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Keywords: houses. Kushki of features as such vernacular materials canvas used the also They are spaces the of space interior the and courtyard, entrancethe by the corridors the and vestibule, the spaces between porchthe and ‘Mahtabi’, the central four and threesided a of consists houses village the of composition spatial the that showed analysis conclusion, In and observation study were used for data collection. field addition, In method. library the is phase first information,requiredthe the collect to buildings.villageorder Inthe existingtypology of the analyzes in structure and architecture of patterns local the document and introduce identify, to is study present the of purpose The process. conservation of lack to due damaged been has villagethe of deal great a far, So region. this in located Kushkiclimate. cold its in texturearchitectural valuable the despite neglected been have that textures rural unique has province Lorestan of north the in Borojerd i of life of quality the and damaged be will wealth valuable this and forgotten, been have they did, they historyrich architecture of and culture , in manyvillages have received not enough to attention. Or, if and settlements vernacular t techniques of cultural and needs experiences architectural developmental transfer and economic, social, cultural, the of many and cultural architectural, valuable its of evidence histor an is region any of architecture vernacular The Abstract M.Sc. of Architecture, Jundi ofArchitecture, M.Sc. Niloufar Rahimipour ts ts inhabitants will be reduced due to lack attention of over time.

Accepted Received

Assist Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Jundi ofArchitecture, Department Professor, Assistant Rural Housing Typology of Borojerd CountyHousing Rural Typology Based on Structural ical background. Efforts to identify and introduce this heritage can be the mainstay of addressingmainstay of the be heritage can thisintroduce and identify background. to Effortsical

n Poesr Dprmn o Acietr, Jundi Architecture, of Department Professor, ant

Rural housing, Vernacular pattern, Vernacular architecture, Vernacular structure -

sided form. In the typology of the architecture of this village, the spatial circ spatial the village, this of architecture the of typology the In form. sided

- *, Physical Vernacular Physical PatternsStudy:(Case

Koorosh Attarian - Sahpur University of Technology, , Iran. Dezful, ofTechnology, UniversitySahpur

the village of Kushki of village the

Kuschki

clay, wood, thatch, and main building structures for building for structures building main and thatch, wood, clay,

** - e , Mohammad Didehban***

-

sofla Village)sofla

- - ol. nodrt civ ti ga,te research the goal, this achieve to order In Sofla. Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, ofTechnology, UniversityShapur

- Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran. Iran. Dezful, Technology, of University Shapur o other regions. Unfortunately, despite the despite Unfortunately, regions. other o

-

Sofla village is is village Sofla

semi - raie interview organized

one of these kinds these of one - ol Houses. Sofla

2020 2019/07/29

Iran. .

ulation at ulation /

08

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 11

-

31 Autumn 2020 ♦ No, 171 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

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32 Autumn 2020 ♦ No, 171 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment order to introduce the cultural originality and originality cultural the introduce to order the transferring in 65) 2010, Kasra, (Jam experiences cultural past and and technologies cultures building local identify to ground r these in and life establishing and regenerating 56), preserving, 2008, Moghadam, (Riahi patterns and economic development region. the of needs social, cultural, many meet and care attention, their for need the types reveals these of importance and value vernacular The 87). 2017, it climatic of practiced disappearance who those of experiences the and architecture and the cause methods of considerati centuries materials, shows of construction use and optimal the in region experience of that influence of the under conditions geographicalclimatic, andcultural created been has to 2009,2). (Sartipipour, settlements lead rural of also originality architectural will of and It identity the preserving and anew past the principles them. sustainable the in implementing lie signs and that symbols mysteries, the discover national country, the the of of assets protection historical while of kind particular, a in being architecture rural and general in architecture vernacular of heritage areas 2016, 109). Yadgar, rural and of Pourjafar (Pourrouhani, evacuation increasing life urban and of aspects the modern residents, of prevalence of identity cultural life, of distorted quality reduced buildings, valuable and ancient of destruction the as such issues not are them of many villages, such of number large areas These values indigenous wealth. and social cultural, national the represent the of are part and people today's of identity historical he local the of versions unique are features, cultural and architectural and monuments and backgrounds historical of area Introduction There are many villages in the geographical the in villages many are There Studying rural architecture and vernacular vernacular and architecture rural Studying T e enclr rhtcue f ah region each of architecture vernacular he

restoration; because this attention can can attention this because restoration; Identifying and preserving the precious precious the preserving and Identifying of the country. Nowadays, despite the the despite Nowadays, country. the of rpry dniid n sfe from suffer and identified properly rn hc, u t ter valuable their to due which, Iran ons. Ignoring this rich history can can history rich this Ignoring ons. ural contexts will provide the the provide will contexts ural Amdae ad Maghouli, and (Ahmadzadeh

ritage that express the the express that ritage

helps us to to us helps

Research Method housing? build to region used - residential of th in houses construction the in materials of - features architectural village houses? and architecture - are questions raised: following the aim, important Kushki of houses residential the of patterns vernacular rural Research Questions the of capacities valuable the developments.village further for upgrade to and of level identity settlem historical cnm, ieiod taiin ad norms and of traditions impact livelihood, the economy, and environment and place of use of quality the expresses Rural contexts, rural and Architecture Housing specific a Vernacular in live and geographical environment (Zargar, 1390,31). special unique, are jobs, beliefs, which own and relationships their defined products, has who people sepa be economic, cannot components cultural, social and its ecological and world, real the in phenomenonsingle a is villageA 4). 2009, (Sartipipour, fromwithin" needs annual its of most or all provide to able is and housing to activities, biological of set a with unit, geographical and natural a Rural Living architectural Research Literature local and features in the historical village.houses the of pattern typology by then authors. the analyzing examples, we these tr required by drawn were the maps necessary the and each, obtained was information and examining samples Having carefully valuable method. sufficient study field collected a is vernacula housing, the identify to is which requirements, and purpose its to according study, this for methodselected The

The aim of this study is to investigate the the investigate to is study this of aim The Hou and settlement social of form a is village "A type. research applied of is research This What structures have the architects of the the of architects the have structures What What are the predominant building building predominant the are What What is the pattern of vernacular vernacular of pattern the is What rated because its society is made up of of up made is society its because rated sing, as the main constituent element of of element constituent main the as sing,

ents at the national and international international and national the at ents

- Sofli village. In ord In village. Sofli is area? is

which is directly related related directly is which

r patterns of rural rural of patterns r

er to reach this this reach to er ied to find the the find to ied

Downloaded from jhre.ir at 0:47 +0330 on Saturday September 25th 2021 symbols are skillfully reflected in a way that that way a in reflected skillfully are symbols vernacular relations of wi economic formation and social the architecture, In them. customs, the of reflects it art and taste beliefs, thoughts, feelings, spirit, land, a of people the of identity valid abl a is it since and identity, been has it history, the during changes many undergone 2011, 3). to (Sartipipour, time of subject period long relatively a easily not change, and its changes have over taken place are that of principles type this f of relatively have architecture, examples good are which environmental houses, Rural harmonyit. with in formed is it and variables, geographical combating and life of life needs the ignoring of instead and potentials, of originality of forms various of formation 2011,3). housing (Sartipipour, and the needs to has to environment led natural attention the and with harmony life of view a Such it. created and lives people's of story physic the harmonized have that needs their and lives people's to attention of depth the living is housing of type and this in spaces livelihood of livelihood coexistence the of of type examples Architectural the people. the of spaces as such dai activities their and environment the and the people of needs natural the with accordance in design the to attention pay to is architecture their of part out carry home. at economic activities who villagers the livelihood spatial meetthe must also it but life, a of needs daily and essential the meet it must called only not housing because housing of rural type complex a requires co (Akrami,insightful 2011,25). its but visual, is architecture eye very still is contrast, is without and monochrome it is which façade, clayey simplicity a of simplicity The utmost complex. its despite but peaceful, very and simple is house rural communities rural of architecture the The 48). 2005, (Sartipipour, governing are that Although vernacular architecture has has architecture vernacular Although aware well is architecture Vernacular rural of features important most the of One that life of kind special a is life Rural th the natural environment and cultural cultural and environment natural the th

- catching. The simplicity of rural rural of simplicity The catching. e to maintain its special special its maintain to e al space with the the with space al

ixed and stable stable and ixed

mplexity is is mplexity

needs of of needs

of the the of ly

a 20 Sadin, 1). (Chart and are Ali Mirza that Isfahani, (Salahi regulations culture environmental by and influenced rules to Adherence unwritten (3). and them, in uniformity (2) Diversity in vernacular non and buildings elements, building the between coordination existen The (1). architecture: vernacular 98). 2005, (Dadkhah, them of all is in manifested harmony and simplicity time same the at h tp o eooi, social (Mohammadi economic, and materials structures rural Indigenous structures of Yeganeh 2017, 43). al., et to according type environmental stages in the forms historical different had different culture, has housing of words, other rural type In structures. the and civilization with accordance in shelter undergone needs, also changes has but 2019,1). (Attarian. anderror years by trial the over architecture of body the have influenced culture and tradition whose people by built is architecture rural vernacular fact, In 2). 2020, al. et (Bazazzedeh sustainability of concept the to related also are that strategies value, as well as developments necessary the balancing along with solidarity, social and value historical of principles general three are There The traditional architects of each area have area each of architects traditional The f only not is housing Rural with villages of management Physical Ch housing architecture (Source: Movahed and and Movahed (Source: architecture housing 1 . Diagram of factros influencial on Rural influencial Rural on factros of Diagram

Fatahi, 2013, 50). 2013, Fatahi,

r eape o css and cases of examples are

r iig and living or 7 106) 17,

ce of of ce and

-

33 Autumn 2020 ♦ No, 171 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

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34 Autumn 2020 ♦ No, 171 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

The area is 1573 meters above sea level and level sea above meters 1573 is area The the along north. and minutes 55 degrees, 33 latitude, of line east minutes 50 degrees, 48 longitude, of line the along located is It area. Borojerd of Region Information Geographical 2020). andAttarian, (Bakhtiari buildings s body, the on based plan can architects that environmentalso features and historical, rural their architectural, preserve document and to recognize to is way of artifacts identity One physical (49). and villages formation the in th indicates beauty shelters and build and environment the local shape to materials of use The durability 24). 2009, (Sartipourpour, diversity, can materials, create new with combination in or alone them using and them, among colors of National mate durable are there use, and buildings, Building recommendRegulations donot their of construction the for necessary durability and lack strength the materials local that believed generally is it Although housing. of construction the in an village the around environment the traditional or from prepared are that materials are materials vernacular fact, In structure. local the used and area the with coordinate to details executive the designed have and area, mater and shelter, climate, environment the according to used the appropriate structure to build the the build to structure appropriate the used is Borojerd F 3. 3.

Graphic analysis of Kushki of Graphicanalysis ials that were available in each each in available were that ials tructure, and durability of rural rural of durability and tructure,

(Source: Authors). (Source: 1701 square kilometers in in kilometers square 1701 e decisive role of nature nature of role decisive e rials with a variety a with rials - sofla Village Village sofla d used used d

F2. F2. the average minimum temperature in the the in temperature minimum average the and Celsius, degrees 10 than more is year the of month hottest the in temperature average The regions. coldest the of one country, the of mountains western relative the in located is village village. this of capabilities the the of one is and handicrafts local and ethnicity of integration infrastructure tourism of existence The monuments. historical and above level sea longitude at 48.79, latitude 34.02 city an Borojerd of part in northern concentrated are rest the villages. and is population urban the of 71% where northeast Ashtrinan, and parts the central two has city The in province. located is analyzed. graphicallyareuses village itsand the map of In 2. Figure in shown country the is city Borojerd to villagers the of access of The histology rural (Ahmadian Mohammadi, and 2009). of book the from taken is table this of framework The 1. Table in collected been has etc., passages Detailed historical 98). studies, 2011, general including village, this of information (Ghobadian, night and day between difference temperature high a is There winter. in humidity low and cold monththan less coldest is Koushki Koushki Climatic conditions of these areas are severe are areas these of conditions Climatic Access of Kushki Accessof

- -

sofla village has valuable texture texture valuable has village sofla the in located is village Sofli

(Source: Authors) (Source: .

- sofla Village to Borojerd to Borojerd Village sofla elements, applications, applications, elements,

d altitude 2164meters d altitude iue , h texture the 3, Figure - 3 degrees Celsius. . of Lorestan Lorestan of

The The

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Pictures

T1. T1.

F3.

Detailed information of Kushki of information Detailed

Graphic analysis of Kushki of Graphicanalysis The main structure of the village can be classified into two general sections: general two into classified be can village the of mainstructure The is village the of texture inphysical the space green levelTheof isalsovery small. units of residential space green The islow. villageroads in the space green levelTheof discharged isstill water surface inpassages, the but tabulation, through isdischarged water surface Currently, water. surface repel to used were inpassageway the located streams and landslope the locatio duetheto past, the In pipelines. water has village the Currently, period. short a or insupply water someproblems madehas well the of anddestruction water, the of reduction The aqueducts. wellsor villagew this of residents the of the drinkingwater past, the In re withformed only is passages the ofmetersbody andthe 7 to is3 passages the ofbody the of height The square. no has village and oldthe of bath the mosqueand the to leads axes mentioned mai otherThe meters. 130 length about ofa meters and 6 ofwidth north inpassagesis the two village axisthe of entrance The north in are the Passages passages ofnetwork the ofpatternThe handicrafts. and orchards walnut vineyards, includes: which husbandry, animal agricultureand is village the oflivelihood predominant The an households and82 people 314 equalto inwas village1990 the of population The b) a) e) d) c) b) a) d in 1995 it was equal to 226 people and 70 households. 70 and people 226 to equal it inwas 1995 d

Administrative use: The village has an Islamic Council and a Villagecouncil. a and Council anhas Islamic village use:The Administrative village. this of outskirts in the students forthe scho primary Shahrivar use:17 Educational mortuary. a and doctor a healthcenter, infirmary, an has village use:The Health work. this houseto the ofpart a havededicated that houses is residential village of the unit commercial onlyuse:The Commercial village. inthe isanImamzadeh and there Hosseiniyeh, havea not does village The attraction. and havecentrality physical not it does bath,but old the near beenhasbuilt invillage the mosque onlyuse:The Religious

residence of the villagers. the ofresidence the thatcurrently houses are new Includes village: the of newThestructure lo were Khanand village’s belongedthe to castles These inquiry. local on a based period Qajar forthe which are old wellcastles, as as village the ofpart southern semi or destroyed i that decorations architectural and and details value havethat houses old valuable includes village: the of structure oldThe

n axis runs parallel to the river and perpendicular to theto two andperpendicular river the to parallel runs n axis

sidential units. sidential - cated in the middle part of the village. the ofpart middle inthe cated east and south - destroyed, Imamzadeh Abdullah and Hammami inHammamithe and Abdullah Imamzadeh destroyed, - sofla Village (Source: Authors). (Source: Village sofla n of the village and the topography of the environment, environment, the of topography andthe village nthe of

- using the traditional land slope method. landslope traditional usingthe sofla Village (Source: authors) (Source: Village sofla

Characteristics

in the village issemi village in the - west directions. west ol is the only educational center center educational only isthe ol

n some cases have been cases n some

-

- south direction with a a with direction south regular and non and regular as supplied by water water by supplied as

not noticeable. not

- closed.

.

Main Structure of the of MainStructure Network of Passages of Network Greenspace pattern Greenspace General Studies General System of uses of System Surface water Surfacewater Water supply Water in the village inthe drainage network Factors Village

35 Autumn 2020 ♦ No, 171 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

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36 Autumn 2020 ♦ No, 171 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

in comparison with the bu comparisonthe in with control, heat and spaces, and outdoor indoor between connection spaces, different between transition for vestibules, or porches other), located buildings of set a include that texture (a texture dotted the woodtimber, and to materials access the follows: village as are this in houses vernacula by the in are affected that seen rules and principles the are general, In them community. rural the of life and environment in spaces of location the and houses rural of structure and organization The areas. rural of element houses village of features Architectural Rural Housing Typology of the in considered not were examples Other colle vernacular was information three their and of selected structures, were samples durable characteristics with architecture and rich region the of have context historical the in located are that examples valuable among the inform the collect to and houses rural in structures and In order to study the types of architecture architecture of types the study to order In ------the is housing Rural

Minimizing the outdoor area area outdoor the Minimizing Observing the spatial hierarchy entering for Havingtwo Having a flat roof (bed and beam), due to to due beam), and (bed roof flat a Having Having a relatively dense arrangement in in arrangement dense relatively a Having sn semi Using

3D

td y il ad uvy methods. survey and field by cted ation needed in the research, research, the in needed ation -

- floor buildings in general, in buildings floor open space patterns, such as as such patterns, space open T2 .

Information collected from the sample houses (Sourc houses sample the from collected Information separately from each each from separately r architecture of the the of architecture r

ilding area, area, ilding most constituent constituent most

Facade

-

Se ction

elevation elevation elevation Exterior Exterior Exterior Section Section Section dimensional plan, was prepared by the the three by prepared and was follows: 2as Table in authors elevation plan, facade, dimensional plan, site the including information, their of summary destruction, a map Figureand village shown in 4; the is of and building cooperation of high landlord. the of consent lack as of or such abandonment reasons to percentage due collection to cold weather and provide the house with with (Figure from heat earth the required the house the provide and weather cold to exposure reduce to done is This floor. lower the on products and equipment of storage the and space, livestock the and floor upper the experien Kushki as are native houses village the follows: the of of characteristics architecture and details sur field from general and resistance, heat brick and capacity high a have stone, which thatch, including construction, spaces different between village, the of part historical the in porch also and vestibule using and entrance the rotating by houses the

h lcto o te eetd oss n th in houses selected the of location The h ceto o two of creation The andearth building of Interrelationship - - -

Having a central courtyard for connecti for courtyard central a Having Using a simple design for housing in in housing for design simple a Using sn lcl aeil fr housing for materials local Using First floorplan First -

Sofli village is the result of villagers’ villagers’ of result the is village Sofli

Based on the information obtained obtained information the on Based ces. They place the living spaces on spaces living the place They ces. ____

veys and observations, the the observations, and veys

e: Authors). e: Ground floorplan Ground

- floor buildings in in buildings floor

Sample Second Third First 6). 6).

on

e -

Downloaded from jhre.ir at 0:47 +0330 on Saturday September 25th 2021 the cold weather. The metabolism of of metabolism provides and winter in heat The extra generating weather. for need the omits area small this in livestock cold the in the livestockbasement from their to shelter by space a digging They create area. channels themselves with the climatic conditions the of Kushki of residents the and transfer) control Cote (heat

sn cts s nte tcnc eie by devised technic another is cotes Using F4. F4. F6. F6. F5. F5. arrangement and density of houses of density and arrangement The location of the houses selected for for houses selected of the Thelocation village houses (Source: Au houses (Source: village The entrance of a cote in one of the the incote of a one of Theentrance surveying (Source: Authors). (Source: surveying A passage in the village the and village in the passage A (Source: Authors). (Source:

- sofla village to adapt adapt to village sofla

thors).

of this village, the interior space is not not is space interior it passage, outer the the from accessible directly village, this of Architecture Introvert desire the provide cotes summer. in temperature In heat. required addition, the with space living the the residents with ease in doing their their doing in ease with everyday activities. residents the providing and transitions organizing element essential and vital a as acts and spaces many despite form cohesive and integrity its keeps integrated selec and houses the In spaces. different surrounded house’s the by coherent geometry simple with a structure is courtyard Kushki of houses the in followed is pattern same the courtyards. with (Abron, Accord possible a made The of was house spaces 47). centrality different 2017, between relationship Askari, and and Abbaszadeh arrangement its to due houses rural for elementorganizing andform Courtyard geometry the winter. in residents of communication social the improving and village the of view a having for passage outer the towards small terraces windows and introvert have houses However,the most region. the of an with to due architecture residents the planning provided of type This are walls. they by examples, surrounded few a in and buildings, humans for courtyard the andlivestock.to wa There both. or corridor, a porch, a through accessible is To provide privacy in the historical houses houses historical the in privacy provide To In the past, a courtyard was considered as an as considered was courtyard a past, In the by surrounded usually are Courtyards

F7. F7. village houses (Source: Authors). houses (Source: village The interior of a cote in one of the the in cote of a one of Theinterior ted for this study, the central courtyard courtyard central the study, this for ted - ing to observations and field surveys, field and observations to ing Sofli village, and the central central the and village, Sofli s usually a common entrance entrance common a usually s

of conditions climatic the

d

37 Autumn 2020 ♦ No, 171 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

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38 Autumn 2020 ♦ No, 171 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment about the characteristics of vernacular vernacular of characteristics the about research the of Findings sides. four or three a has houses l is courtyard the selected and middle, the the in courtyard in rectangular plan the of provide format general they The residents. the for spaces, privacy these spaces. by different Surrounded connect to role important Courtyards, area. essential are vast which a have houses mostly rural is the which needs. husbandry, animal and agriculture gardening, and residents, livelihood livelihood of the occupation their to due meet Moreover, to family living categories: seve of The existence services. three and spaces livelihood into spaces, divided be Kushki of houses the in spaces of houses village the of combination Spatial

Based on the studied samples, the function function the samples, studied the on Based F9. F9. Observation of spatial hierarchy and rotation of entr of rotation and hierarchy ofspatial Observation imited to the indoor spaces from spaces indoor the to imited ral indoor spaces helped the the helped spaces indoor ral

o vr hue pa an play house, every to F10. F10. F8. F8. between open and closed spaces (Source: authors). (Source: spaces closed and open between The relationship created by intermediate spaces intermediate by created Therelationship Outside window and terrace despite introvert introvert despite terrace and window Outside architecture (Source: Authors). (Source: architecture - sofla can can sofla (Source: authors) (Source:

materials, including clay, wood, stone, stone, wood, clay, used. andbrick, are straw plaster, including materials, available most the climate, the to due village, in houses of construction the In 49 2009, (Sartipipour, and materials of selection type the in rural factor determining a its is in of environment use Geographical the facilities. materials and natural place the local of geography the with of coordination indicates architecture use The their of nature. in use interference minimized and homes maximum made surrounding have by nature, the provided materials the of and environment knowledge with villagers, accurate the and nature, and architecture Structures Rural Materials of Typology are 3. shown intable village the of houses the in architecture u t te ep oncin be connection deep the to Due .

ance using a porch or corridor corridor or porch usinga ance

Kushki

tween rural rural tween - sofla sofla - 50). 50). Downloaded from jhre.ir at 0:47 +0330 on Saturday September 25th 2021 in bearing and transporting the load of the the of load the transporting and bearing thatched in a with majo walls a play walls thick These covering. for clay and adobe makes and sunlight snow removal (Figure 11). by easier loss maximum heat reduces absorbing roofing of type This in used technique

Adobe: Traditional architects used used architects Traditional Adobe: the is covering thatched with roof beam Flat No 5 4 3 2 1

Introvert architecture architecture Introvert Spatial combination Spatial Intermediate spaces Intermediate - -

Distanced from the ground with 2 to 3 to 2 withground fromthe Distanced

Sleeper wall leveled with the ground the leveledwith wall Sleeper andprivacy Form and geometry of courtyard ofgeometry Form and T3. T3. Interrelationship with earth with Interrelationship Title Characteristics of vernacular architecture in the houses of the village. the houses of in the architecture vernacular of Characteristics

- h hue fti village. this of houses the

Cote in y in Cote

stairs

ard In one In livelihood spaces spaces livelihood liveli Living spaces in Livingspaces in Livingspaces Vestibule and Vestibule floor, first the in the ground inthe

Inttwo insouth the the north, the Corridor Mahtabi corridor Terrace hood spaces spaces hood - floor type floortype:

- floor floor

r role role r

Picture

addition, the brick wall allows the the the as allows such ventilation. wall and shelves niches, details skylights, of installation brick of implementation the 12 addition, Figure thermal s a and the wall brick house. a of between behavior difference the the of shows occupants the to comfort provide heat, control and save ability to its to due clay, using Also, building.

Graphic representation Graphic

tone wall. In wall. tone

39 Autumn 2020 ♦ No, 171 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

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40 Autumn 2020 ♦ No, 171 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

r 1 ee i hih. oevr the Moreover, height. in meter courtyard walls are made of rubble stone. 1 are which walls, sleeper and foundation in used is stone region, this of villages the In Stone: found in rarely the also are decorations Brick of used. been entrance the has technique arch and arch brick the houses, often and corridors Brick: openings, windows, small doors, of for of roof the cover to used also It is niches. and used covering is columns, It wood. th in houses of construction the in

Wood: F11.

n re t cvr h ro o the of roof the cover to order In wooden joints and thatched covering covering thatched joints and wooden some of village'sthe houses. historic Another local material that is used used is that material local Another

Details of constructing a flat floor with with floor flat a ofconstructing Details (Source: Authors). (Source:

F13. F13.

Using wood in different parts of a house. a of parts indifferent wood Using is village is is village is

F n h hsoi txue f h vlae the r village, the of the to answer in found were results following texture historic the the in of houses analysis selected the of and plans and information survey the on Based Conclusion are region the collected in Table 4. of materials ecological and structu of field the in findings research The without moisture of presence beams the (Figure 13). to texture due the walls smooth in high of located also of is Wood and made knots. is which quality spaces, interior esearch questions (Table 5). 12. 12. wall and stone wall (Source: Authors). (Source: stone and wall wall Comparison of heat tra heat Comparison of

nsfer in brick nsfer

re

Downloaded from jhre.ir at 0:47 +0330 on Saturday September 25th 2021 eea Ciei fr h Frain f Rural of Housing . Foundation, Formation Revolution Islamic the Elements, Physical for Criteria Country: General the of Histology Rural (2009), Hamid. Str - pp. and 160, No. 102 Architecture Environment, Rural of and termsHousing in city Savadkuh in Housing Rural of Typology (2017), - References control and Heattransfer houses village the of combination Spatial courtyard ofgeometry Form and introvertarchitecture and Privacy spaces Intermediate materials Local characteristics architecture Rural

Ahmadzadeh, Masoumeh and Maghouli, Nadia. Nadia. Maghouli, and Masoumeh Ahmadzadeh, hain Mhma ad Mohammadi, and Mohammad Ahmadian, No. - 4 3 2 1 87.

T4. T4. Brick and Brick Material Thatch

Wood adobe Sto Local materials used and their ap their materialsand used Local ne

T5. T5.

Functional patterns of physical characteristics in Kushki characteristics physical of patterns Functional

Wall and window Wall and Roof covering Roof

Sleeper wall Sleeper

Wall

or livestock. or - - spa livingThe region. this of weather in cold the heat andcontrols areas two these floorseparates lower lo The form. anhasintegrated house, of the spaces different connects and functional important an plays which yard, The sides. - materials. heavybuilding - privacy. inorder bothor porch corridor, the by entrance the rotationat spatialis a village,there this of typology inarchitectural the Moreover, used. havebeen andMahtabi porches int closed the of Atjunction the - walls - porch windows, doors, construct - energy. conserve to insulator good a - - Application

Heat isgener Heat buildings.of parts in various the loss heat villageprevents the of inarchitecture the used principles The spatiala the In usingby controlled can be indoorspaces of conditions the thermal region, the of climate mountainous coldthe In entrances decorate and corridors cover to used are Bricks andcourtyard walls slipper inseen are stones rubble clay, and thanlesswood used are brick and stone Although andto spaces, interior roofofthe cover to used been Ithas inregion. materialthe used widely isanother Wood iswhich clay, material important most The conditions climatic with andnaturecompatible in available are Materials

cation of the living spaces of the residents on the upper floor and the livestock space and storage on the on and storage livestockspace the floor and upper the on ofresidents the spaces living the of cation

Corridor ceiling Corridor ces of the residents are in the upper floor and the livestock space and storage are in the lower floor lowerin the are and storage livestockspace the floor and upper in are the ofresidents the ces Courtyard wall Courtyard ated through natural ways as much as possible and is provided by the presence of people, cooking people, of presence the isby provided muchand possible as as naturalways through ated Wallcovering rrangement of the village houses, a central courtyard is limited to buildings from three or four or fromthree buildings islimitedto central courtyard a houses, village the of rrangement Culomn ucture,

plication in rural housing (Source: authors). (Source: housing inrural plication

erior spaces to the central space of the courtyard, intermediate spaces such as spaces intermediate ofcourtyard, the thespace to central spaces erior

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