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Effects of African Chinese Society and Involvement on Subjective Well-Being

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Effects of African Chinese Society and Involvement on Subjective Well-Being Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics ISSN: 0972-0502 (Print) 2169-012X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjim20 Effects of African Chinese society and involvement on subjective well-being Kuo-Lung Yu To cite this article: Kuo-Lung Yu (2015) Effects of African Chinese society and involvement on subjective well-being, Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics, 18:6, 841-855, DOI: 10.1080/09720502.2015.1108096 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720502.2015.1108096 Published online: 14 Dec 2015. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 13 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjim20 Download by: [58.23.48.210] Date: 21 June 2016, At: 14:35 Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics Vol. 18 (2015), No. 6, pp. 841–855 DOI : 10.1080/09720502.2015.1108096 Effects of African Chinese society and involvement on subjective well-being Kuo-Lung Yu * College & Institute of International Relations / Institute of Overseas Chinese Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 China Abstract In the middle of the 19th century, Chinese people concluded Family Association, Townsmen Association, Guandi Temple, and Chamber of Commerce in Africa for helping each other to survive. According to the properties, such groups were divided into Social Association or Occupational Association, while many of the functions were overlapped. In the late 20th century, new Chinese immigrants still established Townsmen Association and Chamber of Commerce which played critical roles in their life. The functions of such groups were expanded to International Non-Governmental Organization to engage in so- cial public welfare activities in the resident countries as well as Governmental Organization with the function of “consuls” in diplomatic missions. However, Family Association was largely reduced till there was no such religious group as Guandi Temple. Instead, Political Group─Association for Peaceful Unification emerged. The organization of traditional Chinese groups could hardly be formed energetic large organizations, but they could cohere with Chinese people and help them properly survive overseas. The community leaders invited by China Government to join in the Chinese People Society workshop are studied and total 38 valid copies of questionnaires are collected. The results show 1.significant effects of Chinese Downloaded by [58.23.48.210] at 14:35 21 June 2016 society on cognition in subjective well-being, 2.remarkable effects of Chinese society on emo- tion in subjective well-being, 3.the best moderating effect of involvement on Chinese society promoting cognition in subjective well-being, and 4.the best moderating effect of involve- ment on Chinese society promoting emotion in subjective well-being. Keywords: association, involvement, subjective well-being, overseas Chinese *E-mail: [email protected] © 842 K. L. YU 1. Introduction Since the economic reform in China in early 1980s, the number of Chinese people leaving for Africa was increasing. According to the statistics, there were about 30 thousand Chinese people in Africa in 1950s, while it achieved up to 136 thousand in the mid-90s (Li, 2012). The number kept increasing that it was estimated to reach million by 2012 (Zhou, 2014). Such data did not include technicians in China enterprises. After World War II, China systematically preceded Africa assistance diplomacy; a large number of employees in China enterprises engaging in infrastructure resided locally, but they would return to the country within 1-3 years. The people in this study refer to overseas Chinese and Chinese people who develop and permanently make a living in Africa. A lot of research revealed that Chinese people who left hometowns presented the tradition to conclude family groups bonded with blood relation or regional groups based on phylogenetic relationship and geographical relationship (Freedman, 1958; Hsu, 1971; Hill, 1985). In the middle of Qing Dynasty, Chinese people also established family associations and townsmen associations in Africa to host and take care of new expatriates in Africa. In this case, it was wondered what the characteristics of the groups concluded by new Chinese immigrants in Africa in the late 20th century and the early 21st century were and the different changes from the past. Modern times are a rapidly changing era in China, including New Culture Movement during the period of Republic of China and Cultural Revolution. What are the effects of such social movements on Chinese people’s behavior models? This study intends to compare the effects of the involvement of Chinese people in concluding groups in Africa on Downloaded by [58.23.48.210] at 14:35 21 June 2016 subjective well-being. 2. Literature review 2.1 Chinese society Freedom of association is a western idea. Hsu (1963), a Chinese psychological anthropologist, indicated that traditional Chinese were lack of the idea of freedom of association; merely Cherishing Council and Heaven and Earth (Triad) deserved to present the western meaning of freedom of association. The former was a society voluntarily concluded by scholars in Hangzhou, advocating to respect Confucius and to cherish paper, while the latter was a secret society aiming to rebel Qing Dynasty and rebuild Ming Dynasty. The major groups in China were family SOCIETY AND INVOLVEMENT 843 associations or townsmen associations generated from clans (Hsu, 1963). Qu indicated that traditional China did not admit people’s freedom of association and not until Law for Assembly and Association promulgated in 1908 were people admitted the legal rights of association, with strict restrictions. Not until Emergency Period Civil Associations Act enacted by ROC Government in 1942 did people really have the freedom of association (Qu, 2002). Groups concluded by Chinese people in Africa could be traced back to the middle of the 19th century, when a lot of poor people along the coast were swindled by “Coolie labor trade” to become coolies in Africa (Campbell, 2013). Some of such people settled down and were willing to develop locally; they helped each other to gradually form some groups. According to Li’s (2012) research on Africa, the early Chinese groups were divided into following groups. (1) Geographical relationship. A group formed based on common native places and cultural identity. Early Chinese people in Africa (mainly Mauritius, Madagascar, and Réunion) came from Guangdong or Fujian; they presented common habits and cultural background to establish Townsmen Association which stressed on the ancestral home and cultural identity. Nam Shun Fooy Koon was one of the earliest townsmen associations. Cantonese from South China Sea and Shunde of Guangdong established Nam Shun Fooy Company in 1859 (renamed Nam Shun Fooy Koon in 1894), aiming to “unite countrymen and promote relationship”. Chinese people from South China Sea and Shunde in Mauritius, regardless the gender, age, wealth, and status, naturally became the members. It helped those countrymen looking for work and residence in Mauritius and offered Downloaded by [58.23.48.210] at 14:35 21 June 2016 free accommodation and meals for those not being acclimatized and patients (Li, 2012). (2) Blood relation: A group concluded based on common blood relation. Chinese people with same surnames are increasing with increasing immigrants. Such people established groups with same blood because of same ancestors and closer blood relations than other Chinese people. Shih Chang Tong, appeared in 1896, was a family association separated from Nam Shun Fooy Koon, but the purpose was not different from it of Nam Shun Fooy Koon, merely connecting expatriates with the surname Chen from South China Sea and Shunde of Guangdong. Li Si Tong (Temple de la traversée heureuse), established in 1897, was another family association separated from Nam Shun Fooy Koon, connecting expatriates with more surnames, 844 K. L. YU including Zhou, Liu, Kang, from Tengchong Township, Shunde of Guangdong. It was said that such three surnames presented affinity in the hometown. (3) Religion: A group generated based on same beliefs. Early Chinese people in Africa came from same areas and had common religions. Such people donated to constructing temples and expected to be blessed by the God as they were anxious about the future. The first Guandi Temple built by African expatriates appeared at Les Salines, Port Louis of Mauritius in 1842. The bell and copper seal in the temple were especially casted and shipped from Guangdong; a part of the temple was established ancestors’ spirit tablets of expatriates. Chinese people on the island regularly worshipped Guandi and their ancestors. Guandi Temple were collectively led and managed by Hokkien, Hakka, and Cantonese (Li, 2012), aiming to “do charity and goods and help orphans and widows”. Hakka and Cantonese later built their own Guandi Temples. Total Guandi Temples were built in Africa. (4) Business relationship: A group concluded by Chinese people engaging in same occupation. Chinese people would sometimes induce destructive competition because most of them sold similar goods; a society to coordinate the mutual benefits was therefore necessary. In the early 20th century, Hakka from Meixian of Guangdong established Moi Yean Commercial Association at Port Elizabeth in South Africa, aiming to “enhance the commercial cooperation of local compatriots” (Li, 2012). Although they flaunted the identification
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