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The Investigation of Combustion and Emissions of Jp8 Fuel in an Auxiliary Power Unit

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The Investigation of Combustion and Emissions of Jp8 Fuel in an Auxiliary Power Unit Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Summer 2011 The Investigation of Combustion and Emissions of Jp8 Fuel in an Auxiliary Power Unit April Covington Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Recommended Citation Covington, April, "The Investigation of Combustion and Emissions of Jp8 Fuel in an Auxiliary Power Unit" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 774. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/774 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE INVESTIGATION OF COMBUSTION AND EMISSIONS OF JP8 FUEL IN AN AUXILIARY POWER UNIT by APRIL COVINGTON (Under the Direction of Valentin Soloiu, PhD) ABSTRACT The US Army Single Fuel Forward policy mandates that deployed vehicles must be able to operate with aviation fuel JP-8. It is for this reason that it is vital that an investigation into the impact of JP-8 on a diesel engine performance be conducted. The author investigated the injection, combustion, and performance of JP-8, 20-50% by weight in diesel no. 2 mixtures in a small indirect injection, 77mm separate three vortex combustion chamber engine, with a high compression ratio, in order to evaluate its‟ effectiveness for application in Auxiliary Power Units (APUs). The new fuel mixtures were created at room temperature. For proper injection, the diesel engine requires a fuel viscosity between 1-10cSt, therefore, the new fuel can contain up to 100% JP-8 (J-100). This was verified by the piston-plunger type pump injection system. All blends were shown to have a good ignition with the ignition delay remaining constant in correlation with the amount of JP-8. The heat release for all blends displayed a similar development compared with the diesel fuel, the premixed phase being combined diffusion combustion. The maximum combustion pressure remained relatively constant for all fuel blends. The maximum temperature shifts later in the crank angle as JP-8 percentage increases, all the while retaining a higher temperature for a longer duration. The exhaust temperatures remained relatively constant for all blends. The heat flux in the engine cylinder showed similar values for all fuels, while the cylinder heat losses were at a minimum during combustion before TDC with increased convection losses at TDC for all fuels and first part of power stroke. The heat losses associated with the system increased slightly with the addition of JP-8 without any shifts extending for the duration of cycle. The engine investigation demonstrated that up to 50% JP-8 by weight in diesel can be injected and burnt in a diesel engine at a residence time of 5ms from the start of injection, while maintaining the overall efficiency performance. The study validates that the JP-8 is an excellent source for power generation in a diesel APU (auxiliary power unit) based on its combustion characteristics. INDEX WORDS: Alternative fuels, Internal combustion engine, JP-8, Thermodynamics, performance, Heat transfer, Diesel THE INVESTIGATION OF COMBUSTION AND EMISSIONS OF JP8 FUEL IN AN AUXILIARY POWER UNIT by APRIL COVINGTON B.S., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE STATESBORO, GEORGIA 2011 2 © 2011 APRIL COVINGTON All Rights Reserved 3 THE INVESTIGATION OF COMBUSTION AND EMISSIONS OF JP8 FUEL IN AN AUXILIARY POWER UNIT by APRIL COVINGTON Major Professor: Valentin Soloiu Committee: Gus Molina Anoop Desai Norman Schmidt Electronic Version Approved: June 2011 4 DEDICATION I dedicate this paper to my parents. It is their love, support, and money that have gotten me through the past twenty-four years. They have provided the roof over my head, the car I blew up, and the computer whose screen died. Thank you for all the reliable support. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to everyone in the Renewable Energy Laboratory and Georgia Southern University. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................6 LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................10 LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY ................................................................................17 Introduction .........................................................................................................17 Purpose of the Study ...........................................................................................19 Sustainability.......................................................................................................20 Energy Demands .................................................................................................21 The Environmental Protection Agency ...............................................................22 Diesel Engine ......................................................................................................23 Government Influence ........................................................................................24 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................................25 Introduction ........................................................................................................25 Compression Ignition Engine .............................................................................26 Review of JP-8 Case Studies ..............................................................................40 JP-8 Environmental/Health Concerns ................................................................48 3 METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................................50 Introduction ........................................................................................................50 Experimental Setup .............................................................................................51 Instruments and Equipment ................................................................................52 Engine .................................................................................................................52 Hydraulic dynamometer .....................................................................................56 Rotary encoder ....................................................................................................63 7 Cylinder pressure sensor .....................................................................................67 4 COMBUSTION INVESTIGATION ..........................................................................71 Fuel Composition ...............................................................................................71 Viscosity .............................................................................................................74 Density ................................................................................................................77 Lower heating value ...........................................................................................78 Air/fuel ratio .......................................................................................................81 Thermal analysis .................................................................................................82 Stability ...............................................................................................................82 Parameters ..........................................................................................................83 In-Cylinder and Fuel Line Pressure ....................................................................84 Indicated Diagram ..............................................................................................92 Maximum Gas Temperature ...............................................................................98 Gas Density ......................................................................................................109 Apparent Heat Release .....................................................................................111 Ignition Delay ...................................................................................................121 Reynolds Number .............................................................................................130 Heat Flux ..........................................................................................................132 Gross Heat Release ...........................................................................................144 Engine Efficiency .............................................................................................154 NOx Emissions .................................................................................................161 Soot ...................................................................................................................164
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