamic area, which all play critical roles in body weight regulations. The hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus (DMH) has also been implicated in the regulation of body weight homeostasis along with other hypothalamic nuclei including the arcuate, ventromedial, and paraventricular nuclei as well as the lateral hypothalamus. Lesions of the DMH affected ingestive behavior. Electrophysiological data suggested that neurons in this nucleus integrate hormonal input and ascending brainstem information and, in turn, modulate food intake and energy balance. In response to refeeding of fasted rats, Fos-activated neurons were reported in the DMH. Major projections relay vagus-mediated signals from the gastrointestinal tract, and humoral signals to the hypothalamus from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), a viscerosensory cell group in the dorsomedial medulla. -
Cortex and Thalamus Lecture.Pptx
Cerebral Cortex and Thalamus Hyperbrain Ch 2 Monica Vetter, PhD January 24, 2013 Learning Objectives: • Anatomy of the lobes of the cortex • Relationship of thalamus to cortex • Layers and connectivity of the cortex • Vascular supply to cortex • Understand the location and function of hypothalamus and pituitary • Anatomy of the basal ganglia • Primary functions of the different lobes/ cortical regions – neurological findings 1 Types of Cortex • Sensory (Primary) • Motor (Primary) • Unimodal association • Multimodal association - necessary for language, reason, plan, imagine, create Note: • Gyri • Sulci • Fissures • Lobes 2 The Thalamus is highly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, and handles most information traveling to or from the cortex. “Specific thalamic Ignore nuclei” – have well- names of defined sensory or thalamic nuclei for motor functions now - A few Other nuclei have will more distributed reappear later function 3 Thalamus Midbrain Pons Limbic lobe = cingulate gyrus Structure of Neocortex (6 layers) white matter gray matter Pyramidal cells 4 Connectivity of neurons in different cortical layers Afferents = inputs Efferents = outputs (reciprocal) brainstem etc Eg. Motor – Eg. Sensory – more efferent more afferent output input Cortico- cortical From Thalamus To spinal cord, brainstem etc. To Thalamus Afferent and efferent connections to different ….Depending on whether they have more layers of cortex afferent or efferent connections 5 Different areas of cortex were defined by differences in layer thickness, and size and -
Critical Role of Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus in a Wide Range of Behavioral Circadian Rhythms
The Journal of Neuroscience, November 19, 2003 • 23(33):10691–10702 • 10691 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Critical Role of Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus in a Wide Range of Behavioral Circadian Rhythms Thomas C. Chou,1,2 Thomas E. Scammell,2 Joshua J. Gooley,1,2 Stephanie E. Gaus,1,2 Clifford B. Saper,2 and Jun Lu2 1Department of Neurobiology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and 2Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contains the brain’s circadian pacemaker, but mechanisms by which it controls circadian rhythms of sleep and related behaviors are poorly understood. Previous anatomic evidence has implicated the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) in circadian control of sleep, but this hypothesis remains untested. We now show that excitotoxic lesions of the DMH reduce circadian rhythms of wakefulness, feeding, locomotor activity, and serum corticosteroid levels by 78–89% while also reducing their overall daily levels. We also show that the DMH receives both direct and indirect SCN inputs and sends a mainly GABAergic projection to the sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, and a mainly glutamate–thyrotropin-releasing hormone projection to the wake- promoting lateral hypothalamic area, including orexin (hypocretin) neurons. Through these pathways, the DMH may influence a wide range of behavioral circadian rhythms. Key words: suprachiasmatic nucleus; sleep; feeding; corticosteroid; locomotor activity; melatonin Introduction sponses, in feeding, and in the circadian release of corticosteroids In many animals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) strongly (for review, see Bellinger et al., 1976; Kalsbeek et al., 1996; Ber- influences circadian rhythms of sleep–wake behaviors, but the nardis and Bellinger, 1998; DiMicco et al., 2002), although many pathways mediating these influences are poorly understood. -
The Connexions of the Amygdala
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.28.2.137 on 1 April 1965. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1965, 28, 137 The connexions of the amygdala W. M. COWAN, G. RAISMAN, AND T. P. S. POWELL From the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford The amygdaloid nuclei have been the subject of con- to what is known of the efferent connexions of the siderable interest in recent years and have been amygdala. studied with a variety of experimental techniques (cf. Gloor, 1960). From the anatomical point of view MATERIAL AND METHODS attention has been paid mainly to the efferent connexions of these nuclei (Adey and Meyer, 1952; The brains of 26 rats in which a variety of stereotactic or Lammers and Lohman, 1957; Hall, 1960; Nauta, surgical lesions had been placed in the diencephalon and and it is now that there basal forebrain areas were used in this study. Following 1961), generally accepted survival periods of five to seven days the animals were are two main efferent pathways from the amygdala, perfused with 10 % formol-saline and after further the well-known stria terminalis and a more diffuse fixation the brains were either embedded in paraffin wax ventral pathway, a component of the longitudinal or sectioned on a freezing microtome. All the brains were association bundle of the amygdala. It has not cut in the coronal plane, and from each a regularly spaced generally been recognized, however, that in studying series was stained, the paraffin sections according to the Protected by copyright. the efferent connexions of the amygdala it is essential original Nauta and Gygax (1951) technique and the frozen first to exclude a contribution to these pathways sections with the conventional Nauta (1957) method. -
Aversive Stimuli Drive Hypothalamus-To-Habenula
Aversive stimuli drive hypothalamus-to-habenula excitation to promote escape behavior Salvatore Lecca, Frank Meye, Massimo Trusel, Anna Tchenio, Julia Harris, Martin Karl Schwarz, Denis Burdakov, F Georges, Manuel Mameli To cite this version: Salvatore Lecca, Frank Meye, Massimo Trusel, Anna Tchenio, Julia Harris, et al.. Aversive stimuli drive hypothalamus-to-habenula excitation to promote escape behavior. eLife, eLife Sciences Publication, 2017, 6, pp.e30697. 10.7554/eLife.30697. hal-03129952 HAL Id: hal-03129952 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03129952 Submitted on 3 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. SHORT REPORT Aversive stimuli drive hypothalamus-to- habenula excitation to promote escape behavior Salvatore Lecca1,2, Frank Julius Meye1,3, Massimo Trusel1,2, Anna Tchenio1,2, Julia Harris4, Martin Karl Schwarz5, Denis Burdakov4, Francois Georges6,7, Manuel Mameli1,2* 1Institut du Fer a` Moulin, Inserm UMR-S 839, Paris, France; 2Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, The University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; -
The Effect of Lateral Hypothalamic Lesions on Spontaneous Eeg Pattern in Rats
ACTA NEUROBIOL. EXP. 1987, 47: 27-43 THE EFFECT OF LATERAL HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS ON SPONTANEOUS EEG PATTERN IN RATS W. TROJNIAR, E. JURKOWLANIEC, J. ORZEL-GRYGLEWSKA and J. TOKARSKI Department of Physiology, Medical Academy Dqbinki 1, 80-211 Gdalisk, Poland Key words: lateral hypothalamus lesion, EEG, waking, sleep, subthalamus, somnolence Abstract. Neocortical and hippocampal EEG was recorded in ten rats subjected to bilateral lesions of the lateral hypothalamus at different levels of its rostro-caudal axis. In nine rats the damage evoked a marked increase of waking time with a si- multaneous reduction of the percentage of large amplitude irregular activity related to slow wave sleep in the first eight postlesion days. There was also a decrease in the amount of paradoxical sleep. Enhanced waking coexisted with behavioral som- nolence. The most extensive hypothalamic lesions produced qualitative changes of EEG concerning mainly the frequency of hippocampal theta rhythm. Control lesions within the subthalamic region did not influence either qualitative or quan- titative EEG pattern. It is concluded that limited lesions of the lateral hypotha- lamus did not destroy a sufficient number of reticular activating fibers to disturb a cortical desynchronizing reaction. The increased amount of waking pattern may be due to serotonergic deafferentation of the neocortex. Dissociation of behavioral and EEG indices of the level of arousal imply the existence of separate neuronal systems for both aspects of "activation". Bilateral destruction of the lateral hypothalamus (LH), particularly in its middle portion produces a set of severe abnormalities known as "the lateral hypothalamic syndrome". The animals, both rats and cats, display, among others, profound impairments in food and water intake (1, 32), deficits in sensorimotor integration (16), somnolence, akinesia and catalepsy (14). -
Hypothalamic Hypocretin (Orexin): Robust Innervation of the Spinal Cord
The Journal of Neuroscience, April 15, 1999, 19(8):3171–3182 Hypothalamic Hypocretin (Orexin): Robust Innervation of the Spinal Cord Anthony N. van den Pol Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Hypocretin (orexin) is synthesized by neurons in the lateral chemistry support the concept that hypocretin-immunoreactive hypothalamus and has been reported to increase food intake fibers in the cord originate from the neurons in the lateral and regulate the neuroendocrine system. In the present paper, hypothalamus. Digital-imaging physiological studies with fura-2 long descending axonal projections that contain hypocretin detected a rise in intracellular calcium in response to hypocretin were found that innervate all levels of the spinal cord from in cultured rat spinal cord neurons, indicating that spinal cord cervical to sacral segments, as studied in mouse, rat, and neurons express hypocretin-responsive receptors. A greater human spinal cord and not previously described. High densities number of cervical cord neurons responded to hypocretin than of axonal innervation are found in regions of the spinal cord another hypothalamo-spinal neuropeptide, oxytocin. These related to modulation of sensation and pain, notably in the data suggest that in addition to possible roles in feeding and marginal zone (lamina 1). Innervation of the intermediolateral endocrine regulation, the descending hypocretin fiber system column and lamina 10 as well as strong innervation of the may play a role in modulation of sensory input, particularly in caudal region of the sacral cord suggest that hypocretin may regions of the cord related to pain perception and autonomic participate in the regulation of both the sympathetic and para- tone. -
Tonic Activity in Lateral Habenula Neurons Promotes Disengagement from Reward-Seeking Behavior
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.15.426914; this version posted January 16, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Tonic activity in lateral habenula neurons promotes disengagement from reward-seeking behavior 5 Brianna J. Sleezer1,3, Ryan J. Post1,2,3, David A. Bulkin1,2,3, R. Becket Ebitz4, Vladlena Lee1, Kasey Han1, Melissa R. Warden1,2,5,* 1Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 2Cornell Neurotech, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA 10 3These authors contributed equally 4Department oF Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada 5Lead Contact *Correspondence: [email protected] 15 Sleezer*, Post*, Bulkin* et al. 1 of 38 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.15.426914; this version posted January 16, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. SUMMARY Survival requires both the ability to persistently pursue goals and the ability to determine when it is time to stop, an adaptive balance of perseverance and disengagement. Neural activity in the 5 lateral habenula (LHb) has been linked to aversion and negative valence, but its role in regulating the balance between reward-seeking and disengaged behavioral states remains unclear. -
Hamartomas of the Tuber Cinereum: CT, MR, and Pathologic Findings
309 Hamartomas of the Tuber Cinereum: CT, MR, and Pathologic Findings - - - - - - 1 --- - --- --- . ' . - ~ - -- --- ----. _.... ~ -- - ------- - - -- - Crest B. Boyko1 The neuroimaging studies, clinical evaluations, and surgical and pathologic findings John T. Curnes2 in five children with biopsy-proved hamartomas of the tuber cinereum were reviewed. W. Jerry Oakes3 Surgical andjor MR findings showed that patients with precocious puberty had pedun Peter C. Burger" culated lesions while those with seizures had tumors that were sessile with respect to the hypothalamus. The radiologic studies included six MR examinations in four patients and CT studies in all five patients. Three children presented with precocious puberty and two with seizures, one of which was a gelastic (spasmodic or hysteric laughter) type of epilepsy. MR studies were obtained both before and after surgery in two patients, only preoperatively in a third patient, and only postoperatively in the fourth child. MR was superior to CT in displaying the exact size and anatomic location of the hamartomas in all cases. The mass was isointense with gray matter on sagittal and coronal T1- weighted images, which best displayed the relationship of the hamartoma to the third ventricle, infundibulum, and mammillary bodies. Intermediate- or T2-weighted images showed signal characteristics of the hamartoma to be isointense (one case) or hyper intense (two cases) relative to gray matter. The difference in T2 signal intensity did not correlate with any obvious differences in histopathology. CT showed attenuation iso dense with gray matter, and no calcium. There was no enhancement on CT. There was no enhancement on MR in the one case in which contrast medium was administered. -
Brain Structure and Function Related to Headache
Review Cephalalgia 0(0) 1–26 ! International Headache Society 2018 Brain structure and function related Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav to headache: Brainstem structure and DOI: 10.1177/0333102418784698 function in headache journals.sagepub.com/home/cep Marta Vila-Pueyo1 , Jan Hoffmann2 , Marcela Romero-Reyes3 and Simon Akerman3 Abstract Objective: To review and discuss the literature relevant to the role of brainstem structure and function in headache. Background: Primary headache disorders, such as migraine and cluster headache, are considered disorders of the brain. As well as head-related pain, these headache disorders are also associated with other neurological symptoms, such as those related to sensory, homeostatic, autonomic, cognitive and affective processing that can all occur before, during or even after headache has ceased. Many imaging studies demonstrate activation in brainstem areas that appear specifically associated with headache disorders, especially migraine, which may be related to the mechanisms of many of these symptoms. This is further supported by preclinical studies, which demonstrate that modulation of specific brainstem nuclei alters sensory processing relevant to these symptoms, including headache, cranial autonomic responses and homeostatic mechanisms. Review focus: This review will specifically focus on the role of brainstem structures relevant to primary headaches, including medullary, pontine, and midbrain, and describe their functional role and how they relate to mechanisms -
Neural Correlates of Competing Fear Behaviors Evoked by an Innately Aversive Stimulus
The Journal of Neuroscience, May 1, 2003 • 23(9):3855–3868 • 3855 Neural Correlates of Competing Fear Behaviors Evoked by an Innately Aversive Stimulus Raymond Mongeau,1 Gabriel A. Miller,1 Elizabeth Chiang,1 and David J. Anderson1,2 1Division of Biology and 2Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 Environment and experience influence defensive behaviors, but the neural circuits mediating such effects are not well understood. We describe a new experimental model in which either flight or freezing reactions can be elicited from mice by innately aversive ultrasound. Flight and freezing are negatively correlated, suggesting a competition between fear motor systems. An unfamiliar environment or a previous aversive event, moreover, can alter the balance between these behaviors. To identify potential circuits controlling this compe- tition, global activity patterns in the whole brain were surveyed in an unbiased manner by c-fos in situ hybridization, using novel experimental and analytical methods. Mice predominantly displaying freezing behavior had preferential neural activity in the lateral septum ventral and several medial and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei, whereas mice predominantly displaying flight had more activity in cortical, amygdalar, and striatal motor areas, the dorsolateral posterior zone of the hypothalamus, and the vertical limb of the diagonal band. These complementary patterns of c-fos induction, taken together with known connections between these structures, suggest ways in which the brain may mediate the balance between these opponent defensive behaviors. Key words: defense behaviors; ultrasound; C56Bl6 mice; anxiety; flight behavior; freezing behavior; septum; hypothalamus; pedunculo- pontine tegmentum; diagonal band; cingulate cortex; motor cortex; retrosplenial cortex; accumbens; caudate putamen; amygdala Introduction iors can, moreover, be altered in a predictable manner by simple Studies of defensive behaviors in rodents provide useful para- environmental manipulations. -
Mapping the Populations of Neurotensin Neurons in the Male Mouse Brain T Laura E
Neuropeptides 76 (2019) 101930 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuropeptides journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/npep Mapping the populations of neurotensin neurons in the male mouse brain T Laura E. Schroeder, Ryan Furdock, Cristina Rivera Quiles, Gizem Kurt, Patricia Perez-Bonilla, ⁎ Angela Garcia, Crystal Colon-Ortiz, Juliette Brown, Raluca Bugescu, Gina M. Leinninger Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Neurotensin (Nts) is a neuropeptide implicated in the regulation of many facets of physiology, including car- Lateral hypothalamus diovascular tone, pain processing, ingestive behaviors, locomotor drive, sleep, addiction and social behaviors. Parabrachial nucleus Yet, there is incomplete understanding about how the various populations of Nts neurons distributed throughout Periaqueductal gray the brain mediate such physiology. This knowledge gap largely stemmed from the inability to simultaneously Central amygdala identify Nts cell bodies and manipulate them in vivo. One means of overcoming this obstacle is to study NtsCre Thalamus mice crossed onto a Cre-inducible green fluorescent reporter line (NtsCre;GFP mice), as these mice permit both Nucleus accumbens Preoptic area visualization and in vivo modulation of specific populations of Nts neurons (using Cre-inducible viral and genetic tools) to reveal their function. Here we provide a comprehensive characterization of the distribution and relative Abbreviation: 12 N, Hypoglossal nucleus;