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Der Korruptionsdiskurs in Bulgarien 1906 DDiiee AArrtt ddeerr LLeeuuttee ssiicchh aauusszzuuddrrüücckkeenn –– DDeerr KKoorrrruuppttiioonnssddiisskkuurrss iinn BBuullggaarriieenn 11990066--11994444.. Magisterarbeit Im Fach: Osteuropäische Geschichte Vorgelegt von: Christopher Nehring Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 15.12.2010 Erstkorrektor: Prof. Dr. Joachim Rogall (Heidelberg) Zweitkorrektor: Prof. Dr. Hannes Grandits (HU Berlin) Danksagung Diese Magisterarbeit ist das Produkt einjähriger Nachforschungen im Rahmen eines Praktikums im Zentralen Staatsarchiv Sofia (Centralen Dăržaven Arhiv Sofia – CDA) und der Nationalbibliothek Kiril i Metdoi Sofia (NBKM). Ohne die beeindruckende Unterstützung zahlreicher Personen wäre diese, für eine Magisterarbeit ungewöhnliche, Arbeitsleistung vollkommen unmöglich gewesen. So danke ich zunächst Herrn Prof. Dr. Joachim Rogall (Ruprecht-Karls- Universität Heidelberg/Robert-Bosch-Stiftung) für seine bedingungslose Unterstützung und fachkundige Betreuung meiner Arbeiten über einen Zeitraum von rund zwei Jahren. Ich danke Herrn Prof. Dr. Hannes Grandits (Humboldt- Universität Berlin) für die Übernahme der (auswärtigen) Zweitkorrektur, seine Anregungen und für die Möglichkeit, die Arbeit im Rahmen des Kolloquiums „Theorien, Methoden und neue Zugänge zur Geschichte und Historischen Anthropologie Südosteuropas“ am 24.11.2010 in Berlin vorzustellen und zu diskutieren. Tiefer Dank gilt des Weiteren Dr. Milena Todorakova aus dem CDA Sofia, die mich während des Praktikums fürsorglich und zuvorkommend betreute und in die Arbeit des Zentralen Staatsarchivs einweihte. Der Aufenthalt in Bulgarien wäre völlig undenkbar gewesen ohne den Einsatz, die Hilfe und Fürsorge von Anna, Ilija und Nikolaj Ivanov, die nicht nur diese Arbeit, sondern auch den Autoren durch so manche harte Zeit in Bulgarien begleiteten. Weiterhin wäre dieses Projekt auch ohne die finanzielle Unterstützung durch das „Erasmus-Praktikaprogramm“ wahrscheinlich nicht zu realisieren gewesen. In Sofia hatte ich des Weiteren die hoch erfreuliche Gelegenheit den herausragenden bulgarischen Wirtschaftshistoriker Rumen Avramov (Centăr za Liberalni Strategii – CLS Sofia) und Prof. Dr. Rumen Daskalov (Central European University Budapest/Nov Bălgarski Universitet Sofia) kennenzulernen und mit ihnen über die Ergebnisse meiner Untersuchungen zu sprechen. Für diese Möglichkeit, die sowohl den Horizont der Arbeit enorm erweiterte, als auch über so manche Krisen hinweghalf, sei auch ihnen herzlich gedankt. Das anstrengende und umfangreiche Korrekturlesen des Manuskripts übernahmen Strahil Panajotov, M.A. (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg), Dr. Edda Binder-Ijima (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg), Julia Itin, M.A. (Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg) und Ivana Cubelić, denen für diese Leistung nicht genug zu danken ist. Die Kontrolle der deutschen Übersetzungen der im Anhang befindlichen bulgarischen Quellen übernahm dankenswerterweise Dr. habil. Blagovest Zlatanov Veličkov (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg). Alle Fehler und Unklarheiten, die im Text enthalten sind, gehen nicht auf sie zurück, sondern fallen einzig und alleine in die Verantwortlichkeit des Autors. Schließlich danke ich meinen Eltern, Ralph und Karin Nehring, für ihre uneingeschränkte Unterstützung und Förderung während des gesamten Zeitraums meines Studiums, mitsamt seinen Irrwegen. Inhaltsverzeichnis Anmerkungen zur Umschrift ................................................................................................... iii I. Sprechen über Korruption ..................................................................................................1 1. Einleitung ...................................................................................................................................1 2. Definitionen................................................................................................................................8 2.1. Öffentlichkeit .......................................................................................................................8 2.2. Diskurs ............................................................................................................................... 10 2.3. (Kritische/Historische) Diskursanalyse ................................................................................ 11 2.4. Korruption – Umrisse einer unmöglichen Definition ........................................................... 12 2.5. Worte und Benennungen für Korruption in Bulgarien ......................................................... 14 II. Durch drei Phasen des Korruptionsdiskurses ...................................................................17 3. Haselnüsse und Testamente - Die „Affäre Charles-Jean“ ......................................................... 17 3.1. Die Struktur des Diskursstranges ........................................................................................ 18 3.2. Feinanalyse des Prjaporec vom 21.3.1906........................................................................... 20 3.3. Zwischen den Zeitungen – Wechselbeziehungen ................................................................ 25 3.4. Gesamtinterpretation ......................................................................................................... 29 4. Be(un)ruhigung des öffentlichen Gewissens – Der parlamentarische Enquetebericht 1910 ..... 32 4.1. Exkurs: Eine kurze Geschichte der Enqueteberichte in Bulgarien 1885-1934 ....................... 32 4.2. Der parlamentarische Enquetebericht über die Regierungen R.Petrov-D.Petkov-P.Gudev (1903-1908) .............................................................................................................................. 38 4.3. Kontext(e) und Kontextanalysen – Historisch, institutionell, medial und situativ ................. 38 4.4. Die (Wissens-)Struktur des Berichtes .................................................................................. 41 4.5. Finanzminister Pajakov und seine finanzielle Sanierung an der Macht ................................ 43 4.6. Exkurs: Korruptionsgesetzgebung in Bulgarien .................................................................... 45 4.7. Anti-Korruption durch Enquetes? - Der Bericht als diskursives Ereignis? ............................. 47 5. „Sie klauten, wer immer und von wo immer sie konnten“ – Die Reihe „Družbaškija Režim“ ... 51 5.1. Bulgarien nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg – Der historische Kontext ......................................... 51 5.2. Militärs und Kommissionen – Der mediale und institutionelle Kontext................................ 53 5.3. Die (Wissens-)Struktur der Broschürenreihe ....................................................................... 55 5.4. Die Agrarier bestahlen den Staat und ihre Genossen – Feinanalyse des vierten Bandes ...... 59 5.5. Gesamtinterpretation ......................................................................................................... 62 6. Auf in die neue Zeit – Kimon Georgiev und der Umsturz vom 19.5.1934 .................................. 64 6.1. Umstürze und Autoritarismus – Der historische Kontext ..................................................... 64 6.2. Exkurs: Ein spezieller historischer Kontext: Die Affäre Kosturkov 1933/34 .......................... 66 6.3. Aktionismus und neue Macht – Der institutionelle, situative und mediale Kontext ............. 67 6.4. Wille zur Macht – Der Autor Kimon Georgiev ...................................................................... 68 6.5. Der 19. Mai und der neue Staat – K.Georgievs Rede vom 12. Juli 1934 ............................... 69 6.6. Korruption aus der Vergangenheit – Der Dnevnik 1935 ....................................................... 72 6.7. Unfähige Buchhalter und alte Ordnungen – Feinanalyse des Artikels vom 19.5.1935 .......... 73 6.8. Gesamtinterpretation ......................................................................................................... 75 III. Exkurs: Partizanstvo und partizanstvo-Diskurs ...............................................................78 7. „Den da mine, drug da dojde“ – Das bulgarische partizanstvo ................................................. 78 7.1. Von Parteigängern und Untergrundkämpfern – Herkunft und Bedeutung des Begriffs ........ 78 7.2. Von Klienten und Patronen. Wie funktionierte partizanstvo?.............................................. 80 7.3. Ein naher Verwandter des partizanstvo – Das hodatajstvo .................................................. 82 7.4. Das Reden über partizanstvo – Der partizanstvo-Diskursstrang .......................................... 84 7.5. Einordnung und Bewertung ................................................................................................ 92 i IV. Schluss ............................................................................................................................94 8. Gerüchte, Intrigen, Instrumente – Kommunikationsstrategien und Korruption ....................... 94 9. Gegen oder durch den Staat? Öffentlichkeit und Korruption in Bulgarien.............................. 101 10. „Wie man sieht sind die Leute unersättlich“ – Moraldenken und Korruption ...................... 105 11. Nacionalnijat pesimizăm – Über Identität und Korruption ................................................... 109 12. Von Mentalitäten und Korruption ........................................................................................ 114 13. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse .......................................................................................
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