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THE BLUE PEARL of ASIA Flooding As an Urban Asset - a Beautiful and Resilient Future Phnom Penh

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THE BLUE PEARL of ASIA Flooding As an Urban Asset - a Beautiful and Resilient Future Phnom Penh THE BLUE PEARL OF ASIA Flooding as an urban asset - a beautiful and resilient future Phnom Penh Final thesis in landscape planning 30+30 hp By: Gunilla Englund and Sara Ryttar Supervisors: Per G Berg and Tomas Eriksson Examiner: Kristina Nilsson Department of Urban and Rural Development, SLU 2 PREFACE This is a final thesis at D-level in Landscape Plan- me climate regions, like Cambodia. The ongoing ning. fast development and urbanization of countries in the third world are also putting the environ- Our supervisors are Professor Per G Berg and ment under extreme pressure. Long term city University Lecturer Tomas Eriksson. Examiner planning and alternative ecological solutions is Assistant Professor Kristina Nilsson and exter- to environmental problems are issues that will nal examiner is Storm Water Consultant Kristina help us form our future in a sustainable way. Hedlund at SWECO Environment. We want to thank our supervisors who have Through our work on this thesis we had the guided us through our work with good advice, possibility to make a fantastic journey, thanks discussions and their aspects on the subject. We to financial support from SIDA and the NL fa- are also extremely grateful to our Cambodian culty at SLU. We got to know and love a new field supervisor Mr Sothea Kok and our guides/ country and met many wonderful people and interpreters in Phnom Penh, Mr. Socheat and made new friends. Mr. Weng who spent their weekends helping us in our work. Thank you Marianne Kjellén at We focused our work on the environmental Stockholm Environmental Institute for letting problems arising around the fast urbanization us be a part of your project and for introducing process in Phnom Penh City, also vulnerable to us to Phnom Penh City. We also want to send a flooding, and the challenge to incorporate eco- million thanks to all the people who voluntarily logical storm water management and design in took their time and spoke to us during our inter- new construction projects. Our study ended up views in Cambodia and during our field studies in two design proposals for two new develop- in Sweden. ment areas in Phnom Penh City. We think our subject is very current, since the climate changes are affecting the general -hy drological situation in the world and may cause Uppsala, November 2008. great damage, especially to countries in extre- Sara Ryttar and Gunilla Englund 3 ABSTRACT Surface water drainage is together with water reaches the wetlands through sluiceways in the environments generally consist of a majority of supply and wastewater management key parts dry seasons. The sluiceways are closed during impermeable surfaces, which prevent water to of infrastructure in urban areas. As landscape the rainy season to prevent the city from floo- infiltrate. architects we aim to find solutions that envisa- ding and the storm water has to be pumped ge aesthetical, social and ecological perspecti- over the dikes. New development in Phnom Penh would be- ves as well as technical. These aspects often go nefit from ecological storm water design. The hand in hand and together they are part of the Due to poor urban planning, corruption and in- pressure on the under dimensioned drainage sustainability concept. creased land prices, the public green and blue system of the city would lessen and problems areas in and around the city are rapidly disap- with inundation be reduced. If polluted water Phnom Penh was in the sixties known as “the pearing and inundation of the city has become was taken care of locally, emissions in the sen- Pearl of Asia”. The capital of Cambodia incor- an enormous problem. New satellite cities have sitive rivers would diminish. Urban infiltration porated many green areas and water features popped up in the wetlands and there is a shor- areas and storage ponds could be incorporated and the architecture was blooming. After many tage of public parks and spaces in the city cen- in future urban design. troublesome years of cruel regimes and war the tre. The water storage capacity of the wetlands city is now degraded and the infrastructure is has diminished due to constructions and pollu- Since flooding is an unavoidable occurring event badly maintained. Corruption is widely spread ted water reaches the rivers without cleaning in Phnom Penh, the city would benefit from and private construction companies are ruling and many sensitive ecosystems are lost. adjusting to the rising water levels instead of the construction market and the urban plan- fighting against them. Floodable areas incorpo- ning. Urbanisation is a fast ongoing process in Phnom rated in the urban design are efficient in dealing Penh. The city needs to expand to cope with its with the problem of inundation in the streets as The city is located on wetland by the conjunc- increasing number of inhabitants. Development well as a beautiful variable design feature. tion of four great rivers. There are two domina- and expansion put a huge strain on the urban ting seasons, wet and dry and they shape the ecological and social structures. To protect and We have chosen two sites in Phnom Penh that prerequisites for the city planning. Precipitation keep the sensitive ecosystems of the urban wet- soon are about to be developed for construc- is a huge problem in the rainy season and most lands and lakes, a future city expansion must be tion Boeng Cheung Ek and Boeng Kak Lake. The- of the urban storm water is together with the well considered and the development should se two areas are both hydrologically interesting. city wastewater lead through open canals or occur in phases. They are located on low points in the city and drainage pipes to the surrounding wetlands. today they serve as natural water storage featu- The wetlands biologically clean the contamina- An ecological storm water management tries res. Our thesis resulted in two design proposals ted water before it enters the rivers. The wet- to imitate nature as far as possible and use the that incorporate an ecological storm water per- lands also possess great water storage capaci- prerequisites of the site. As much as possible of spective as well as a sustainable city perspec- ty. Phnom Penh is protected from flooding by the storm water is therefore taken care of lo- tive. embankments (dikes). The urban storm water cally in an ecological storm water design. Urban 4 SAMMANFATTNING Dagvattenhantering är liksom dricksvattenför- På grund av dålig stadsplanering, korruption Eftersom översvämningar är ett oundvikligt och sörjning och avloppshantering viktiga delar av och ökade markpriser har gröna och blå ytor i återkommande inslag i Phnom Penh, skulle sta- stadens infrastruktur. Landskapsarkitektens staden minskat kraftigt. Detta har medfört att den dra fördel av att anpassa sig efter de sjun- uppgift i sammanhanget är att skapa lösningar staden oftare och lättare översvämmas. Nya kande och stigande vattennivåerna istället för som tar hänsyn till estetiska, sociala och ekolo- satellitstäder har vuxit fram i våtmarkerna och att kämpa emot dem. Att integrera översväm- giska värden, liksom tekniska lösningar. Dessa staden lider brist på gröna offentliga utrym- ningsytor i gestaltningen är både vackert och värden är alla viktiga och tillsammans utgör de men. Våtmarkernas vattenlagrande kapacitet ett effektivt sätt att bekämpa översvämningar grunden för ett uthålligt samhälle. har minskat på grund av den nya bebyggelsen av stadens gator och torg. och förorenat vatten släpps ut i de känsliga flo- Phnom Penh gick under sextiotalet även under derna utan rening. Många av stadens känsliga Vi har intresserat oss för två platser i staden namnet ”the Pearl of Asia”. Kambodjas huvud- ekosystem har redan gått förlorade. som inom en snar framtid kommer att bebyg- stad innefattade många grönytor och inslag gas – Boeng Cheung Ek och Boeng Kak Lake. av vatten och arkitekturen blomstrade. Efter Urbanisering är en snabb pågående process. Dessa två platser är särskilt intressanta ur ett många år av krig och en grym regim har staden Staden måste växa för att klara av att försörja hydrologiskt perspektiv. De är belägna på låg- förfallit och infrastrukturen är dåligt underhål- den växade befolkningen. Den häftiga expan- punkter i staden och tjänar idag som viktiga len. Utbredd korruption är ett stort problem sionen påverkar stadens ekologiska och sociala vattenmagasin. Vårt examensarbete mynnade och privata byggföretag styr byggsektorn och strukturer. En försiktig och välplanerad stegvis ut i två gestaltningsförslag som tar hänsyn till stadsplaneringen. stadsutveckling är nödvändig för att skydda och ekologisk dagvattenhantering så väl som uthål- bevara stadens känsliga våtmarker och sjöar. lig samhällsbyggnad. Staden är belägen på våtmarker där fyra stora floder flyter samman. Två årstider dominerar, Ekologisk dagvattenhantering försöker så långt regnperioden och torrperioden, och de skapar som möjligt efterlikna naturens naturliga för- förutsättningarna för Phnom Penhs stadspla- lopp och dra fördel av platsens unika förutsätt- nering. Nederbörden utgör ett stort problem ningar. Så mycket som möjligt av dagvattnet bör under regnperioden och en stor del av stadens tas om hand lokalt i en gestaltning som tar hän- dagvatten flyter tillsammans med avloppsvatt- syn till ekologiska dagvattenaspekter. Stadsmil- net i öppna kanaler eller dräneringsledningar ut jöer består vanligtvis av mycket hårdgjorda ytor, i de omkringliggande våtmarkerna. Våtmarker- vilket försvårar infiltration i mark. na har förmågan att rena det förorenade vatt- net innan det släpps ut i floderna. Våtmarkerna Nybyggnation i Phnom Penh skulle gynnas av har också en enorm kapacitet att lagra vatten. en ekologisk dagvattendesign. Trycket på sta- Höga vallar skyddar Phnom Penh från att över- dens överbelastade dagvattennät skulle minska svämmas. Dagvattnet från staden rinner ut i och översvämningarnas omfattning skulle re- våtmarkerna genom slusskanaler under torrpe- duceras. Lokalt omhändertagande av förorenat rioden. Slussarna stängs under regnsäsongen dagvatten skulle även medföra mindre utsläpp i för att förhindra att vatten från våtmarkerna de känsliga floderna.
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