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Resistance of Raspberry Cultivars to Fire Blight

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Resistance of Raspberry Cultivars to Fire Blight HORTSCIENCE 39(6):1189–1192. 2004. commercial nurseries. Individual plants were transplanted into 12-L pots with potting medium (8 peatmoss : 3 perlite : 3 sand, by volume) and Resistance of Raspberry Cultivars to grown in a greenhouse at 18 to 20 °C and a 14-h photoperiod of natural day length supplemented Fire Blight with sodium vapor lamps. Experiment 1: Plant inoculation. When the 1 P.G. Braun, P.D. Hildebrand, and A.R. Jamieson canes, which developed from basal axillary buds Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food below the soil surface, had grown to about 1 Canada, 32 Main Street Kentville, NS, B4N 1J5 Canada m they were transferred to a growth chamber operating at 27 °C with a 14-h photoperiod (350 Additional index words. Rubus idaeus, Erwinia amylovora, disease resistance, disease µmol·m–2·s–1) and >80% relative humidity. Canes symptoms were inoculated with one of three isolates of E. Abstract. Twenty-fi ve cultivars of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and one purple raspberry amylovora obtained from commercial raspberry (R. occidentalis L. x R. idaeus L.) were evaluated for their resistance to fi re blight caused by plantings in New Brunswick. Isolates Ea6-96 Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al. Actively growing raspberry cane tips were wound and Ea7-96 were isolated from ‘Killarney’ and inoculated with three isolates of the pathogen and disease development was assessed over Ea8-96 from a raspberry selection, K81-6, from 17 days. Three methods of evaluating resistance were used: area under the disease prog- the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) ress curve (AUDPC), a weighted AUDPC called the area under the disease severity curve breeding program in Kentville, NS (Braun et al., (AUDSC), and lesion length. A wide range of resistance levels was observed, but no cultivars 1999). The isolates were maintained at –80 °C were symptomless. Primocane-fruiting cultivars tended to be more resistant than fl oricane- in nutrient agar broth (Difco) with 15% glycerol fruiting ones. Of the three E. amylovora isolates used in this study, one was signifi cantly more and grown for inoculation on nutrient agar plates virulent than the other two, but no cultivar × isolate interaction was detected. overnight at 25 °C. A bacterial suspension (A600nm = 0.1) in sterile distilled water was applied to the Fire blight of apple and pear, caused by The purposes of this study were 1) to accurately growing tips of the canes by wounding with a Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al., has document fi re blight symptom expression for multi-pin inoculator (Wallin et al., 1979). Most been a signifi cant problem in North America the development of an appropriate disease cultivars tested were fl oricane-fruiting while since it was fi rst reported in 1793 (van der severity rating system and 2) to identify and some were primocane-fruiting (Table 2). Canes Zwet and Keil, 1979). In contrast, fi re blight quantify resistance in currently available com- of primocane-fruiting cultivars were inoculated of raspberry, which was fi rst observed in the mercial raspberry cultivars to assist growers in before terminal fl ower buds were evident. All late 1800s (Ries and Otterbacher, 1977), has making appropriate selections for their disease inoculated cane tips were immediately covered not been considered a serious problem. Since, situation, and to aid breeders in the selection of with a plastic bag for 3 d to maintain high hu- fi re blight of raspberry has been relatively parental plant material for breeding purposes. midity and disease was evaluated 6, 8, 10, 13, uncommon and of little economic importance, An earlier study describing resistance levels of and 17 d after inoculation. no control measures have been developed (Ries, unnamed raspberry selections from the Kentville Rating scales. Some inoculated canes de- 1997). However, since 1994, several devastat- breeding program has been published (Braun veloped expanding necrotic lesions whereas ing outbreaks of fi re blight in raspberry have et al., 1999). others showed areas of bacterial ooze, but no occurred in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick necrosis. In both cases, the length of the affected (Braun and Hildebrand, unpublished observa- Materials and Methods area was measured and regarded as the lesion. tions) and the disease has also been reported These values were then plotted against time from Ohio (Ries, 1997), Wisconsin (Heimann Twenty-six raspberry cultivars (Table and the area under the curve was calculated by and Jeffers, 1990), Illinois (Ries and Otterbacher, 1) were purchased as bare-root plants from trapezoidal integration (Sigma Plot, SPSS Sci- 1977), Maine (Folsom, 1947; Starr et al., 1951), North Carolina (Lehman, 1933), Alberta (Evans, Table 1. Raspberry cultivars tested for fi re blight resistance. 1996), Michigan (McManus and Jones, 1995), Cultivar Parentage Oklahoma (Oklahoma State University, 2001), Algonquin Haida x Canby Quebec and Ontario (personal communica- Autumn Britten Complex parentage tions). Considering the destructive nature of Avon Malling Promise x Cuthbert fi re blight and its persistence in apple and pear Boyne Chief x Indian Summer orchards, research on effective disease man- Canby Viking x Lloyd George agement strategies for fi re blight of raspberry Carnival Ottawa x Rideau Caroline (Autumn Bliss x Glen Moy) x Heritage would be prudent. Comox Skeena x (Creston x Willamette) Management strategies in apple and pear Encore Canby x Cherokee have focused on timely applications of copper, Glen Ample Complex parentage antibiotics such as streptomycin, removal of Glen Magna Meeker x SCRI7719B11 inoculum sources by pruning and the use of Glen Moy Complex parentage resistant cultivars (Beer, 1990). Of these op- Glen Prosen Complex parentage tions, cultivar resistance is the most desirable Glen Shee Complex parentage Heritage (Milton x Cuthbert) x Durham for its cost effectiveness and long-term stabil- z ity. Development of resistant cultivars requires K81-6 (Muskoka (selfed) x Latham ) x (Creston x Willamette) Killarney Chief x Indian Summer advanced planning in breeding programs to Latham King x Louden incorporate and maintain a diverse range of Lauren Reveille x Titan resistance genes in parental lines, but little is Nova Southland x Boyne known about raspberry resistance to fi re blight. Polana Heritage x Zeva Herbsternte Prelude Titan x NC2967 Received for publication 9 Sept. 2003. Accepted Reveille (Indian Summer x Sunrise) x September y for publication 21 Jan. 2004. We thank Kenneth B. Royalty (Cumberland x Newburgh) x (Newburgh x Indian Summer) McRae for assistance with statistical analyses and Ruby Heritage x Titan Willy E. Renderos for technical assistance. Taylor Newman x Lloyd George 1To whom reprint requests should be addressed; zThe Ottawa strain of ‘Latham’ was used. e-mail [email protected]. yPurple raspberry, Rubus occidentalis L. x R. idaeus L. HORTSCIENCE VOL. 39(6) OCTOBER 2004 1189 77803-Breed.indd803-Breed.indd 11189189 99/20/04/20/04 55:08:33:08:33 PPMM Table 2. Ranking of 26 raspberry cultivars for resistance to three isolates of Erwinia amylovora based on the area under the disease severity curve (AUDSC), area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and lesion length 17 d after inoculation. Data are reported as square root transformed means. Lesion Fruitingz length Cultivar habit AUDSC AUDPC (cm) Royalty (purple) Floricane 7.8 6.0 2.6 Nova Floricane 9.2 6.9 3.2 Ruby Primocane 10.6 7.7 4.2 Polana Primocane 12.1 8.8 3.9 Avon Floricane 12.5 10.3 5.2 Caroline Primocane 13.7 9.9 4.0 Heritage Primocane 14.5 9.7 5.2 Autumn Britten Primocane 15.6 11.2 4.9 Taylor Floricane 16.9 12.1 5.5 Glen Prosen (spine-free) Floricane 17.1 12.1 4.8 Reveille Floricane 17.4 12.5 5.8 Comox Floricane 17.7 12.3 5.6 Glen Moy (spine-free) Floricane 17.8 12.6 5.2 Killarney Floricane 18.5 13.2 6.1 Lauren Floricane 18.6 13.4 5.6 Latham Floricane 18.7 13.4 5.8 Canby Floricane 18.8 13.5 5.7 Glen Shee (spine-free) Floricane 20.5 14.4 5.5 Algonquin Floricane 20.9 14.6 6.6 Boyne Floricane 21.5 15.2 6.5 Carnival Floricane 21.9 15.3 6.7 Glen Ample (spine-free) Floricane 22.2 15.1 5.9 Prelude Floricane 22.5 15.3 6.4 K81-6 Floricane 24.3 17.1 7.5 Encore Floricane 24.7 17.7 7.5 Glen Magna Floricane 24.9 17.6 7.4 Standard error of difference 2.5 1.7 0.7 Isolatey Ea6-96 17.2 12.2 5.5 Ea7-96 17.2 12.3 5.4 Ea8-96 18.6 13.3 5.7 Standard error of difference 0.6 0.4 0.2 zFruiting habit has been classifi ed following Carew et al. (2000) and Jennings (1988) but it is recognized that fruiting habit is not a discrete designation but rather a continuum, i.e., ‘Nova’, ‘Glen Moy’, and ‘Prelude’ bear a small terminal crop of fruit in the fall and a commercial crop on laterals the following summer. yAveraged over all cultivars. ence, Chicago, Ill.) and defi ned as the area under 1). These atypical lateral shoots grow vigor- season infections may vary slightly from those the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Disease ously often reaching lengths of >1 m with the that arise from systemic infections. On leaves, severity of canes was also rated where 0 = no appearance and fl owering typical of primocane symptoms begin with the blackening of veins disease, 1 = necrosis but no bacterial ooze, and fruiting cultivars. Selection K81-6 also produces that spreads rapidly from the petiole and midrib 2 = bacterial ooze with or without necrosis.
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