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The Super-Cooling Agent Icilin Reveals a Mechanism Of View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Neuron, Vol. 43, 859–869, September 16, 2004, Copyright 2004 by Cell Press The Super-Cooling Agent Icilin Reveals a Mechanism of Coincidence Detection by a Temperature-Sensitive TRP Channel fold more potent (Behrendt et al., 2004; McKemy-200ف ,Huai-hu Chuang, Werner M. Neuhausser and David Julius* et al., 2002; Wei and Seid, 1983). Because these agonists Department of Cellular and Molecular shift the temperature threshold at which cold-sensitive Pharmacology neurons or the cloned TRPM8 channel can be activated University of California, San Francisco (Hensel and Zotterman, 1951; McKemy et al., 2002; Peier San Francisco, California 94143 et al., 2002; Reid et al., 2002), it is likely that cooling agents generally serve as positive allosteric modulators that enable the channel to open at higher than normal Summary temperatures. At the same time, there is evidence to suggest that menthol and icilin activate TRPM8 through TRPM8, a member of the transient receptor potential distinct mechanisms. Most notably, menthol activates family of ion channels, depolarizes somatosensory TRPM8 in the absence of extracellular calcium, whereas neurons in response to cold. TRPM8 is also activated icilin is essentially inactive in the absence of calcium by the cooling agents menthol and icilin. When ex- (McKemy et al., 2002). These and other observations posed to menthol or cold, TRPM8 behaves like many raise a number of interesting questions regarding the ligand-gated channels, exhibiting rapid activation fol- mechanisms of cooling agent action: whether they are lowed by moderate Ca2؉-dependent adaptation. In one and the same and how they relate to gating of the contrast, icilin activates TRPM8 with extremely vari- channel by cold. able latency followed by extensive desensitization, Besides or in addition to functioning as primary detec- provided that calcium is present. Here, we show that, tors of sensory stimuli, many TRP channels are gated to achieve full efficacy, icilin requires simultaneous or modulated by metabotropic receptors that activate elevation of cytosolic Ca2؉, either via permeation phospholipase C (PLC) signaling systems. While there through TRPM8 channels or by release from intracellu- has been much debate with regard to how TRP channels lar stores. Thus, two stimuli must be paired to elicit are regulated downstream of PLC-coupled receptors full channel activation, illustrating the potential for co- (Hardie, 2003b), it now seems likely that members of incidence detection by TRP channels. Determinants this structurally divergent class of ion channels respond of icilin sensitivity map to a region of TRPM8 that cor- to different consequences of PLC activation, such as responds to the capsaicin binding site on the noxious the hydrolysis of PIP2 (Chuang et al., 2001), production heat receptor TRPV1, suggesting a conserved molecu- of diacylglycerol (Hofmann et al., 1999) or free fatty acid lar logic for gating of these thermosensitive channels metabolites (Chyb et al., 1999; Hardie, 2003a), or the 2ϩ by chemical agonists. release of Ca from intracellular stores (Launay et al., 2002; Liu and Liman, 2003; Perez et al., 2002; Prawitt Introduction et al., 2003). Regardless of the exact mechanism, the ability of some TRP channels to be regulated by PLC- The transient receptor potential (TRP) family encom- coupled receptors endows them with the capacity to passes a large number of nonselective Ca2ϩ-permeable respond to more than one stimulus and to therefore serve as polymodal signal detectors. For example, the cation channels that are widely expressed among eu- sensitivity of TRPV1 to noxious heat can be greatly en- karyotes, where they are found in a variety of tissues hanced by inflammatory agents that activate PLC signal- and cell types. Although physiological roles have yet to ing pathways (Cesare and McNaughton, 1996; Chuang be determined for most members of this family, pharma- et al., 2001; Premkumar and Ahern, 2000; Tominaga et cological and genetic evidence has clearly implicated al., 2001). Such integration of physical and chemical certain TRP channels in the detection or transduction inputs allows TRPV1 to detect subthreshold stimuli, pro- of sensory stimuli (Clapham, 2003; Montell, 2001). One viding one way through which tissue injury produces notable example is provided by the mammalian TRP thermal hypersensitivity (Julius and Basbaum, 2001). channels TRPV1 and TRPM8, which are believed to Mechanistically, each of these inputs alone can open function as thermosensors on primary afferent nerve the channel to a significant extent, and synergistic acti- fibers of the somatosensory system (Jordt et al., 2003; vation by multiple stimuli—even at low levels—can also Julius and Basbaum, 2001; Patapoutian et al., 2003). drive channel open probability toward the maximum In addition to being activated by changes in ambient achievable by any single stimulus (Tominaga et al., temperature, these channels are also gated by chemical 1998). agonists that elicit psychophysical sensations of heat While some TRP channels, such as TRPV1, TRPV4, or cold, respectively (Caterina et al., 1997; McKemy et and TRPM8, show such a capacity for synergistic stimu- al., 2002; Peier et al., 2002). Thus, rat TRPM8 is activated lus integration (Caterina et al., 1997; McKemy et al., by cold (Ͻ26ЊC), as well as by natural cooling com- 2002; Nilius et al., 2003), we know of no case for TRP pounds such as menthol and eucalyptol. TRPM8 is also channels in which there is codependency of activation, activated by the synthetic “super-cooling agent” icilin wherein channel gating requires the simultaneous pres- (AG-3-5), which is structurally unrelated to menthol and ence of two independent coagonists. Here, we illustrate the potential for this mechanism as it applies to TRP *Correspondence: [email protected] channels by demonstrating that significant or maximal Neuron 860 activation of TRPM8 by icilin requires simultaneous ex- icin/heat receptor TRPV1 (Jordt et al., 2000; Tominaga posure of the channel to intracellular calcium ions. In et al., 1998; Welch et al., 2000). Such a mechanism contrast, menthol or cold can directly and robustly gate predicts that one would see a rapid effect of Ca2ϩ upon TRPM8 in a membrane-delimited fashion, even when extracellular application, but this is not consistent with all calcium ions are strongly buffered. This differential the variable latencies that we observed when icilin- requirement for coagonists illustrates the potential for evoked channel activation was measured in the whole- TRPM8 to detect various combinations of environmental cell configuration in the presence of extracellular cal- cues as a mechanism for expanding its sensory reper- cium (Figure 1B). Alternatively, influx of extracellular toire. While many TRP channels have been identified in Ca2ϩ into the cell may be required to enhance icilin’s the genome, little is known about their gating mecha- efficacy. Indeed, this appears to be the case, since icilin- nisms. Our findings suggest that some TRP channels evoked currents in TRPM8-expressing oocytes were ϩ may serve as coincidence detectors whose full activa- abolished when the Ca2 chelator BAPTA was injected tion requires the simultaneous presence of two or more into the cell, whereas activation by menthol was unaf- physiological stimuli. Finally, comparative analysis of fected (Figure 2B). These results suggest that extracellu- ϩ avian and mammalian TRPM8 channels reveals specific lar Ca2 serves as an icilin cofactor by entering the cell amino acid residues within the putative intracellular loop and acting at an intracellular site. How, then, does icilin ϩ connecting transmembrane domains 2 and 3 that are stimulate Ca2 influx across the plasma membrane or ϩ essential for icilin activation. Remarkably, a topologi- otherwise increase cytoplasmic Ca2 concentrations? cally equivalent domain has previously been implicated First, we asked whether icilin could elicit increases in ϩ in the binding of capsaicin and other vanilloid ligands intracellular Ca2 independent of TRPM8 expression. to TRPV1 (Jordt and Julius, 2002; Gavva et al., 2004), This possibility was ruled out, since mock-transfected suggesting that TRP channels use a conserved struc- HEK293 cells showed no evidence of icilin-induced cy- ϩ tural logic to mediate interactions with chemical ago- tosolic Ca2 rise, even when the bath solution contained ϩ nists. 2mMCa2 . Moreover, TRPM8-expressing HEK293 cells showed icilin-evoked increases in intracellular Ca2ϩ only 2ϩ Results when Ca was present in the bath solution (Figure 2C), excluding a mechanism involving release of Ca2ϩ from Voltage-clamp recordings from TRPM8-expressing intracellular stores. Taken together, our results suggest that icilin-evoked increases in intracellular Ca2ϩ are initi- Xenopus oocytes or HEK293 cells have shown that cold ated by influx through TRPM8 channels themselves. or menthol evokes rapidly developing and slowly desen- This model presupposes that icilin can activate TRPM8 sitizing nonselective cationic currents similar to those to some small but finite degree in the absence of extra- observed in cultured sensory neurons (McKemy et al., cellular Ca2ϩ, thereby generating a positive feedback 2002; Reid et al., 2002). In contrast, we found that icilin- loop to further enhance efficacy of icilin and subsequent evoked currents displayed completely different kinetic
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