“Every Man Shall Obey Civil Command”

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“Every Man Shall Obey Civil Command” “Every man shall obey civil Command” 1660 – 1720-luvuilla toimineet poikkeukselliset merirosvoyhteisöt Pro gradu -tutkielma Jyri Lehtonen 12.11.2018 Helsingin yliopisto Humanistinen tiedekunta Filosofian, historian, kulttuurin ja taiteiden tutkimuksen laitos Yleinen historia Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Filosofian, historian, kulttuurin ja taiteiden tutkimuksen laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Jyri Lehtonen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title “Every man shall obey civil Command” 1660 – 1720-luvuilla toimineet poikkeukselliset merirosvoyhteisöt Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Yleinen historia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma 12.11.2018 90 + liitteet Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Pro gradu -tutkielmani käsittelee 1660 – 1720-luvuilla toimineiden merirosvoyhteisöjen vallanjakoa ja päätöksentekoprosessia, jotka vaikuttivat heidän laatimien sopimusartikkelien sisältöön. Merirosvoyhteisöt olivat valtiosta riippumattomia itsenäisiä toimijoita, joiden tarkoituksena oli kerätä mahdollisimman paljon ryöstösaalista. Heidän täytyi luoda yhteisön jäsenien kesken yksityiskohtaiset säännöt, jotka kontrolloivat käytöstä ja ryöstösaaliin jakoa, koska purjelaivan operointi vaati sisäistä hierarkiaa ja organisointikykyä. Laajemmassa kontekstissa tutkimuksen käsittelemä aikakausi liittyy kansainvälisen kaupan ja siirtomaavaltojen kehitykseen, jotka loivat merirosvoyhteisölle hetkellisesti otolliset olosuhteet. Vastaan tutkielmassa kysymyksiin: Miksi ja miten vallanjako ja päätöksentekoprosessi merirosvoyhteisöissä muodostui? Miten ne toimivat käytännössä ja mitä siitä seurasi? Aiempi tutkimus merirosvoyhteisöistä jakaantuu kahteen koulukuntaan. Pitkään vaikuttaneen teorian mukaan merirosvot muodostivat demokraattisia yhteisöjä, jotka ryhtyivät kapinaan vallinnutta yhteiskuntajärjestelmää vastaan tasa-arvoaatteiden innoittamana. Viimeisin tutkimus argumentoi, että merirosvoyhteisöjen hierarkia perustuu suoraan heidän kokemuksiinsa laillisista yhteiskunnista. Esitän työssäni, että yhteisöt eivät olleet niin selkeästi jommankumman teorian mukaisesti muotoutuneita, vaan ennemminkin jotain siltä väliltä. Laajempi lähteiden tarkastelu ja valtiosta riippumattomien itsenäisten toimijoiden kehityksen huomioon ottaminen antaa paremman käsityksen merirosvojen yhteisöistä. Suurin osa tutkielmassani käytetystä aineistosta on oikeudenkäyntien yhteydessä syntyneitä kuulustelu- ja oikeusistuntojen pöytäkirjoja. Tutkimuksessa esittämäni relevanteimmat tiedot on saatu muutamista merirosvojen panttivankien kirjoittamista päiväkirjoista, jotka kuvaavat mm. yhteisöjen käytäntöjen ja sosiaalisten suhteiden erikoispiirteitä Esitän, että 1660-luvun alkanut kehitys merirosvoyhteisöjen toimintaa määritelleissä artikkeleissa on osa laajempaa kehitystä, jossa ei-valtiolliset toimivat loivat sisäisen hierarkian toimintansa mahdollistamiseksi. Kehityksellä on vahvat yhteydet aiempiin merenkäyntiyhteisöihin, joissa on ollut tapana antaa merimiehille mahdollisuus osallistua laivan päätöksentekoon tietyissä tilanteissa. Valtioiden harjoittama kaapparitoiminta lisäsi merimiesten valtaa laivojen hierarkiassa ja aiheutti merirosvouksen lisääntymisen rauhanaikana. Merirosvot jatkoivat laillisten yhteisöjen tapoja ja käytäntöjä. Samaan aikaan siirtomaihin levisi siirtolaisuuden seurauksena tasa-arvon ja uskonnonvapauden aatteita, jotka olivat saaneet vaikutteita Englannin 1600-luvun vallankumouksista. Merirosvouksesta tuli täysin laitonta toimintaa 1720-luvulla, mikä johti siihen, että merirosvoyhteisöjen jäsenet joutuivat tekemään yhteistyötä keskenään. Laittomuus aiheutti sen, että merirosvot omistivat kollektiivisesti käyttämänsä laivat, jolloin heidän täytyi laajentaa päätöksentekoprosessia kattamaan aiempaa suurempi osa yhteisön jäsenistä. Yhteisöjen organisaatiorakenteissa oli vaihtelua, riippuen sen jäsenien taustoista ja kyvyistä johtaa purjelaivoja. Toiset yhteisöt olivat hyvin hierarkisia ja niiden valtarakenteet pysyivät staattisina, kun taas joissain yhteisöissä kapteenit ja muut merkittävät upseerit vaihtuivat usein miehistön äänestyksien perusteella. Yhteisöjen rakenne vaihteli sitä mukaa, kun niihin liittyi uusia jäseniä ja niistä erottiin, mikä mahdollisti tapojen ja käytäntöjen leviämisen yhteisöjen välillä. 1720-luvun lopulla valtakuntien toimet merirosvouksen tukahduttamiseksi olivat tehneet toiminnan hankalaksi. Sen seurauksesta poikkeukselliset merirosvoyhteisöt katosivat, eikä tutkimaani ilmiötä enää esiintynyt. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Englanti, Iso-Britannia, merirosvot, kaapparit, yhteisö, merirosvoartikkelit, perustamissopimus, merirosvoyhteisöt, vallanjako, äänestys, valtiosta riippumaton toimija, hierarkia, Atlantin valtameri, varhaismoderni Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Sisällysluettelo 1. Johdanto ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Tutkimuskysymys ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aiempi tutkimus ja lähteet ...................................................................................... 3 1.3 Merirosvous 1600–1730 välisenä aikana ................................................................ 9 2. Merirosvoyhteisöihin vaikuttaneet tavat ja traditiot ................................................... 19 2.1 Eurooppalaiset barbareskit .................................................................................... 19 2.2 Englannin vallankumouksien vaikutus siirtomaihin ............................................. 21 2.3 Bukanieerien perintö ............................................................................................. 25 2.4 Kaapparien vaikutukset merirosvoukseen............................................................. 30 3. Merirosvoartikkelit ...................................................................................................... 34 3.1 Artikkelien alkuperä ja kehitys ............................................................................. 34 3.2 Säilyneet merirosvoartikkelit ................................................................................ 44 4. Tasa-arvoinen vallanjako? .......................................................................................... 58 4.1 Yhteisön hierarkia ................................................................................................. 58 4.2 Kapteenin ja pursimiehen roolit ............................................................................ 65 4.3 Neuvostot ja äänestäminen .................................................................................... 74 5. Artikkelien soveltaminen käytännössä ........................................................................ 79 5.1 Ryöstösaaliin jako ................................................................................................. 79 5.2 Rangaistukset ja väkivalta yhteisössä ................................................................... 82 6. Johtopäätökset ............................................................................................................. 88 Lähdeluettelo ................................................................................................................... 91 Lähteet ......................................................................................................................... 91 Tutkimuskirjallisuus .................................................................................................... 93 Liitteet ............................................................................................................................. 95 1. Johdanto 1.1 Tutkimuskysymys Tutkin pro gradu -työssäni Atlantin ja Intian valtamerellä vaikuttaneita merirosvoyhteisöjä, jotka muodostuivat 1600-luvun lopun ja 1700-luvun alkupuolella. Merirosvoyhteisöissä kehittyi erityinen päätöksenteko- ja hierarkkinen järjestelmä, jonka avulla he pyrkivät parantamaan omaa sosiaalista asemaansa ja ansaitsemaan vaurautta. Kyseisenä aikana Euroopassa vallinneet yhteiskuntajärjestelmät olivat hyvin autoritäärisiä ja päätöksenteon laajentaminen useamman henkilön vastuulle oli vasta vähitellen kehittynyt pienemmissä yhteisöissä, kuten ammattiryhmissä ja uskonnollisissa herätysliikkeissä. Päätöksenteon hajauttaminen, enemmän kuin yhden henkilön vastuulle rikollisissa paikallisyhteisöissä oli ajalleen hyvin poikkeuksellista. Kyse oli poikkeuksellisesta ajanjaksosta merirosvouksen historiassa, sillä sitä ennen tai jälkeen kyseistä tapaa järjestäytyä ja päättää yhteisön asioista ei esiintynyt ammattikunnassa. Tutkimissani merirosvoyhteisöissä päätösvalta oli jaettu kapteenin, pursimiehen ja muun miehistön kesken. Valta oli jaettu näiden kolmen osapuolen välillä, riippuen yhteisön olosuhteista, kuten siitä miten yhteisö oli saanut alkunsa ja kenellä oli eniten valmiuksia toimia kapteenina. Kapteenilla oli usein päätösvalta hyökkäys- ja perääntymistilanteissa. Pursimiehellä (quartermaster) oli osassa yhteisöistä yhtä paljon tai enemmän valtaa, kuin kapteenilla. Pursimies vastasi mm. yhteisön ryöstösaaliista.1 Loput yhteisön miehistöstä koostui vapaaehtoisesti merirosvoihin liittyneistä ja pakotetuista merimiehistä, sekä orjista. Vapaaehtoiset merimiehet, varsinkin päällystöntehtäviä hoitaneet tai ammattitaitoiset
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