MARCH NCPTT NOTES 2000 NUMBER 35 National Center for Preservation Technology and Training UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR •

Preservation 3Training Termite Control Workshop in

Information 5Management NCPTT Supports AIC’s Electronic Media Group Session Dyea, Alaska 1898. The false Remote Sensing in Alaska front of the small building on the left is still standing and was part of the remote sensing Preservation In collaboration with Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park survey. MssSCUA, University 6Research in Alaska, NCPTT is supporting the development of a field school of Washington Libraries, Hegg New Surveillance for remote sensing techniques. The development and testing of re- 67. Technologies mote sensing techniques have received considerable NCPTT sup- port, and the Dyea project widens NCPTT’s work in remote sens- ing to include training. The project will increase knowledge about The remote sensing survey the Dyea town site and a portion of Skagway and encourage, focused on the old Dyea cem- Materials through training, the use of current technologies in cultural re- etery or Native Cemetery, which 8Research sources preservation. once separated the lower Dyea A Standard town site from the northern or Method for the n 1897, the discovery of gold in Canada’s Yukon brought thou- upper town site, the false-front Analysis of sands of fortune hunters to the towns of Skagway and Dyea, area (roughly 5th and Main Historic IAlaska. The White Pass Trail from Skagway and the Chilkoot Street) of the lower Dyea town Cementitious Trail from Dyea were the most popular overland routes to the gold site, and the Slide Cemetery in Materials fields. By 1903, Skagway was nearly deserted. Dyea reached an north Dyea. A portion of the estimated peak population of 8,000-10,000 then became a ghost town Moore block bordering 5th Av- shortly thereafter. Erosion, visitation and the encroaching forest enue in Skagway was also inves- now threaten this important archeological site. Remote sensing has tigated. Preservation proven to be a cost-effective tool for discovering and interpreting Two types of remote sensors 10Calendar archeological features of both sites. were employed for the surveys: In July 1999 Dr. David Brauner of the Department of Anthro- a White’s Electronics “Spectrum pology, Oregon State University, and James Bell of Pacific Geo- XLT” digital discriminating physical Surveys Inc. conducted a remote sensing survey in the Dyea metal detector and a Model SIR- town site and on a portion of the Moore block in Skagway. Funded 10 Ground Penetrating Radar by NCPTT and administered through the Klondike Gold Rush Na- (GPR) unit. The portable SIR- tional Historical Park, this work was conducted in preparation for a field school scheduled for summer 2000. Continued on Page 2

MARCH 2000 — Number 35 NCPTT NOTES Only a small portion of the MARCH 2000 western edge of the Native NUMBER 35 Cemetery remains, as the Taiya River is relentlessly PTTPublications eroding the upper Dyea town No. 2000-01 site. The radar survey de- tected what are interpreted as three remaining graves along Editor the western margins of the old Frances Gale cemetery and a large anomaly, Copy Editor which is the site of a relocated Sara Burroughs burial. A shallow concentra- Contributors tion of cultural material was James Bell detected just south and east of David Brauner the old cemetery, possibly rep- Mary S. Carroll resenting the location of a Andy Ferrell Caption TK Mark Gilberg structure. This feature will be Elizabeth Goins investigated during the year Elizabeth F. “Penny” Jones mance at Dyea and Skagway, 2000 field season. Paul Messier Two GPR and metal detec- Mary F. Striegel Remote Sensing in a 500-MHz antenna was used. This frequency is considered tor transects were established Newsletter Coordinator Alaska best for the detection of small, in an east/west direction across Sheila Richmond Continued from page 1 buried features at shallow the false front lot, continuing Cover Image depths. The settings for the across Main Street, and across 10 can detect the position and Dr. David Brauner, radar controller were modified a lot occupied by a general GPR scan, Native Cemetery, depth of objects buried in di- for soil conditions at the Dyea mercantile store on the east Dyea, Alaska electric materials; this model site, i.e., a mixture of sand and side of the street. Investigators is manufactured by Geophysi- Contact Information silt soil strata that were well are particularly interested in cal Survey Systems Inc. It can NCPTT drained. Most of the radar what a radar signature on two NSU Box 5682 be adjusted to scan depths to transects conducted at Dyea developed lots and the inter- Natchitoches, LA 71497 80 feet. The GPR is powered vening streetscape will look Voice: 318/357-6464 were with time interval settings by a standard car battery of 12 like and how material culture Facsimile: 318/357-6421 of 50 nanoseconds, with some volts and has an instantaneous Email: [email protected] transects repeated at slightly is dispersed across these readout on a liquid-crystal WWW: www.ncptt.nps.gov higher and lower settings. The transects. Defining an elec- color monitor. The remote soil types were determined tronic and radar based street sensors are designed to map from previous excavations and signature will assist future in- NCPTT Notes is published by subsurface cultural features the National Park Service’s Na- modern shovel probes. vestigators in relocating the tional Center for Preservation such as foundations, road- Numerous subsurface poorly understood street net- Technology and Training. The beds, privies, basements, buri- mail list for NCPTT Notes is sub- anomalies were detected by the work in Dyea. Anomalies that ject to request under the Free- als and near-surface concen- dom of Information Act. Persons radar in the Native Cemetery could be interpreted as cellars, or organizations not wanting to trations of cultural debris. and false front portions of the privies, foundation features, have mail list information dis- The principle behind sub- closed should unsubscribe. Dyea site. At the Slide Cem- sidewalk features and refuse surface radar surveys is that Send comments on NCPTT Notes etery, the GPR was not able to disposal areas will be “ground or submit articles or notices for lower-frequency microwaves detect subsurface features or truthed” through subsurface consideration to NCPTT Publica- (radar) are able to penetrate tions Manager. anomalies, probably because testing during the year 2000 most soil types. The GPR units of the high content of boulders field season. direct their beams downward and cobbles in the soils. These In this project, NPS re- into the ground, and subsur- rocks were large enough to sources serve as laboratories face features and/or objects back scatter radar to the an- for advanced work in preser- then reflect that radar beam tenna, blocking soil penetra- vation research, training and back to the surface. The radar tion below them. No radar information distribution — provides a profile view of what anomalies were noted adjacent work that can benefit cultural is under the antennae. to 5th Avenue on the Moore resources throughout the For optimum perfor- block in Skagway. country.

— David Brauner NCPTT NOTES — National Center For Preservation Technology and Training 2 James Bell Termite Control Workshop in New Orleans

A joint effort of the Research and Training components of the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training (NCPTT) resulted in a workshop examining termite damage at historic sites. This workshop represents a first effort to pro- vide training on termite control techniques developed through collaborative research initiatives begun in 1995 as a PTTGrant to University of Florida.

he National Center for representatives came from Preservation Training Brazil. Tand Technology The New Orleans French (NCPTT) partnered with the Quarter is currently being New Orleans Mosquito and used as the test site for a new Termite Control Board national campaign against the (NOMTCB) to host a work- Formosan subterranean ter- shop in New Orleans in Sep- mite, a voracious species that tember to examine new tech- now infests several states, in- nologies for controlling subter- cluding Texas, , Mis- ranean and drywood termite sissippi, Alabama, Tennessee, infestations in history building Georgia, Florida, South Caro- Termite damage at Perseverance Hall, New Orleans and landscapes. NCPTT has lina, North Carolina, Virginia been working with NOMTCB and California. since 1995 and has funded a NCPTT’s partner are found in a station, the tional chemical treatments, number of new research initia- NOMTCB is working in col- monitoring device is replaced they limit exposure of people tives. TRAINING PRESERVATION laboration with the Depart- with a tube containing a toxic and pets to chemicals. As the For three days, workshop ment of Agriculture’s Agricul- substance, such as an insect monitoring stations are placed participants learned about the tural Research Service and the growth regulator that prevents outside of buildings, there is nature and extent of the ter- Louisiana State University termites from molting. Ter- very little risk to their historic mite problem, recent and Agricultural Center in Opera- mites eat or move through the integrity. emerging technologies for con- tion Full Stop. Operation Full bait and they transfer the NOMTCB led workshop trolling termites, and the fu- Stop is a multi-agency program growth regulator to the rest of participants on walking tours ture of termite control. Par- that aims to reduce the popu- the colony. Entire colonies can of the and ticular emphasis was given to lation of Formosan termites be eliminated in a matter of Louis Armstrong Park to dem- new baiting techniques and and dramatically lower the months. Monitoring is contin- onstrate the bait system and their effectiveness in control- yearly cost of property dam- ued to determine whether ar- other emerging termite control ling subterranean termite colo- age, repairs and control mea- eas remain clear of infestation technologies, such as acoustic nies without damaging historic sures. or become reinfested. emissions detectors and tree buildings or the environment. A relatively recent and Thousands of these moni- boring equipment equipped Participants represented the promising approach to control toring stations are in place in with video. With the help of National Park Service, the De- termites relies on baiting ter- the French Quarter. The de- NCPTT, termite infestations partment of Agriculture, the mites with a slow-acting sign of the original stations has are being treated in many of Army, Air Force, and Navy, termiticide. Baiting systems been adapted so that it can be the buildings bordering Jack- national preservation organi- utilize on in-ground stations employed above ground in son Square in New Orleans, in- zations, universities from as equipped with monitors walls, ceilings and floors. Al- cluding , the far as Hawaii, and the (pieces of softwood) to detect though bait systems can be termiticide industry. Three termite activity. When termites more expensive than tradi- Continued on Page 4

MARCH 2000 — Number 35 3 Termite Control Workshop in New Orleans Formosan termites Continued from page 3 Experts estimate that the yearly cost of con- Pontalba Apartments, the Presbytere, the trolling termites in the Arsenal and Madame John’s Legacy United States is about House. Perseverance Hall in Louis $1.5 billion. This figure Armstrong Park also is being treated by would increase drasti- the same method. cally if costs for repair- Other termite treatment options in- ing termite damage were clude good home maintenance, termite included. The key ter- barriers, fumigation, and a variety of mite pests in this coun- compartmental and local treatments. try are three subterra- Home maintenance means making repairs nean species and one less common contain millions of termites capable of to prevent water damage and eliminating drywood species. foraging over great distances. For this wood that is in direct contact with soil. The eastern subterranean ter- reason they are a significant threat to Termite barriers refer to chemical or mite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), wood structures. Unless controlled, the physical techniques that create a wall and the western subterranean termite, Formosan termite will likely spread to around a structure through which subter- Reticulitermes hesperus (Banks), are cities throughout the temperate zone. ranean termites cannot pass. Fumigation native to the United States and are Unlike subterranean termites, involves surrounding the structure with important structural pests. The drywood termites live entirely within a gas-tight tarpaulin, releasing a Formosan subterranean termite, the wood members they infest and ob- termiticidal gas inside the enclosure, and Coptotermes formosanus (Shiraki), is tain water from wood fibers. aerating the fumigant after a set exposure an introduced species. Relative new- Cryptotermes brevis, the most wide- time. Compartmental treatments include comers, Formosans arrived with mili- spread drywood termite in the tropics the use of hot air or liquid nitrogen in tary ships returning from the Pacific worldwide, also infest furniture such small areas to either raise or lower the air after WWII. Unlike native species, as headboards, cabinets and picture temperature to a lethal level for termites. Formosan colonies are large and may frames. The injection of termiticide into wood, surface application of termiticide, appli- cation of microwave energy, electrocution, and TRAINING PRESERVATION wood replacement are examples of NCPTT Web local treatments. These methods and ongoing research The NCPTT Web site project is nearly Preservation Internet Resources will help investigators develop safer and complete. The databases are accessible www.ncptt.nps.gov/pir more effective treatments for termite con- via the Resources page at NCPTT’s Web Includes Web sites, ftp sites, telnet sites, trol. NCPTT will continue to collaborate site or via the URLs listservs and usenet groups with leading researchers and organiza- listed below. Each database can be que- tions to research, develop, and distribute ried by a simple keyword search. Users Training and education opportunities technologies that will lead to the preser- also can suggest additions to each data- www.ncptt.nps.gov/teo vation and conservation of cultural heri- base or notify NCPTT of changes to cur- Includes degree programs, workshops, tage resources in the United States. rent listings by completing a form avail- internships, fellowships and field schools For additional information on this able at each query screen. Suggestions workshop see “Enemies in the Earth,” and revisions are encouraged. Old House Journal, February 2000, 54- The final elements of the project in- Job openings 57. clude an online searchable database of www.ncptt.nps.gov/jobs PTTGrants and PTTProjects, an online bibliography from NCPTT’s Materials Conferences/calls for papers Research Program and a searchable da- www.ncptt.nps.gov/conferences tabase of Directory of Analytical and Materials Testing Services for Historic Funding opportunities Preservation. www.ncptt.nps.gov/fundingopps

4 NCPTT NOTES — National Center For Preservation Technology and Training Yasmeen Khan and Andrew Robb; and NCPTT Supports AIC’s • Light Levels Used in Modern Flatbed Scanners by Timothy Vitale. Full abstracts for these talks are available Electronic Media from the Electronic Media Group Website at . The following day, the Electronic NCPTT provided critical support for the June inaugural meeting of the Electronic Media Group’s Digital Discussion Group Media Group, which was part of the 27th Annual Meeting of the American Institute held a half-day of talks and demonstra- for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC) in St. Louis. NCPTT’s sup- tions on the special interest topics of digi- port provided an opportunity for discussion concerning new technologies in digital tal imaging for conservation documenta- photography, digital video, and development of digital film. tion and the technical history of video. Acknowledged leaders in the field of video production, digital photography, color ormally recognized by the AIC to 30-minute talks, primarily given by management, digital printing and print- board in the fall of 1998, the Elec- conservators and related professionals on ing ink manufacture led this session. A F tronic Media Group joins nine topics ranging from the documentation founding premise of the Electronic Media other specialty groups devoted to the pres- and preservation of installation art to the Group is that conservators cannot ap- ervation of broad categories of artistic and potential of digital photography as an ar- proach issues relating to new technology historic media such as paintings, archi- tistic medium. This session included the in isolation and that conservators must tecture, photographs, works on paper and following topics and speakers: continually engage prominent members wooden artifacts. Through the Electronic from various fields to present their in- Media Group, the membership of AIC in- • Cleaning Techniques Used in Videotape sights on the inherent problems and po- tends to demonstrate its continued com- Restoration: A Preliminary Study by tential solutions for the preservation of mitment to the preservation of the broad Mary T. Baker, Ph.D., and Sarah D. electronic culture. spectrum of material culture. Stauderman; Through the support of the National An increasingly important manifesta- • Technological Challenges in the Mu- Center for Preservation Technology and tion of this commitment is the preserva- seum: Installation and Maintenance of Training, Tim Vitale, session chair for the tion of electronic media held by cultural the Multi-Media Work of Tony Oursler discussion group, invited experts includ- organizations such as museums, archives at the Williams College Museum of Art ing: and libraries. Part of the challenge lies in by Monica DiLisio Berry; maintaining continuity with past technolo- • Photography Conservation Training • Stephen Johnson of Stephen Johnson gies in the face of constant technological Via Videoconference: A Project Report Photography said that digital photog- innovation. An artistic work made today by Irene Bruckle and Paul Messier; raphy has crossed a quality threshold may be inaccessible or substantially al- • The Development of a Paint Cross Sec- and is now a far better photographic tered in a matter of years due to a host of tion Database by Bradford Epley; imaging medium than film. He demon- problems, including media deterioration • Using Radio Telemetry For Light, UV strated the Calumet BetterLight 6000 X and obsolescence of the file format or Temperature and Humidity Monitoring 8000 pixel scanning digital back with a

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT INFORMATION hardware. by Martin Hancock, Ph.D.; 4x5 camera and showed that the results In addition to preserving electronic • Digital Techniques for Image Recovery were better than the resolution and dy- art and cultural material, the Electronic Applied to Gelatin Glass Plate Negatives namic range of film. (The scanning digi- Media Group is a forum for conservators by Jill Koelling; tal back replaces the conventional film and related professionals to develop and • Image Permanence and Care of Digi- holder.) maintain knowledge of relevant new me- tally-Produced Prints by Mark • Jeff Ball of Lyson Specialty Fluids cov- dia and emerging technologies. The McCormick-Goodhart and Henry ered the formulations for light-stable NCPTT-supported EMG meeting in St. Wilhelm; inkjet inks for making inkjet prints, in- Louis made for a promising start by reach- • Planning for and Costs of Digital Imag- cluding IRIS prints, and discussed ink ing a diverse group of conservators gath- ing Products by Steven Puglia; formulation specifics and the technical ered from across the country and from • Conservation Lessons Learned from the history and challenges inherent in mak- other nations. National Digital Library, Library of ing permanent digital hardcopy. The Electronic Media Group sessions Congress: Preservation Implications of in St. Louis consisted of two major com- Large Digitization Projects by Ann ponents. First, there was a full day of 20- Seibert, Mary Wootton, Alan Haley, Continued on Page 7

MARCH 2000 — Number 35 5 doned underwater defense phone buoy was placed in New Surveillance sites for ordnance and explo- Panama City Bay. The hydro- sive waste, MUDSS holds phone transmitted audio sig- promise for the detection and nals to a receiver in the class- Technologies surveying of underwater ar- room, where an operator lis- cheological sites. It consists of tened for suspicious sounds. a non-magnetic catamaran When the operator heard a equipped with a super-con- boat approach and stop near Looting and vandalism of archeological sites pose significant ducting magnetometer, sonar, the buoy, he sent a remote con- difficulties for park rangers and law enforcement agencies who synthetic aperture sensors, an trolled helicopter with a video must protect thousands of sites spread over vast areas as well electro-optical imager, and a camera and a transmitter to in- as underwater archeological sites previously inaccessible to most gradiometer (magnetometer vestigate. In this way, the op- thieves. Recognizing the need for dissemination of informa- that gives range and distance erator and participants were tion of new surveillance technologies, the Research and Train- as well as magnetic force). able to assess the activity at the ing components at NCPTT joined to sponsor a forum for dis- MUDSS is especially useful for remote site without ever leav- cussion and debate on the subject. conducting surveys as it tracks ing the classroom. location. It is a sophisticated system, and this is reflected in State of the Art CPTT joined the gineering support to Navy Pro- its multimillion-dollar price To date, only a handful of un- Coastal Systems Sta gram Sponsors and Fleet tag. derwater archeological sites tion (CSS) of the US Units. CSS’s expertise in de- N Recently, CSS has devel- have employed surveillance Naval Surface Warfare Center veloping technology for detect- oped a new system that has systems to protect against loot- and the University of West ing mines and debris and for potential application for both ing and salvage. For the most Florida to host a roundtable part they have relied upon the discussion of new technologies expertise and goodwill of the for the protection of remote US Navy and Coast Guard for archeological sites. Represen- operational support and main- tatives from the National Park tenance of the surveillance Service, CSS, US Forest Ser- equipment. The CSS Hunley vice, NASA, several universi- and USS Monitor shipwrecks ties, and the surveillance in- are two places where security dustry, met July 21-22 at the measures have been imple- CSS in Panama City, Florida. mented. Unfortunately, the Topics RESEARCH PRESERVATION included transferring surveillance systems deployed existing surveillance technolo- are expensive and not commer- gies to the preservation of cul- cially available. tural resources, reducing the A range of seismic, mag- cost of these technologies, netic and passive infrared sen- training in the use of these sors has been used in recent technologies, and coordinat- years to detect and monitor ing future research. Several activity at several terrestrial issues are described in the ar- sites at various national parks ticle below. Surveillance cameras at Joshua Tree National Park and monuments. Waputki Na- tional Monument, for ex- Coastal Systems Station, ample, uses sensors connected Naval Surface Warfare Center autonomous surveillance is of underwater and terrestrial ar- particular interest to archeolo- to electronic alarms that alert The Coastal Systems Station, cheologists for site security gists. rangers when a site is dis- the Navy’s primary organiza- and monitoring. COBRA re- An example of technology turbed. These surveillance tion responsible for mission lies on an airborne remote con- that has obvious application systems are readily available support on the coasts, works trolled vehicle and sensors. A for archeologists is the Mobile and user-friendly and require with industry to provide re- marine application of this sys- Underwater Debris Survey minimal training. When prop- search, development, testing, tem was demonstrated to System (MUDSS). Originally erly deployed, these surveil- acquisition and in-service en- workshop participants. For designed for surveying aban- lance systems have signifi- the demonstration, a hydro- cantly decreased vandalism

6 NCPTT NOTES — National Center For Preservation Technology and Training and looting. However, they are in the western United States If technology is going to ate a market for these prod- too expensive to be deployed must protect thousands of ar- play a greater role in protect- ucts. Costs can be reduced at all archeological sites. These cheological sites spread over ing archeological resources only if products can be pur- systems also require mainte- vast areas. With the rapid against looting and vandalism, chased off the shelf. Initially, nance and at present lack real- growth of deep-water technol- the historic preservation com- these research and develop- time video capability that ogy, underwater archeological munity must work more ment costs may have to be would allow rangers to view sites are at greater risk than closely with the surveillance borne by the historic preser- activity at the site when an ever. Shipwrecks, such as the industry and individual com- vation community. alarm is triggered. This is criti- USS Monitor, that were once panies to adapt their products cal to reducing false alarms thought safe from looting due for use in archeology and to For further information about and to bringing successful to their remoteness (16 miles integrate new components into this workshop, contact Dr. prosecutions. offshore and 240 feet underwa- their existing products. They Mark Gilberg, Research Coor- ter) are now vulnerable. must also work together to cre- dinator, NCPTT. Future research and development Final discussions centered on steps NCPTT should take to NCPTT Supports AIC’s Electronic further develop issues intro- duced by the participants, and Media Group Session a strategy was developed to Continued from page 5 advance the protection of ar- cheological resources: • Andrew Rodney, digital prepress and The 28th AIC Annual Meeting will take • Identify existing surveil- Photoshop consultant, addressed color place in Philadelphia June 7-13, 2000, and lance technologies management issues, suggesting strate- the general session will focus on the preser- • Identify key stakeholders gies by which color fidelity for digital vation issues relating to electronic media. • Identify requirements and images can be maintained over time and The meeting will also explore the impact of specifications for archeo- over a range of monitors and printers. new technology on the way conservators per- logical applications A mastery of color management issues form fundamental tasks. • Coordinate and facilitate will emerge as critical to preserve the For more information about the Elec- field trials to evaluate sur- integrity of digital images over the long tronic Media Specialty Group or AIC, con- veillance technologies term. tact AIC, 1717 K Street NW, Suite 200, • Develop new surveillance • Luke Hones, correspondent for DV Washington, DC 20006, 202-452-9545, fax technologies for archeologi- Magazine and director of Artist Televi- 202-452-9328, . cal application sion Access, discussed the evolution of — Elizabeth F. • Act as a clearinghouse to digital video formats with special em- “Penny” Jones share information about and phasis on the technical history of video. Paul Messier promote the use of surveil- Additional details about this session Ms. Jones is executive director of AIC. Mr. lance technology to protect can be found on the Electronic Media Messier is chair of Electronic Media archeological resources Group Website at . Looting and vandalism of archeological sites is a signifi- cant problem in the United States today. Whether for profit or recreation, stealing from archeological sites is par- ticularly senseless and robs all Americans of their cultural heritage. The difficulties fac- ing those who protect and manage our cultural heritage are enormous. Park rangers and law enforcement agencies

MARCH 2000 — Number 35 7 niques on laboratory prepared fusion and misuse of the ana- mortar samples. They found lytical results. As an example, that all three methods failed to chemical analyses are often accurately determine the origi- relied on to determine the pro- nal composition. The main portions of the original mix problem was that the tech- (that is, volume proportions of niques could not distinguish sand, lime etc.). Determining between different sources of the original mix ratios is not soluble silica. They also are academic since replacement invalid if calcareous aggregate mortars are often specified to is present. This fault was rec- match the original mortar. ognized by practitioners, and This is contrary to the ASTM C 1324-96 notes the conservation and preservation problem: “Some historic mor- teaching, which clearly states: tars may contain non-resolv- “While historic mortar mixes An example of how an inappropriate replacement mortar can able constituents that may in- may be established by modern accelerate brick deterioration. terfere. However, significant analyses it is often academic information may be obtained and even inadvisable to use by petrographic examina- such mixes in repointing or A Standard Method for the tions.”1 repairing masonry which has An informal Internet sur- survived the ravages of time Analysis of Historic vey was conducted by the au- and the environment in a thor (Goins 1999), focusing on weakened or deteriorated con- Cementitious Materials the materials and the tech- dition. The original mixes may niques used in the analysis of simply be too strong for the old historic cementitious materi- masonry units…. As a general als. Thirty-three profession- principal the mortar should

Two RESEARCH UniversityMATERIALS of Delaware researchers, Elizabeth Goins and als, ranging from engineers to always be slightly weaker than Chandra Reedy, are developing a standard protocol for the conservation scientists, re- the masonry….”2 analysis of historic mortars through 1998 and 1999 PTTGrants. sponded. An important point The methodology for the The project, in its second year, is nearing completion. Test pro- of this survey is that the only determination of replacement cedures for the protocol include thin section analysis, SEM- standard method for examina- mortars instead should be EDS analysis, and XRD analysis, among others. Currently, tion and analysis of hardened based on the testing of certain validation of the protocol is under way using laboratory samples mortar, ASTM C 1324, is not physical and structural pa- of 18 traditional mortar recipes. This article describes the need used. In fact, as figure 1 illus- rameters like mechanical for a new protocol for historic mortar analysis. trates, a number of different strength and porosity. The approaches are used, but the analysis of historic istoric mortar, ce- cementitious materials call for most commonly employed is cementitious materials clearly ment and plaster standard methods of analyses based on the method devel- calls for the development of a H (collectively referred tailored for conservation and oped by Jedrzejewska (1960). new protocol that considers to as historic cementitious ma- preservation needs. Protocols developed by the the parameters important to terials) are analyzed by a num- In the past, mortar and Portland cement industry, like conservation and preserva- ber of wet chemical and instru- cement analyses depended on ASTM C 1324, do not consider tion. Ideally, this protocol mental techniques. These ma- wet chemical methods to deter- issues that are important in the would consider the practical terials can range from ancient mine bulk oxide components. analysis of historic needs of restoration as well as Roman aqueduct linings made Basically, these analyses con- cementitious materials. In the somewhat different re- of lime and crushed brick to sist of determining the fact, their usage can contrib- quirements of the academi- Portland cement bridges con- amounts of silicon and calcium ute to misinterpretation, con- cally focused research project. structed in the early years of oxides soluble in acid. The the 20th century. The wide problem with the bulk oxide variety of materials, construc- analyses is that they are indi- 1 ASTM C 1324-96, “Standard Test Method for Examination and Analysis of Hardened Masonry Mortar” (Philadelphia: American Society for tion techniques and degree of rect. Stewart and Moore Testing and Materials, 1996). deterioration peculiar to his- (1981) carried out a thorough 2 Weaver, M.E., and F.G. Matero. Chapter 7, “Cementitious Materials,” in toric, as opposed to modern, study of three chemical tech- Conserving Buildings (New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1993).

8 NCPTT NOTES — National Center For Preservation Technology and Training Publications such as ASTM out by determining the physi- STP 1258 and conferences, cal characteristics of the struc- 60% such as International Work- tural units, as described pre- shop Historic Mortars, that viously) and perhaps matching 50% include collected papers of the aggregate. The second class state-of-the-art analytical is the detailed research 40% techniques have attempted to project. Important structures address the need for a stan- and archeological sites often 30% dard protocol. However, a call for extensive research. 20% standard method that is based The analytical goals might be solidly on conservation guide- to study the technology, date 10% lines and ethics and considers the structure or otherwise as- the unique aspects of these sist in answering more aca- 0% Other None Gravimetric Carbon Dioxide materials has not been pub- demic questions. Evolution lished to date. The study of the petro- A protocol is typically de- graphic section (St. John et al. Figure 1: Chart of Internet survey results. This chart shows scribed as a set of procedures, 1998), both by reflected and relative use of protocols for chemical analysis of historic agreed upon by the profes- transmitted light, provides in- cementitious materials. sional field at large, that in- formation on the mineral cludes the methods that best phases, interactions and mi- 35% characterize a material and crostructure that are respon- allows for its interpretation sible for imparting character- 30% within that field. An ideal pro- istic properties to cement. tocol would be tailored to the These techniques have been 25% needs of that field to standard- increasingly used to describe ize the quality of the analyses and characterize historic 20% and to clearly define common cementitious materials. Sur- 15% analytical objectives. In order vey (Goins 1999) results show to accomplish this, there must that petrographic analytical 10% be a clear understanding of the techniques play an important problems at hand. While there role in the study of historic 5% has been a tremendous amount cementitious material (figure 0% of research in the development 2). However, the success of a Other None Mechanical Testing Pore Thin Section Granulometry Structure/Size Analysis of modern cement, there has thin section analysis is criti- Evaluation and been surprisingly little basic cally dependent on the selec- Distribution Figure 2: Chart of Internet survey results. This chart shows research on traditional and tion of appropriate samples, techniques used for analyzing historic cementitious materi- historic cementitious materi- sample size and number, and als. als. Historic preservation, the petrographer’s skill. How- conservation and archeology ever, 60 percent of the respon- have goals very different from dents said that they only some- strategy incorporating the best haps then mortar analysis will those of the construction in- times followed a sample-taking methods of sampling and move from being an expensive dustry. procedure. The reason is that analyses is vital for valid inter- luxury to an important tool. Analytical project goals those most knowledgeable pretation of the raw data. Per- —Elizabeth Goins can be broken into two major about the procedure, the classes. The first is the practi- person(s) conducting the cal side — conservation or res- analysis, are often not in- toration. Here the expense of volved in sample determina- the analysis is typically of ma- tion or retrieval. jor concern. The priority may A new protocol for the lie in preserving the structure, analyses of historic not in detailed analysis of the cementitious materials, de- materials. Typically, the ana- signed to meet the needs of his- lytical focus is on finding com- toric preservation and conser- patible mortars (best carried vation, is needed. A combined

MARCH 2000 — Number 35 9 18-19 Consultation with Indian Tribes on Cultural Resource Issues workshop in Riverside, Cali- April - August 2000 fornia, sponsored by National Preservation Institute. For information, contact Web , or see April 10 NCPTT welcomes calendar items, but only items with a minimum two-month lead entry. will be considered for publication. A more extensive listing of conferences, training 25-26 Section 106: Working with the Revised Regu- and other preservation events is available in the Resources section of NCPTT’s lations workshop in Honolulu, Hawaii, spon- Web site . sored by National Preservation Institute. For information, contact Web , or see April 10 entry. April NV 89557; telephone 800/233-8928, e-mail , Web . Canada, sponsored by University of Victoria. For information, contact Cultural Resource 10 An Introduction to Historic Building Materi- 1-5 African Americans, Hispanic Americans, & Management Programs, University of Victoria, als workshop in St. Louis, Missouri, sponsored Resources in National Parks workshop in PO Box 3030 STN CSC, Victoria, British Co- by National Preservation Institute. For infor- Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, sponsored by lumbia V8W 3N6, Canada; telephone 250/721- mation, contact Jere Gibber, National Preser- National Park Service. For information, con- 8462, facsimile 250/721-8774, e-mail vation Institute, PO Box 1702, Alexandria, tact Stephen T. Mather Training Center; Na- , Web Virginia 22313; telephone 703/765-0100, e-mail tional Park Service, PO Box 77, Harpers . , Web . 6178. 5-7 Collections Maintenance workshop in Andover, Massachusetts, sponsored by the 11 Historic Structures Reports & Computer- 3-5 Architectural Records - Preserving and Man- Northeast Document Conservation Center, Aided Facilities Management Programs work- aging the Documentation of our Built Envi- third of a series of five “Managing Preserva- shop in St. Louis, Missouri, sponsored by Na- ronment conference in Philadelphia, Pennsyl- tion” workshops that continue June 1-2 and tional Preservation Institute. For information, vania, sponsored by Conservation Center for September 21-22. For information, contact contact Web , or Art and Historic Artifacts. For information, Steve Dalton or Karen E. K. Brown at see April 10 entry. contact Conservation Center for Art and His- NEDCC, 100 Brickstone Square, Andover, MA toric Artifacts, 264 South 23rd Street, Phila- 01810-1494; telephone 978/470-1010, facsimile 11-12 Accessibility and Historic Integrity workshop delphia, PA 19103; telephone 215/545-0613, 978/475-6021, e-mail , in Madison, Wisconsin, sponsored by National facsimile 215/735-9313, e-mail Web . Preservation Institute. For information, con- , Web . tact Web , or 5-9 Society for American Archaeology confer- see April 10 entry. 5 Nondestructive Evaluation Methods work- ence in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. For in- shop, sponsored by American Institute of Ar- formation, contact Winifred Creamer, Society 12-13 Integrated Cultural Resource Management chitects Continuing Education and National for American Archaeology, 900 Second Street Plans: Preparation and Implementation Center for Preservation Technology and NE #12, Washington, D.C. 20002-3557; tele- workshop in St. Louis, Missouri, sponsored by Training. For information, contact AIA Con- phone 202/789-8200, facsimile 202/789-0284, National Preservation Institute. For informa- tinuing Education Department, 1735 New York e-mail , Web tion, contact Web .PRESERVATION icrmp.html>, or see April 10 entry. telephone 202/626-7353, facsimile 202/626- 7425, e-mail . 6-9 US/ICOMOS 2000 symposium in Indianapo- 14 Practical Application of the Secretary of the lis, Indiana, sponsored by International Coun- Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of 5 Safeguarding Our Heritage workshop in cil on Monuments and Sites. For information, Historic Properties workshop in St. Louis, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, sponsored by AIA contact International Council on Monuments Missouri, sponsored by National Preservation Continuing Education and National Center for and Sites; telephone 202/842-1866; Web Institute. For information, contact Web Preservation Technology and Training. For . , or see April 10 information, contact AIA Continuing Educa- entry. tion Department, 1735 New York Avenue NW, 8 Preservation of Architectural Terra Cotta Washington, DC 20006-5292; telephone 202/ workshop in New York, New York, sponsored 16-19 Museums and the Web 2000 conference in 626-7353, facsimile 202/626-7425, e-mail by New York Landmarks Conservancy and Minneapolis, Minnesota, sponsored by Ar- . National Center for Preservation Technol- chives and Museums Informatics. For infor- ogy and Training. For information, contact mation, contact Archives and Museums 12-13 A Balancing Act: Management of the His- New York Landmarks Conservancy, 141 Fifth Informatics, 2008 Murray Avenue Suite D, toric House Museum and Its Collections Avenue, New York, NY 10010; telephone 212/ Pittsburgh, PA 15217; telephone 412/422-8530, workshop in Baltimore, Maryland, sponsored 995-5260, facsimile 212/995-5268, e-mail facsimile 412/422-8594, e-mail by National Preservation Institute. For infor- , Web , Web mation, contact Web . . musm.html>, or see April 10 entry.

9-11 Introduction to Section 106 Review work- 17 Field Conservation for Archaeologists work- 14-17 Canadian Association for Conservation of shop in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, spon- shop in Mount Vernon, Virginia, sponsored by Cultural Property conference in Ottawa, sored by University of Nevada-Reno. For in- National Preservation Institute. For informa- Canada. For information, contact Canadian formation, contact Division of Continuing tion, contact Web , or see April 10 entry. erty; telephone 613/998-3721, facsimile 613/

10 NCPTT NOTES — National Center For Preservation Technology and Training 998-4721, e-mail , 26-28 Ornamental Plaster workshop in Mount 12-17 Preserving Photographs in a Digital World Web . Carroll, Illinois, sponsored by Campbell Cen- workshop in Rochester, New York, sponsored ter for Historic Preservation Studies. For in- by Rochester Institute of Technology. For in- 15-19 Introduction to Managing NPS Legacy In- formation, see May 17-20 entry. formation, contact Technical and Education formation workshop in Austin, Texas, spon- Center, Rochester Institute of Technology, 66 sored by National Park Service. For informa- July Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623- tion, see May 1-5 entry. 5604; telephone 800/724-2536, facsimile 714/ 10-14 Society for the Preservation of Natural His- 475-7000, e-mail , Web 17-20 Symposium 2000—Conservation of Heritage tory Collections meeting in Halifax, Nova . the Department of Canadian Heritage. For vation of Natural History Collections. For in- information, contact Department of Canadian formation, contact Suzanne B. McLaren, So- 21-25 Recent Advances in the Conservation of Sil- Heritage, Canadian Conservation Institute, ciety for the Preservation of Natural History ver workshop in Omaha, Nebraska, sponsored 1030 Innes Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Collections, PO Box 797, Washington, DC by Ford Conservation Center and National telephone 613/998-3721, facsimile 613/998- 20044-0797; Web , spnhc/>. Training. For information, contact Lisa Web . Metzger Grotrian, Ford Conservation Center, 12-15 Care of Works of Art on Paper workshop in 1326 South 32nd Street, Omaha, NE 68102; 17-20 Traditional Historic Masonry Preservation Mount Carroll, Illinois, sponsored by telephone 402/595-1180, facsimile 402/595- workshop in Mount Carroll, Illinois, sponsored Campbell Center for Historic Preservation 1178. by Campbell Center for Historic Preservation Studies. For information, see May 17-20 en- Studies. For information, contact Campbell try. 21-25 Protecting Archeological Resources Through Center for Historic Preservation Studies, 203 Sensitive Landscape Management workshop East Seminary, Mount Carroll, Ill 61053; tele- 25-29 Stabilization & Maintenance of Historic in Boston, Massachusetts, sponsored by Na- phone 815/244-1173, facsimile 815/244-1619, Structures workshop in Mount Carroll, Illi- tional Park Service. For information, see May e-mail , Web nois, sponsored by Campbell Center for His- 1-5 entry. . toric Preservation Studies. For information, see May 17-20 entry. 23-24 Preservation of Archival Collections work- 22-26 Cultural Resources 2000: Managing for the shop in Mount Carroll, Illinois, sponsored by Future conference in Santa Fe, New Mexico, August Campbell Center for Historic Preservation sponsored by National Park Service. For in- Studies. For information, see May 17-20 en- formation, contact National Park Service, 9-12 Researching Historic Building Interiors try. 1849 C St. NW, Washington, DC 20240; Web workshop in Mount Carroll, Illinois, sponsored . by Campbell Center for Historic Preservation 24-26 Photographic Documentation of Collections Studies. For information, see May 17-20 en- workshop in Mount Carroll, Illinois, sponsored 24-29 Focus on the Learner conference in Victoria, try. by Campbell Center for Historic Preservation British Columbia, sponsored by International Studies. For information, see May 17-20 en- Committee for Training of Personnel (ICTOP) 10-12 Care of Photographic Collections workshop try. - International Council of Museums (ICOM). in Mount Carroll, Illinois, sponsored by For information, contact Web Campbell Center for Historic Preservation. . For information, see May 17-20 entry.

PRESERVATION CALENDAR JunePRESERVATION

1-2 Selection for Preservation workshop in Andover, Massachusetts, sponsored by North- east Document Conservation Center. For in- formation, see April 5-7 entry.

9-10 AIC 28th Annual Meeting in Philadelphia, Autumn Grant joins NCPTT Pennsylvania, sponsored by American Insti- Autumn Grant recently joined NCPTT as Training Assistant, and she is tute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic maintaining the Training and Education Opportunities database at the Works. For information, contact American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Ar- NCPTT website. This project involves research and input of both long-term tistic Works, 1717 K Street NW, Suite 301, and short-term programs related to preservation issues. Grant holds a BA in Washington, DC 20006; telephone 202/452- History from Louisiana Tech and is working on an MA in History/Cultural 9545, facsimile 202/452-9328, e-mail Resource Management at Northwestern State University. , Web . Prior to her work at NCPTT, Grant participated in a number of CRM projects. She was part of a Louisiana Tech crew to locate specific sites at 23-24 Accessibility and Historic Integrity workshop Camp Ruston, a WWII German POW camp. She participated in the Louisi- in Mount Carroll, Illinois, sponsored by Na- ana Tech Rome Study Abroad program, studying history and archeology in tional Preservation Institute. For information, contact Web , Italy. Recently, Grant worked on an archeological survey of Camp Beauregard or see April 10 entry. in Pineville, Louisiana, sponsored by the NSU Conservation Lab.

MARCH 2000 — Number 35 11 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGY AND TRAINING BOARD Director Our Mission Robert G. Stanton Chair Dr. Elizabeth A. Lyon United States Department of Associate Director, Cultural Resource the Interior Stewardship and Partnerships Vice Chair The mission of the Department of the Katherine H. Stevenson Robert Z. Melnick, FASLA Interior is to protect and provide ac- School of Architecture and Allied Arts cess to our Nation’s natural and cul- University of Oregon NCPTT tural heritage and to honor our trust Secretary of the Interior’s representative responsibilities to tribes. Acting Executive Director E. Blaine Cliver de Teel Patterson Tiller Historic American Building Survey/ National Park Service Historic American Engineering Record The National Park Service preserves Information Management Coordinator National Park Service unimpaired the natural and cultural Mary S. Carroll [email protected] resources and values of the National Dr. Neville Agnew Park System for the enjoyment, educa- Information Management Associate The Getty Conservation Institute tion and inspiration of this and future Lance Ellis generations. The Service cooperates Patricia H. Gay Preservation Resource Center of New Orleans with partners to extend the benefits of Information Management Assistant Christopher Monaghan natural and cultural resource conser- Nicholas Gianopulos vation and outdoor recreation through- Christi Longlois Keast and Hood Company out this country and the world. Research Coordinator Dr. Alferdteen B. Harrison Dr. Mark Gilberg Margaret Walker Alexander National Research National Center for Preservation [email protected] Center, Jackson State University Technology and Training Dr. James K. Huhta The National Center for Preservation Materials Research Program Manager The Center for Historic Preservation Technology and Training promotes and Dr. Mary F. Striegel Middle Tennessee State University [email protected] enhances the preservation of prehis- Dr. W. James Judge toric and historic resources in the MRP Associate Department of Anthropology United States for present and future Kevin Ammons Fort Lewis College generations through the advancement MRP Fellow Christy McAvoy and dissemination of preservation tech- Historic Resources Group nology and training. ElizaBeth Bede NCPTT, created by Congress, is F. Blair Reeves, FAIA Training Coordinator School of Architecture an interdisciplinary effort by the Na- Frances Gale University of Florida tional Park Service to advance the art, [email protected] craft and science of historic preserva- Carolyn L. Rose Training Associate tion in the fields of archeology, historic Department of Anthropology Andrew Ferrell National Museum of Natural History architecture, historic landscapes, ob- Smithsonian Institution jects and materials conservation, and Training Assistant interpretation. NCPTT serves public Sheila Richmond Frank Emile Sanchis, III and private practitioners through re- Autumn Grant Municipal Art Society search, education and information Newsletter Coordinator

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