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Overview on Vertical and Directional Drilling Technologies for the Exploration and Exploitation of Deep Petroleum Resources

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Overview on Vertical and Directional Drilling Technologies for the Exploration and Exploitation of Deep Petroleum Resources Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour. (2016) 2:365–395 DOI 10.1007/s40948-016-0038-y REVIEW Overview on vertical and directional drilling technologies for the exploration and exploitation of deep petroleum resources Tianshou Ma . Ping Chen . Jian Zhao Received: 13 April 2016 / Accepted: 23 August 2016 / Published online: 30 August 2016 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 Abstract The vertical and directional drilling are the system and vertical drilling system), the directional key technologies for the exploration and exploitation survey techniques (measuring and transmission tech- of oil and gas resources in deep formations. Mean- niques), the main drill bits (roller cone bits, fixed cutter while, they are also the very important ways to exploit bits and hybrid bits), and the main drilling fluids (gas- deep geothermal energy and geo-resources, conduct base drilling fluid, water-based drilling fluid and oil- international continental scientific drilling program. based drilling fluid) are summarized and analyzed. The aim of the present overview is to review and The top 15? deepest and top 20? longest wells all discuss the vertical and directional drilling technolo- over the world are collected from related literatures to gies and their recent developments since the pioneer- analyze the achievements of vertical and directional ing work in 1890s. It starts with the historical drilling in petroleum industry, the challenges of development and classification of main drilling meth- vertical and directional drilling are also discussed. ods for petroleum extraction, such as the vertical Finally, a brief summary and prospect of vertical and drilling, directional drilling and horizontal drilling, directional drilling are presented. and the main application scopes of these methods are also discussed. Then, the developments of the direc- Keywords Drilling technology Á Vertical drilling Á tional techniques, the main directional tools (deflec- Directional drilling Á Deep formations tion tools, down-hole motor, rotary steerable drilling 1 Introduction T. Ma (&) Á P. Chen Crude oil and natural gas are usually a complex State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology mixture of hydrocarbons, non-hydrocarbons and other and Exploration, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China trace elements, they are usually stored in the sedi- e-mail: [email protected] mentary rock of deep formations (Zou et al. 2015). P. Chen With the knowledge of crude oil and natural gas, we e-mail: [email protected] need to do something to get the oil and gas out from the deep formations. As far as we know, the only way is to T. Ma Á J. Zhao drill a well. Since 1895 the first commercial oil well Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia was drilled using the percussion drilling method e-mail: [email protected] (Gatlin 1960), the drilling technologies had got a 123 366 Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour. (2016) 2:365–395 great progress. According to the rock breaking techniques in deep and ultra-deep wells, Wang and method, there are two kinds of drilling methods, i.e., Zheng (2005) analyzed the technical status of deep the percussion drilling method and the rotary drilling well drilling of PetroChina and discussed the method, in which, the rotary drilling method is the challenges that the PetroChina encountered, Wang most widely used methods (Mitchell 1995; Chen 2011; et al. (2006) reviewed the technical status of rock Lyons and Plisga 2016). In fact, the rotary drilling mechanics of deep or ultra-deep drilling, Yan and method was developed mainly due to the improvement Zhang (2013) analyzed the status of the Sinopec of operational efficiency, and its development is very ultra-deep drilling technology and presented the slow in recent years. However, only the improvement suggestions for the Sinopec. It should be noted that, of operational efficiency is not enough, we also need although some reviews about the deep drilling had more advanced technologies to drill more complex been given by above researchers, it’s very limited in wells, such as directional well, horizontal well, number and scope. Meanwhile, several books, such extended reach well, and multi-lateral well. So, as ‘‘Petroleum Engineering: Drilling and Well according to the characteristics of well trajectory, Completions’’ (Gatlin 1960), ‘‘Petroleum Engineer- some very important drilling methods, such as vertical ing and Development Studies Volume 2: Directional drilling, directional drilling and horizontal drilling, Drilling’’ (Inglis 1987), ‘‘Introduction to Directional had been developed in recent years. Therefore, more and Horizontal Drilling’’ (Short 1993), ‘‘Advanced and more unconventional petroleum resources, such as Oilwell Drilling Engineering’’ (Mitchell 1995), shale oil and gas (Chen et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2016a), ‘‘Drilling Engineering Theory and Technology’’ tight oil and gas (Zou et al. 2015), coal-bed methane (Chen and Guan 2005), ‘‘Petroleum Engineering (Zhi and Elsworth 2016; Verma and Sirvaiya 2016) Handbook Volume II—Drilling Engineering’’ and so on, gradually be taken seriously, due to the (Mitchell 2006), ‘‘Drilling and Completion Engi- exhaustion of conventional petroleum resources and neering’’ (Chen 2011), ‘‘Optimized Design and the development of directional drilling. On the one Control Techniques for Drilling & Completion of hand, to exploit ultra-deep petroleum resources, the Complex-Structure Well’’ (Gao 2011), and ‘‘Hori- vertical drilling is needed, mainly due to it can help us zontal Drilling Engineering—Theory, Methods and to reduce the down-hole accidents. On the other hand, Applications’’ (Samuel and Gao 2013), contain only to exploit unconventional petroleum resources, more the early historical development of vertical or and more non-vertical wells, such as directional well, directional drilling techniques, the recent develop- highly-deviated well, extended reach well, horizontal ments about both vertical drilling and directional well and etc., are utilized. For example, the extended drilling did not involve. In other words, very few reach wells and horizontal wells are usually used to researchers roundly reviewed the development of the develop the offshore oil and gas, mainly due to the vertical and directional drilling. Therefore, a com- required number of platforms can be reduced (Ma prehensive overview is essential for research leading et al. 2015a); the horizontal wells are usually used to to a deeper understanding of vertical and directional develop the tight oil and gas, shale oil and gas, mainly drilling techniques. The present overview updates due to the drainage area can be enlarged and it’s good the previous review papers or books and focuses on for multistage fracturing, as a result, enhanced oil and the down-hole drilling technologies of the vertical gas recovery (Ma et al. 2015a). Thus, the vertical and and directional drilling. Firstly, the historical devel- directional drilling are the key technologies for the opment and classification of main drilling methods exploration and exploitation of oil and gas resources, for petroleum extraction is presented. Secondly, the and they are also the very important ways to exploit developments of the directional techniques, the main deep geothermal energy and geo-resources (Elders directional tools, the directional survey techniques, et al. 2014), conduct international continental scien- the main drill bits, and the main drilling fluids are tific drilling program (ICDP) (Wang et al. 2015). summarized and analyzed. Thirdly, the achieve- In order to review and discuss the vertical and ments and challenges of vertical and directional directional drilling technologies and their recent drilling are discussed. Finally, a brief summary and developments, Zeng and Liu (2005) reviewed the prospect of vertical and directional drilling is technical status and development trend of drilling presented. 123 Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour. (2016) 2:365–395 367 2 Drilling methods for petroleum extraction however, did not begin in the United States, but was employed first by the drilling of brine wells in China 2.1 Vertical drilling (Gatlin 1960; Chen 2011). In this method, the steel bit successive pounds the bottom hole by pulverizing the In oil and gas drilling there is no such thing as a truly rock (Hyne 2001), people or animals are employed as vertical borehole; however, wells which aim at a target power sources. Afterwards, the steam engines were directly below its surface location are considered to be employed as power sources to replace the people or vertical wells (Gatlin 1960; Chen 2011). As shown in animals. Fig. 1, the azimuth of deviation is usually secondary, Due to the limitations on drilling rate and depth, but the deviation angle between the hole and the efforts were made to improve the operation efficiency. vertical is primary. In 1863, Leschot, a French civil engineer, applied a Regarding the historical development of vertical rotary drilling method (Mitchell 1995). In the rotary drilling, the initial vertical wells were drilled by the drilling method, including the power, hoisting, rotat- percussion drilling method (also called as cable tool ing, and circulating systems. The drilling rig rotates a drilling method). In 1895, the first commercial oil well long length of steel pipe (called as drill-string) with a was drilled to a depth of 65 ft using cable tools at bit on the end of it to cut the borehole, and a downward Titusville in the United States, and it created with force is applied on the bit. The cuttings are lifted from having started the American petroleum industry the down-hole by the drilling fluid which is continu- (Gatlin 1960). The percussion drilling method, ously circulated down the inside of the drill-string through water courses or nozzles in the bit, and upward into the annular space between the drill-string and the borehole (Gatlin 1960). In other words, the conven- tional rotary drilling could meet the requirement of vertical drilling. Even to this day, the rotary drilling method still plays a very important role in the petroleum industry.
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