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Effect of Eastern Martial Arts on Bringing up and Behaviour of Children and Adolescents in the Opinion of Sensei and Parents Or Caregivers

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Effect of Eastern Martial Arts on Bringing up and Behaviour of Children and Adolescents in the Opinion of Sensei and Parents Or Caregivers ORIGINAL ARTICLE SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS Effect of eastern martial arts on bringing up and behaviour of children and adolescents in the opinion of sensei and parents or caregivers Authors’ Contribution: Renata GrzywaczABDE, Krzysztof PrzednowekCDE, Robert BąkDE, Marta NiewczasABDE A Study Design B Data Collection Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland C Statistical Analysis D Manuscript Preparation Source of support: Departmental sources E Funds Collection Received: 18 August 2016; Accepted: 07 September 2016; Published online: 21 October 2016 AoBID: 11445 Abstract Background & Study Aim: Martial arts involvement among children and adolescents has been described in many controversial terms. The study of the effects of martial arts training on youth show lot of contrasting images. While some refer to enhanced personal and social opportunities for those that participate in martial arts, others warn against increased levels of aggressive- ness and antisocial behaviour among its participants after trainings. The aim of this study are the psychological and social effects of martial arts training of children and youth in the evaluation of coaches and parents or caregivers. Material & Methods: The research was conducted on group of 47 sensei (coaches) and 137 parents or caregivers of children training ka- rate. Among sensei group there was a division due to the size of the club: small up to 200 members (53%) and large from 200 members including (47%). Research tool was the original questionnaire survey consisting of two part: A Survey for Sensei (coaches) and Survey B for parents or caregivers of children who regularly train karate. Results: More than half of respondents do not notice problems with self-discipline and concentration (57%). In addition, the size of the clubs do not differentiate substantially this opinion. The majority of respondents noticed significant changes in behaviour of children (72%). The size of the club influences this phenomenon. Much more often, chang- es in children are declared by the sensei of big resorts (86%). The study revealed that the parents or caregivers of girls pointed out most frequently (33%) self-defence as the item, which they associate the concept of martial arts. Among parents or caregivers of male training groups martial arts are associated with individual development (46%). Conclusions: The participation of children in karate training has a positive effect on their behaviour, regardless of gender. Positive exposure on behaviour of karate training groups is more clearly visible in large clubs (more than 200 members). The most common reasons for taking karate training is to develop character and positive impact of physical activi- ty on training groups’ development therefore karate like other martial arts should be recommended as optimal form of health-related training for children and youth or part of PE. Key words: aggression • combat sports • education • self-defence • training Authors’ address: Renata Grzywacz, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszów, Towarnickiego 3, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] © ARCHIVES OF BUDO SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS AND EXTREME SPORTS 2016 | VOLUME 12 | 155 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. Original Article | Science of Martial Arts PE – abbreviation of the physical INTRODUCTION that it leads to negative socialization processes and education [46]. Involvement in martial arts on the example of karate demoralization. As an example, boxing is dangerous. Sensei – Japanese honorific term can be described in many controversial terms. It is Many authors have pushed to ban this type of sport that is literally translated as generally known, that perception on the value of mar- for youth under 16 years old on social, medical, phil- “person born before another” (also: someone who has achieved tial arts’ training is various and can have different out- osophical and ethical grounds. For example, one of a certain level of mastery e.g. comes. According to experts, these common beliefs them said “(…) there is no place in contemporary martial artists). with regard to practice of martial arts are very often society for a youth sport which has, as its primary Sports psychology – noun the based on perceptions and ideas taken from the social goal, the infliction of acute brain damage on an oppo- scientific study of the mental state of sportspeople, looking media and entertainment industry [1-5]. It is well nent” [21]. This perspective becomes even more true at issues such as motivation, known, that social media, cinematography and pres- and brought into light by researchers, as young partic- concentration, stress and self- confidence [46]. ent world have created distorted image of martial arts ipants seem to become more interested in fighting and for entertainment purposes [6-8]. Most of information increasingly involved in even harder types of mar- Sport psychology – is an that have been shown in mass media, or even on the tial arts (e.g., Thai boxing, mixed martial arts) [7, 8]. interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from street, encourage young generation to participate in Perfect example may be seen in Thailand, where even many related fields including martial arts trainings and search for more informa- children between five and nine take part in Thai box- biomechanics, physiology, kinesiology and psychology. tion about it [9-11]. The two sides of the perception ing and later start professional fights when they are It involves the study of regarding the effects of training karate is probably between 12-14 years old [22, 23]. how psychological factors affect performance and how even more apparent, while it involves youth. participation in sport and exercise affect psychological and physical The aim of this study are the psychological and social factors [47]. First of all, martial arts involvement is considered effects of martial arts training of children and youth in as source of provision with positive learning oppor- the evaluation of coaches and parents or caregivers. Combat sport – noun a sport in which one person fights another, tunities for youth in general, as well as with regard e.g. wrestling, boxing and the to specific groups of population. As an example, martial arts [46]. research among countries of the European Union MATERIAL AND METHODS Combat sports – are Physical Education Association (EUPEA) indicated Participants a competitive contact sports with one-on-one combat. Determining that in the most of countries that were taken into The research was conducted on group of 47 sensei the winner depends on the study, martial arts are introduced in physical educa- (coaches) and 137 parents or caregivers of children particular contest’s rules. In many combat sports, a contestant tion classes, or additional forms of activity in sec- training karate. Among sensei group there was a divi- wins by scoring more points than ondary schools, because it is believed that practicing sion due to the size of the Club: small up to 200 mem- the opponent or by disabling opponent [48]. martial arts can provide positive educational opportu- bers (53%) and large from 200 members including nities to pupils and increase their physical, and mental (47%). Martial arts – plural noun any health [12, 13]. That is positive alternative for ordi- of various systems of combat and self-defence, e.g. judo or nary physical activity and children finding martial arts Tools karate, developed especially in as much more interesting than other forms of activi- Research tool was the original questionnaire survey Japan and Korea and now usually practised as a sport [46]. ties. Essentially, when they see movies with actors, consisting of two parts. The first part was for Sensei that practice karate, kung-fu and other forms of mar- (Questionnaire A) and consisted of five questions. Aggression (in psychology) – is deliberate behaviour by the tial arts. For example: Jackie Chan, Bruce Lee, Steven The second part consisting also of five questions was perpetrator intended to either hurt Seagal could be some authorities that they want to for parents or caregivers (Questionnaire B). The ques- the opponent, harm or distress him/her in any other way, cause follow. What is more, specific initiatives have been tions are presented in tables. pain (regardless of whether this introduced in several countries where educators, psy- aim is achieved), or destroy things [49]. chologists and welfare workers make use of martial Statistical analysis arts and similar activities in their work with socially Analysis of the collected data was performed using Aggression (in praxeology) – is to initiate destructive fight or deprived youth and young criminals. Practicing karate STATISTICA v.10 (Statsoft, US). The results are pre- move in a verbal dispute from and other martial arts by corrupted young people sented in the form of numbers and fractions. To verify material arguments to those causing distress to the opponent is good alternative for their criminal interests and the test the relationship between qualitative features [50]. may help them adapt to the society instead of join- chi2 independence test was used. In the analysis as the ing gangs and some extreme and dangerous ethnic significance level adopted α = 0.05. group [14-20]. Notwithstanding, from the other side, the relation- RESULTS ship between practicing some of the martial arts Senesi opinion and the adolescents of the youth has been shown by Most of the respondents do not notice problems with other authors as a problem because of the assumption, self-discipline and concentration (approximately 156 | VOLUME 12 | 2016 smaes.archbudo.com Grzywacz R, Przednowek et al. Effect of eastern martial arts on bringing up and behaviour..
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