Smooth Coneflower

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Smooth coneflower Echinacea laevigata (Smooth echinacea, smooth purple coneflower, purple coneflower) Endangered (October 8, 1992) Description: Smooth coneflower is a perennial herb of the aster family with fleshy roots, hairless stems, and few Orange*, and Rockingham counties. Most populations leaves, 20-59 inches (0.5-1.0 m) tall. The simple leaves are contain less than 100 plants. alternate, smooth with toothed edges, range in shape from lance-shaped basal leaves with rounded bases to smaller, Threats: Only 60 populations have been reported historically elliptic mid-stem leaves, 4-8 inches (10-20 cm) long, and 1-3 from 24 counties in 8 states. Over 2/3 of these have been inches (3-8 cm) wide. Flowers are composite, single, and eliminated. The most serious threats remaining are similar to black-eyed susans, with purple centers and deep to overcollection, habitat degradation by residential and com- pale pink, occasionally white, drooping ray flowers (which mercial development, agricultural and silviculture practice, resemble petals). roadway construction and improvement, certain types of roadside and power line right-of-way maintenance, and Life History: Flowering occurs May- encroachment of woody vegetation. Difficulty in enforce- July, fruiting occurs June-October. The ment of protection laws persists, especially with fruit is a gray-brown, oblong achene, overcollection. usually four-angled and 4-4.5 mm long and with seeds 0.5 cm long. Reproduction Recommendations: Periodic disturbance such as regular is predominately sexual, but asexual vegeta- fire regime, well-timed mowing, and careful clearing is tive reproduction has been reported. Shade- necessary for preventing encroachment of habitat by shade- intolerant. Requires bare soil for germination of producing woody shrubs and trees. Prescribed burns and seeds. Pollinators are speculated to be butterflies canopy-thinning are being initiated in some sites. Protection and bees. Seed dispersal is accomplished through from over collection. Collection and storage of seed and plant seed-eating birds and small mammals. material for propagation purposes. Habitat: Basic or circumneutral * No record has been reported in this county in the past 20 years. soils of meadows, open woodlands, Sources: Hardin 1977, Murdock pers. com., Murdock 1992, Radford et and border areas in between. Re- al. 1964, USFWS 1995d. quires abundant sunlight, with little competition from other herbaceous plants. Known to occur in cedar barrens, open woods, dry limestone bluffs, and along roadsides and powerline rights-of-way. May prefer calcium- and magnesium-rich soils associated with gabbro and diabase parent material in xeric hardpan forests and diabase glades. Grows best where there is disturbance such as natural fires which serve to reduce shade and competition from woody plants Distribution: Only ten populations in North Carolina (all in the piedmont), in Durham, Granville, Mecklenburg, Montgomery*, — 113 —.

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An Analysis of the Pollinators of Echinacea Purpurea in Relation to Their Perceived Efficiency and Color Preferences
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga UTC Scholar Student Research, Creative Works, and Honors Theses Publications 5-2021 An analysis of the pollinators of Echinacea purpurea in relation to their perceived efficiency and color efpr erences Carmen Black University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.utc.edu/honors-theses Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Black, Carmen, "An analysis of the pollinators of Echinacea purpurea in relation to their perceived efficiency and color efpr erences" (2021). Honors Theses. This Theses is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research, Creative Works, and Publications at UTC Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of UTC Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Analysis of the Pollinators of Echinacea purpurea in Relation to their Perceived Efficiency and Color Preferences Departmental Honors Thesis The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Sciences Examination Date: April 6th Dr. Stylianos Chatzimanolis Dr. Joey Shaw Professor of Biology Professor of Biology Thesis Director Department Examiner Dr. Elise Chapman Lecturer of Biology Department Examiner 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Abstract …………..…………………….………………………… 3 II. Introduction…………..………………….……………………....... 5 III. Materials and Methods…………...………………………………. 11 IV. Results…………..…………………….………………………….. 16 A. List of Figures…………...……………………………….. 21 V. Discussion…………..………….…………………………...…… 28 VI. Acknowledgements………….……………….………...………… 38 VII. Works Cited ……………………………………...……….……… 39 VIII. Appendices……………………………………………………….. 43 3 ABSTRACT This study aimed to better understand how insects interacted with species of Echinacea in Tennessee and specifically their preference to floral color. Based on previous studies I expected the main visitors to be composed of various bees, beetles and butterflies.
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34O Federal ~Sgister / Vol. 57, No~196W I Thursday
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