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Roman Settlement.PDF ORE Open Research Exeter TITLE Roman Settlement and Salt Production on the Somerset Coast: The Work of Sam Nash AUTHORS Rippon, Stephen JOURNAL Somerset Archaeology and Natural History: Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society DEPOSITED IN ORE 21 April 2008 This version available at http://hdl.handle.net/10036/23872 COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies. A NOTE ON VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication ROMAI{ SE,TTLE,ME,I{TAI\D SALT PRODI-ICTIOI{Oi{ THE SOMERStrTCOAST: THE, WORK OF SAMIJE,LNASH STEPHEIVRIPPON SUMMARY This paper describessome of the work of the Somersetarchaeoiogist and local historian Samuel Nash (i913-1985) relating to the coastalalluvial areasof the SomersetLevels between1956 and 1978.His various archives have become scattered befween several libraries, museums and private coilections, and one aim of this paper is to provide a handlist of the records that survive. The second aim is to use Nash's own data to reconstruct the Roman landscapearound Burnham-on-Sea and Brent Knoll where a varietll of settlementswere discovered, some asiociated with salt production. NrRoDicrrow Archaeologically, the Somersetpeat iandshave seensome of the most intensiveresearch of any area in Britain. Work by Bulleid and Gray, Godwin, and John and Bryony Coles,along with many others, has provided a wealth of information with regard io the prehistoric sequence of the inland peat bogs. Towards the coastthese peat depositsare buried under later alluvium, and this area of the SomersetLevels, in cbntrastto the peat lands, has received very 1itt1eattention. However, between 1956 and 1978the locai amateurarchaeolo- gist Samuel Nash was quietly recording the archaeologyof this area as it was steadily destroyedby development.He amassedahuge amountof informationwh-ich tu. rr"u",.been given the attention that it deserves. This paper is an attemptto highlight Nash's achievements.After a shorrbiography of his life, the important work that Nash carried out on the Roman landscapeof t-tre'somerset Levels will be considered(Fig. 1), I{ash also collecteda large amountof medievalmaterial; that work is summarisedelse#here (Rippon 1994; Iggl). T;houghmuch of the information is available in typescnpt reports, depositedin SomersetCourity Museum, T'aunton,and Burnham Public Library, extensiveuie has been made of a collection of letters written to StephenDewar, a former Somersetarchaeologist who had moved to Dorchester.These letters are referred to by date, but are at presentstill in private hands;I would like to thank Mury Kempson,Nash's daughter,for allow.ingme to consultthem. SAMIJE,LNASH 1913_1985 Samuel George Nash, son of a postman, was born rr 1913 at Leatherhead,Surrey, and.went to Dorking High School. In 1928 he starred work as a clerk at an insurance firm in London, 99 r00 Sornerset,\rchaeology and liatw'al l{istoryi, 1995 o Fis. 1 The SomersetLevels. leaving in L932 to attend Birbeck College, London. IJnforfunately he had to leave after a year as his sister had fallen ill and Nash had to eam a wage to help pay for her treatment; During the war he served in North Africa and Italy, and upon returning he briefly went back to the world of insurance, but soon decided he preferred the outdoor life, becoming a gar- dener. in 1955 he moved to Highbridge, near Burnham-on-Sea in Somerset, working as a clerk at the Sealed Motor Company in Bridgwater until his retirement n 1911. He died in 1985 For the whole of his time in Highbridge,Nash actively investigated its past.In particular, he recordedthe archaeologicalexposures on every building site he could visit, and com- pleted an impressive amount of documentaryresearch. He was a tounder member of the Burnham-on-SeaArchaeological and Natural History Society, with whom he undertook a seriesof small-scaleexcavations. In L91I he was recruitedby Dr (now Professor)Peter Fowler, then of Bristoi Universify,to carry out archaeologicalrecording in advanceof the M5 motorwa\zconstructi.on to the east of Brent Knoil. Rontan Settlementon the Somerset Coast 101 TIiE EARLY YEARS: ARCHAEOLOGICAIOBSERVATION 'Sam o' rhe moors', as the late Stephen Dewar called Nash, observedbu dhg work, sewice trenches,quarrying and road construction in some roo ,il.-i" e";;;a?j'*ourra^ :oo sites on the coastar aluvium of the somerset Levels u, u *rrJ, Hi, o"rgir*. uu'v Kempson remembersthat,'wierever a_building was being built or demoiished,Dad was there rooting about in the holes, trowel in rran[.'usuary he simpiy collected any sherds, but in some casessubstantia-l amountsof material *"." r".ou"r"d and sectionsthrough .y"d the ourseverat sma.l1-scate excavarions, sometimes single handed *:tT::::?:a:1.\seeAppend'* 1). -gjHe also observed severalmajor developmentswhere he recovered,no materialdespire deep intewentions; such negative.uid*;" ;; o"- usefur in reconsrruchngpast settlement pattems (Fig.2; seebenw1. "."i,,r"iv It is also worth stressing - the attentionfrash paid to medievarand post_medieval a time when it was sitesat the Romandiscoveries that athactedmost attention.In 196; visitedby Norman ffi;J euinnen of the o.rdnancesurvey, who marked;;; fifty R"man sites on his maps'However, just two .because medievalsites were added the headof the offlce wasnor very nterestedin medieval,(Nash letter 29.k.64). Nashwas extremely werl.read,and not onryrecorJed what he saw,but tried to it. He did not like ,I rnterpret eivins talks but commentei thnlk they are g"oa r* on" _ clarifu one's ideas-and one hasto ie srue one can sulstantiate,with examplesor statementif questioned evidence,every afterwards'(Nash letter g.viii.64).rr" *u, i".y *"ri."J, ticularlyinterested andpar_ in thework of georogistsrioson anaHeyworth from wereabre ger Aberystwyth.They to severalsamples from an excavationsamplei f"; i";;;ii;'uy of the same t_r,uuyo", -university;Nash,v^ery-much uppr""iut"J th" lmportanceof palaeo-environmental evidence letter 14.xii.69). Q'{ash He was'f,articurarlypleased when otherstook an in his work, and was 'most interest honoured'uy ttreordnance Survey,s interest and the fact two of his siteswould be 'Map that marke.don the of RomanBdtain, (Nashletter s.n.la). IL 1972 he told Dewar .i, I hale giu* up excavatingand now devote leisureto doctments'(Nash F?, ^short my letter 8.x.72).ffis fiJ !""ututor was in 1974, vau{ c..-!l]o-was when a brick 9f openedin Berrow church anJ he was askedto take ctrarge emptyrng(Nash letter of rts 26j.74). Meanwhile,he had startedto transcribe,rr"p*ri. wrote a hisiory of records, Bumham church and monthly articles for th" prrirh ;"#;;. TiIE LATER YEARS:GENERATING AN A:RCHIVE Laten 19'71Nash had started 'some to showan increasedconcem over the archivesof his work _ thirty fiIes, each 1-2 inches thick on 62Roman srtesand some200 medievarand post-medieval'(Nash letter 10'xii.71).He-finally produced three lists of unstratifiedmaterial excavarionreporrs. Copies of tt"r",'*J-n, ffiLffi: finds,went to i.,n"rr", Co*ry, Nashkept mericulousur::T,. of his work, gomp'ing numerousrists and rcporrs. unfor- tunately,these records have become scattered,and many are not easily accessible.The materialis consideredir detailelsewhere 1993), otherworks (Nash -(Rippon andfru, U""" ,Jl"tl""f], exptoited l1."I"lul 1e72_3; nippo"igsi,-lisi-leiiiiiaii,rouo*, i, mtendedin part as a guide to the ,1?7a; availabre,out"rrut, including th"'nomeious tfrescript and manuscriptreports- A tun rist of Nash's sites,inctuainj *Appenaix d";;;;;'#ii",,,* una post-medievalmateriar is. to 'found be in Rippon 1993, 2.8.T^;;r- Ietrers Dewar contain much information, to se"tions, not included in his archives;where they are -inctuoing"sketJ ,Nash other usedhere they aret""r".*""a ry date(i.e. retter In one of his last lenersto [date],). Stephenn"**, r.lurt ,"ui"*"J rriJ*orl, *i"*iii'u' ou."r_ 102 Si;mersetArchaeologlt and l,latural flistorlt, ]995 'Archaeology vation that all archaeologistsshould heed: I f'ear,plays a very smal1part in my Life at present.but I am hoping it is not the end and that I shal1be able to do a little more yet. Is it not curious that so much was uncoveredduring the years I was busy in the field and that nothing has been since. Such a contrast, viewed on a country wide scale, makes one wonder whether our archaeologicaimaps, with their concentrationshere and empty spacesthere, are hopelessiymisleading' (Nash letter 19.vi.75). THE ROMAN TOPOGRAPHYOF TI{E BI,T.NIIAM AREA 'A In 19723 Nash publi.shedin theseProceed,ings a very brief accountof Deep Water Idet 'magnum at Highbridge' Q.{ashi972-3). That paper (reducedfrom his opus' of some 12,000 words) is a who1lyinadequate summary of Nash's impertant observationsaround Sandyway Farm (formerly Huish) in llighbridge, near Bumham-on-Sea.More detail of those obser- vations is provided below, including the critical stratigraphic detail, and suggestionsare made concernilg the nature of the Roman landscapein this area during the Roman period. A number of additionalmanuscdpt and typescriptreports written by Nash are also used (see Appendix 2 below). These are cited in this paper by file number br date, Where Nash's referencesto tithe map fie1d-names,tithe map plot numbers, or his own site numbers can be correlated,this information is also given in citations. A-11measurements have been con- verted to metric. The pottery dating was carried out by Roger Leech as part of his doctoral research(Leech 1977a).I would like to thaak Dr Leech for allowine me to use this infor- mation. Nash quite rightly postulated the existenceof a substantial tidai creek to the south of llighbridge and anotherto the south of Brent Kno11(Fig.
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