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Edinburgh and Glasgow: Civic Identity and Rivalry 1752 – 1842

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Edinburgh and Glasgow: Civic Identity and Rivalry 1752 – 1842 Edinburgh and Glasgow: Civic identity and rivalry 1752 – 1842 Helen M. Rapport ‘While the Metropolitan City, Edinburgh, may have been the scene of a longer number of historical events than Glasgow, yet not even to Edinburgh must our city of the West give place in the claim of precedence in respect of real historical influence and essential power. Edinburgh has probably done more in recording history, and in enjoying the blessings of civilization and modern improvements; but Glasgow has made history and even been the orginator of the means of advancing civilization, and the amenities of modern life. The latter has laboured, and the former has reaped the fruits of that labour’. Andrew Wallace, A Popular Sketch of the history of Glasgow (1882) Table of Contents Abstract..............................................................................................................p. i Declaration.........................................................................................................p. iii Acknowledgements............................................................................................p. iv Introduction........................................................................................................p. 1 Chapter One: Civic Histories..............................................................................p. 50 Chapter Two: National-Civic Testimonies.........................................................p. 89 Chapter Three: Civic Testimonies......................................................................p. 120 Chapter Four: Civic and National Commemorations.........................................p. 163 Chapter Five: Visitors’ Impressions of Edinburgh and Glasgow......................p. 222 Conclusion.........................................................................................................p. 273 Appendices........................................................................................................p. 283 Bibliography......................................................................................................p. 318 i Abstract This thesis is the first in depth study that has been undertaken concerning Edinburgh and Glasgow’s identities and rivalry. It is not an economic or a social study driven solely by theory. Essentially, this is a cultural and political examination of Edinburgh and Glasgow’s identities and rivalry based on empirical evidence. It engages with theory where appropriate. Although 1752 – 1842 is the main framework for the period there are other considerations included before this period and after this timeframe. This study provides the reader with a better understanding of the ideas highlighted in the introduction and it also indicates the degrees of changes as well as continuity within the two cities. Therefore, this thesis is not a strict comparison of the two cities and neither does it provide for a complete contextual breakdown of every historical event over the course of every year. The primary focus is kept on an array of primary written sources about the two cities over the course of the period, with only brief reflections about other places, where it is deemed appropriate. The thesis is driven by the evidence it has uncovered in relation to identity and rivalry, and the study uses particular events and their impact on the two cities within a particular historical narrative. As it is a preliminary report of its kind, there are, of course, many gaps which are opportunities for further research. This is something that the conclusion of this thesis returns to. Identity and rivalry are words not attached to any particular corpus of research material but rather are buried in an array of primary sources that are wide-ranging and all encompassing. Most have been uncovered in individual collections and in the literature of the time, including newspapers, guidebooks, travellers’ accounts, civic ii histories, speeches, letters, and in entries for the Encyclopaedia Britannica and also the Old and New Statistical Accounts. Although historians may have examined some of this material it has not necessarily been employed by them to investigate how the cities’ identities and rivalry evolved. The period was influenced by the ideas birthed from the Enlightenment and Romanticism, by the impact of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and by the intense processes harboured by urbanisation, industrialisation and by political and social change as the Georgian city became a Victorian one, so consideration of these important aspects must be afforded, as well as the particular historians’ ideas about them and how they affected cities like Edinburgh and Glasgow within a Scottish and a British context. iii Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis has been composed by myself, and that the work which it embodies has been done by myself and has not been included in another thesis. Signed: Helen Rapport Date: 30 October 2012 iv Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the intellectual, financial and emotional support of many people. Firstly, those academics and administrative staff at the Division of History and Politics Department of the University of Stirling are, without a doubt, amongst the best people, teachers, advisors and academics, par excellence. I am particularly thankful to my supervisor, Dr. Helen M. Dingwall, whose incredible and stoic direction has made this thesis possible. I can never thank her enough for the gift of her tremendous intellect and personal inspiration she has bestowed upon me. She also continued guiding me, even in retirement, which is certainly above the call of duty! Another debt is owed to Dr. Iain Hutchison, who also read and commented on several chapters and his advice and genuine critical humour was well taken and encouraged my respect for him. Dr. Jacqueline Jenkinson stepped into the role of second supervisor when Iain retired and she, too, has provided invaluable suggestions and keen criticism. I would like to pass on my personal thanks to her. I have also ‘seen off’ three Heads of Department in the course of this thesis: Professor George Peden, Profession Bob McKean and Dr. Jim Smyth, all of whom offered encouragement as well as financial support by employing me to teach several tutorials for first and second year students in Scottish History. Their employment meant that the cost of travel for the many research trips was eased. Professor Richard Oram has also been incredibly supportive, as has Dr. Mike Penman and Dr. Alastair Mann. I owe a debt of gratitude to many others in the Department who have offered encouragement throughout this journey and to others across the University of Stirling, notably the postgraduate officers who kept me informed of administrative changes and the Library staff, in particular, who have always provided an efficient and warm v reception, even to my strange requests for obscure books and other literature about Edinburgh and Glasgow’s past. A debt is also owed to my external and internal examiners, Professor Robert J Morris and Dr. Alastair Durie. Their invaluable and extensive knowledge has led to a much improved thesis. Historians could not function without the tremendous efforts of those who dedicate their working lives to the preservation and access of books and of archives. The staff at the National Library of Scotland, especially those in the North Reading Room, and the staff at the Special Collections of the University of Glasgow and Edinburgh, those in the Mitchell Library and in the Edinburgh City Archives all require special mention. Many thanks, also, to those in Edinburgh City Library, especially the wonderful Edinburgh Room staff. I will never forget the bemusement incurred when I first arrived at these depositories claiming I intended researching the rivalry between Edinburgh and Glasgow. On return visits, I was frequently asked about my progress and which library and archive had treated me the best and where my bias lay. I would also like to thank the Checkland Fund for the gift of a small travel grant during my studies that permitted a trip to London to the British Library. However, another debt must be paid to my friends and family. My father and mother have always taught me the value of studying and appreciating the achievements of those who have gone before us. Their message was always to work hard and enjoy what you do in life. Sadly, my father has been dead for many years, but he was an inspiring individual and I have never forgotten his love and kindness. My parents brought up eight children through hard work, determination, humour and great patience. They are remarkable human beings. This thesis is dedicated to them. My brothers and sisters are wonderful hard-working people, amongst them are teachers and scientists and I am incredibly proud and grateful for their love and support over vi the years. My brother, Edward, completed over twenty years of service in the Royal Navy and I want to acknowledge his valour and fortitude. Edward and his wife, Karina, were also there for me towards the finishing line with childcare support, so many thanks are due to them. My sister, Maureen and her husband, Robert, also helped out by providing much needed humour, advice and even more childcare at a crucial stage in the writing-up moment. I owe them all so much. As I grew up half way between Edinburgh and Glasgow, in the town of Bathgate, and studied at the University of Edinburgh and then completed my Secondary Teaching Postgraduate Certificate
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