DOCSLIB.ORG

Spilopelia Senegalensis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spilopelia Senegalensis Spilopelia senegalensis -- (Linnaeus, 1766) ANIMALIA -- CHORDATA -- AVES -- COLUMBIFORMES -- COLUMBIDAE Common names: Laughing Dove; Laughing Turtle-Dove; Tourterelle maillée European Red List Assessment European Red List Status LC -- Least Concern, (IUCN version 3.1) Assessment Information Year published: 2015 Date assessed: 2015-03-31 Assessor(s): BirdLife International Reviewer(s): Symes, A. Compiler(s): Ashpole, J., Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L. Assessment Rationale European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (30% decline over ten years or three generations). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe. The bird is considered vagrant or introduced (Spain) in the EU27 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region. Occurrence Countries/Territories of Occurrence Introduced: Spain Native: Azerbaijan; Turkey Vagrant: Bulgaria; Cyprus; Finland; Greece; Italy; Malta; Portugal Population The European population is estimated at 61,500-204,000 pairs, which equates to 123,000-408,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU27. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF . Trend In Europe the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF. Habitats and Ecology The species is associated with cultivation, trees (but not forests) and human habitation. Breeding season varies between regions. The nest is a frail, thin platform of roots, twigs and petioles placed in a bush or tree up to 15 m above the ground (Baptista et al. 1997). It may also nest on buildings under the eaves, on drainpipes or in cracks in walls (Snow and Perrins 1998). It feeds on small seeds but also takes fruits, nectar from Aloe and some insects (Baptista et al. 1997). It is largely resident throughout range (Snow and Perrins 1998). Habitats & Altitude Habitat (level 1 - level 2) Importance Occurrence Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land major breeding Habitats & Altitude Habitat (level 1 - level 2) Importance Occurrence Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land major non-breeding Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland suitable breeding Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland suitable non-breeding Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens suitable breeding Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens suitable non-breeding Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas suitable breeding Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas suitable non-breeding Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry suitable breeding Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry suitable non-breeding Grassland - Temperate suitable breeding Grassland - Temperate suitable non-breeding Altitude max. 1600 m Occasional altitudinal limits Threats There are currently no known serious threats to this species. Threats & Impacts Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses Conservation Conservation Actions Underway There are currently no known conservation measures for this species. Conservation Actions Proposed Currently no conservation measures are required for this species. Bibliography Baptista, L.F., Trail, P.W. and Horblit, H.M. 1997. Laughing Dove (Spilopelia senegalensis). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. and de Juana, E. (eds.) 2014. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/54164 on 08 October 2014). Snow, D.W. and Perrins, C.M. 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic – Concise Edition – Volume 1 – Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press. Map (see overleaf) .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ectoparasites of the Laughing Dove Streptopelia Senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766) (Aves: Columbidae) in Zaria, Nigeria
    Lundiana 9(1):67-71, 2008 © 2009 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - UFMG ISSN 1676-6180 Ectoparasites of the Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766) (Aves: Columbidae) in Zaria, Nigeria 1Lucas K. Adang, 2Sonnie J. Oniye, 2Augustine U. Ezealor, 3Paul A. Abdu, 4Joseph O. Ajanusi & 1Kennedy P. Yoriyo 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Biological Sciences, 3 Department of Surgery and Medicine, 4 Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. Abstract A survey of ectoparasites of the Laughing Dove (Streptopelia senegalensis Linnaeus, 1766) was carried out in Zaria, Nigeria, to determine the prevalence, intensity and mean intensity of infestation. A total of 382 (231 males and 151 females) doves trapped from different locations in Zaria, Nigeria, were examined through plumage brushing. Eighty-eight (23.0%) of the birds were infested by the following six species of ectoparasites: lice – 32 (8.4%) Menopon gallinae Linnaeus, 1758, 37 (9.7%) Columbicola columbae Linnaeus, 1758, and 18(4.7%) Goniodes sp.; flies – 19 (5.0%) Pseudolynchia canariensis Macquart, 1840; ticks – 12 (3.1%) Argas persicus Oken, 1818; and mite: 1 (0.23%) Dermanyssus gallinae (Degeer, 1778). The frequency of single infestations (59 – 15.4%), was higher than that of double (27 – 7.1%) and triple (2 – 0.52%) infestations, though the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The males had a higher prevalence (55 – 23.8%) than the females (33 – 21.9%). However, this difference was also not significant (p > 0.05). Ectoparasites were collected from the birds through out the year, with highest prevalence (60.0%) in November.
    [Show full text]
  • Issn 0972- 1800
    ISSN 0972- 1800 VOLUME 21, NO. 4 QUARTERLY OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 2019 Date of Publication: 28th December, 2019 BIONOTES A Quarterly Newsletter for Research Notes and News On Any Aspect Related with Life Forms BIONOTES articles are abstracted/indexed/available in the Indian Science Abstracts, INSDOC; Zoological Record; Thomson Reuters (U.S.A); CAB International (U.K.); The Natural History Museum Library & Archives, London: Library Naturkundemuseum, Erfurt (Germany) etc. and online databases. Founder Editor Published by Dr. R.K. Varshney, A Biologists Dr. R.K. Varshney, Confrerie, Raj Bhawan, Manik Chowk, Ex- Additional Director, Aligarh (up to volume 20 (2018)) R.N.I. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata Registration No. 71669/99. Manuscripts: Publication Policy: Please E-mail to [email protected]. Information, statements or findings published Guidelines for Authors: BIONOTES are the views of its author/ source only. publishes short notes on any aspect of Page Charges: biology. Usually submissions are reviewed by one or two reviewers. First page or part thereof: Rs.250/-. Subsequent pages or part thereof: Rs. 200/- Kindly submit a manuscript after studying the each. format used in this journal (http://www.entosocindia.org/).Editor Payments: reserves the right to reject articles that do not Please send a bank draft/Multi City Cheque in adhere to our format. Please provide a contact the name of 'BUTTERFLY RESEARCH TRUST' payable at BHIMTAL to the address telephone number. Photographs may be given below. For sending money by NEFT, included in the E-edition of the journal. No bank particulars are Butterfly Research Trust, proofs will be supplied. Authors will be IDBI BANK, BHIMTAL branch IFSC provided with a pdf file of their IBLK0000404 A/C No.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding and Foraging Behaviour of the Laughing Dove Streptopelia Senegalensis in Lucknow, India
    Avocetta 32: 37-40 (2008) Feeding and foraging behaviour of the Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis in Lucknow, India ABHIJIT MA ZU M D A R 1,2, PR A BH A T KU ma R 1,3 1 Department of Zoology, Lucknow University - Lucknow, India 2 3-B Murlinagar - Cantt Road, Lucknow-226001, UP, India ([email protected]) 3 319 Shakti Nagar, Lucknow, UP, India Abstract – The Laughing dove is a resident species and is found all across India. They occur abundantly in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. We conducted a gut content analysis and observed their foraging behaviour on the farmlands located on the city outskirts and at granaries and storehouses in the city and on its outskirts between July, 2005 and June, 2006. Among gut contents we were able to identify and quantify grains of wheat, millet and rice along with seeds of sunflower, grass and 10 species of weeds. Among animal matter were ants, termites, spiders and dipteran larvae. Their foraging behaviour matched well with their gut contents and we made 1200 observations on plant mat- ter and 80 observations on animal matter. During nesting period they foraged individually for shorter durations. Presence of roosting sites increased foraging activities. Riassunto – Dieta e comportamento alimentare della tortora delle palme a Lucknow, India. La tortora delle palme è sedentaria in tutta l’India, ed è abbondante a Lucknow, nello stato dell’Uttar Pradesh. Abbiamo studiato i contenuti dei loro gozzi, e osservato il compor- tamento alimentare, nelle aree agricole dell’area urbana e presso granai e magazzini, anch’esse nell’area urbana, tra il luglio 2005 e il giugno 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • EUROPEAN BIRDS of CONSERVATION CONCERN Populations, Trends and National Responsibilities
    EUROPEAN BIRDS OF CONSERVATION CONCERN Populations, trends and national responsibilities COMPILED BY ANNA STANEVA AND IAN BURFIELD WITH SPONSORSHIP FROM CONTENTS Introduction 4 86 ITALY References 9 89 KOSOVO ALBANIA 10 92 LATVIA ANDORRA 14 95 LIECHTENSTEIN ARMENIA 16 97 LITHUANIA AUSTRIA 19 100 LUXEMBOURG AZERBAIJAN 22 102 MACEDONIA BELARUS 26 105 MALTA BELGIUM 29 107 MOLDOVA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 32 110 MONTENEGRO BULGARIA 35 113 NETHERLANDS CROATIA 39 116 NORWAY CYPRUS 42 119 POLAND CZECH REPUBLIC 45 122 PORTUGAL DENMARK 48 125 ROMANIA ESTONIA 51 128 RUSSIA BirdLife Europe and Central Asia is a partnership of 48 national conservation organisations and a leader in bird conservation. Our unique local to global FAROE ISLANDS DENMARK 54 132 SERBIA approach enables us to deliver high impact and long term conservation for the beneit of nature and people. BirdLife Europe and Central Asia is one of FINLAND 56 135 SLOVAKIA the six regional secretariats that compose BirdLife International. Based in Brus- sels, it supports the European and Central Asian Partnership and is present FRANCE 60 138 SLOVENIA in 47 countries including all EU Member States. With more than 4,100 staf in Europe, two million members and tens of thousands of skilled volunteers, GEORGIA 64 141 SPAIN BirdLife Europe and Central Asia, together with its national partners, owns or manages more than 6,000 nature sites totaling 320,000 hectares. GERMANY 67 145 SWEDEN GIBRALTAR UNITED KINGDOM 71 148 SWITZERLAND GREECE 72 151 TURKEY GREENLAND DENMARK 76 155 UKRAINE HUNGARY 78 159 UNITED KINGDOM ICELAND 81 162 European population sizes and trends STICHTING BIRDLIFE EUROPE GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION.
    [Show full text]
  • Fox Control Options
    Fauna Note No. 7 Laughing and Spotted Turtle-Doves Description Immature birds are duller in colour and do not have the nape patch. This dove has a mellow, musical ‘coo’ or There are two species of Turtle-Dove present in the south- ‘coocoo, croo’ call. west of Western Australia. They were introduced to the state in the late 1800s from Africa and Asia. They are not The typical display flight of both species involves birds known to cause significant problems for agricultural flying steeply upwards for 30-40 m with clapping wings, production or to compete with native species. before gliding downwards with spread wings and tail. Immediately after landing, particularly on a wire, the The Laughing Turtle-Dove Streptopelia senegalensis, is spotted turtle-dove raises and lowers its tail. also known as the Senegal Dove or Laughing Dove. It is a small brown dove 24-27 cm in length and 85-124 g in weight. The head and neck are dull brownish purple, the upper back and upper wings are mottled reddish brown and grey and the wings and lower back are bluish grey (Figure 1). The tail is dark grey, tipped with white, and the breast is purplish brown becoming white on the belly and under the tail. The area just below the throat is reddish brown, speckled with black. The iris is dark brown and the legs are purplish pink. Immature birds are more reddish brown in colour and do not have a blue-grey wing patch, or a neck patch. The bird has a musical, laughing or bubbling call of ‘coo-oo coocoo’.
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitic Infection Status of Different Native Species of Columbidae Family in Southwest of Iran
    Journal of Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research Research Article Open Access Parasitic infection status of different native species of Columbidae family in southwest of Iran Abstract Volume 9 Issue 2 - 2020 In current investigation, for the first time, prevalence of parasites in different native Azam Dehghani-Samani,1 Yaser Pirali,2 Samin members of columbidae family were studied carefully in Shahrekord, located in southwest Madreseh-Ghahfarokhi,3 Amir Dehghani- of Iran. Totally 220 birds from 4 different species were examined for presence of every 4 ectoparasites and endoparasites by use of identification keys for parasites. After preparation Samani 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Iran of blood smears, oral cavity and crop wet smears, feces samples and their direct smears, 2 flotation of feces and evisceration of examined birds, isolation and identification of parasites Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Iran were done via laboratory methods and identification keys. Results of current study show the 3Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, occurrence and prevalence of different parasites in examined groups. The common blood Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran parasite with highest prevalence is Haemoproteous columbae in Rock pigeons (27.27%). 4Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The highest prevalence of Leukocytozoon marchouxi is for Rock Pigeons (5.54%). Shahrekord University, Iran Columbicola columbae is the common ectoparsite with highest prevalence in Rock pigeons (56.36%), the highest prevalence of Menopon gallinae is for Rock Pigeons (21.81%), Correspondence: Amir Dehghani-Samani, Faculty of Medicine, also the highest prevalence of Pseudolynchia canariensis and Lipeurus caponis are for Birjand University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Rock pigeons (36.36% and 16.36% respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
    Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club Volume 134 No. 2 June 2014 FORTHCOMING MEETINGS See also BOC website: http://www.boc-online.org BOC MEETINGS are open to all, not just BOC members, and are free. Evening meetings are held in an upstairs room at The Barley Mow, 104 Horseferry Road, Westminster, London SW1P 2EE. The nearest Tube stations are Victoria and St James’s Park; and the 507 bus, which runs from Victoria to Waterloo, stops nearby. For maps, see http://www.markettaverns.co.uk/the_barley_mow. html or ask the Chairman for directions. The cash bar opens at 6.00 pm and those who wish to eat after the meeting can place an order. The talk will start at 6.30 pm and, with questions, will last c.1 hour. It would be very helpful if those intending to come can notify the Chairman no later than the day before the meeting. Tuesday 23 September 2014—6.30 pm—Dr Andrew Gosler—Ornithology to ethno-ornithology Abstract: Why are we ornithologists? Because we are fascinated by birds, yes, but why are humans so captivated by the ecology, evolution and behaviour of another vertebrate group that a UK Government Chief Scientist should complain that a disproportionate amount was spent on bird research to the detriment of other taxa? Whatever the answer to this, the fact that humans everywhere are enthralled by birds should point the way to how we might engage, re-engage or differently engage people in all countries with nature, and so focus resources most effectively for its conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammals Recorded in Ladakh
    Map of the Indus Valley near Leh and the Rumbak section of Hemis National Park. Numbered localities: 1 Leh, 2 Shey Marshes, 3 Thiksey Monastery, 4 Zingchen, 5 Campsite, 6 Husing Valley, 7 Rumbak Village, 8 Urutse, 9 Ganda La / Kandala and 10 Tarbung Valley (map by Jon Lehmberg) Cover photo: Scenery in Tarbung Valley, 29th November 2010, ©Erling Krabbe Front page design by Jon Lehmberg. Trip report written by Ulrik Andersen, reviewed and improved by all participants. Bird and mammal lists by Morten Heegaard and Erling Krabbe. Photographs as indicated. Copenhagen, Denmark, January 2011. 2 Mammals recorded in Ladakh Mammal taxonomy as in "Birds and Mammals of Ladakh" by Otto Pfister (Oxford University Press, 2004), except as described in taxonomic notes. List compiled by Morten Heegaard. Snow Leopard Panthera uncia Several registrations of faeces, urine-markings and tracks during our stay in the area. A brief sighting of one walking high on a ridge against the sky at dusk by two observers (LH,UA) on 26th Nov. A very prolonged (over 4 hours), completely fantastic and unbelievable observation by the whole group of a "younger", but fully grown male (maybe 5 years old or so) in Tarbung Valley on 29th Nov. As noted in the diary, we were fortunate enough to observe a wide variety of behaviours and actions. A professional film crew would have been able to capture a lot of "BBC class" footage! How lucky can you get?! Taxonomic note: Recent research has demonstrated that the Snow Leopard is a Panthera. Earlier, it was placed in its own genus, and until recently the scientific name was Uncia uncia (the name used by Pfister).
    [Show full text]
  • (Family Columbidae) Occurring in the Gaza Strip – Palestine
    30 Jordan Journal of Natural History 6, 2019 Notes on the Pigeons and Doves (Family Columbidae) Occurring in the Gaza Strip – Palestine Abdel Fattah N. Abd Rabou1* and Mohammed A. Abd Rabou2 Abstract: Birds are the commonest terrestrial area of about 27,000 km2, 540 avifaunal vertebrates among the fauna of the Gaza species are known to inhabit all types of Strip. Hundreds of bird species have been landscapes and ecosystems (Perlman and recorded and more records are being added Meyrav, 2009). The strategic geographic continually. Columbids (pigeon and doves), location of Palestine along with its major constitute a prominent component of birds, migration routes contributes to the diversity yet they have never been separately studied of bird fauna (UNEP, 2003). The arid to semi- in the Gaza Strip. The current study aims at arid Gaza Strip, which covers an area of ​​about giving useful notes on the doves and pigeons 365 km2 (1.5% of the total area of ​​Palestine), occurring in the Gaza Strip. Field visits, has a diversity of bird fauna occurring in its observations, photography, and discussions diverse ecosystems and habitats. Hundreds with stakeholders were carried out to reach of bird species have been recorded, and new the goals of the study. Seven species of more records are being added continually pigeons and doves were recorded in the Gaza (Project for the Conservation of Wetland and Strip. The Rock Pigeon Columba( livia) was Coastal Ecosystems in the Mediterranean found to be the commonest while the African Region – MedWetCoast, 2002; Abd Rabou, Collared Dove (Streptopelia roseogrisea) 2005; Yassin et al., 2006; Abd Rabou et al., was the rarest.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabian Peninsula
    THE CONSERVATION STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE BREEDING BIRDS OF THE ARABIAN PENINSULA Compiled by Andy Symes, Joe Taylor, David Mallon, Richard Porter, Chenay Simms and Kevin Budd ARABIAN PENINSULA The IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM - Regional Assessment About IUCN IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN’s work focuses on valuing and conserving nature, ensuring effective and equitable governance of its use, and deploying nature-based solutions to global challenges in climate, food and development. IUCN supports scientific research, manages field projects all over the world, and brings governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with almost 1,300 government and NGO Members and more than 15,000 volunteer experts in 185 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by almost 1,000 staff in 45 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. www.iucn.org About the Species Survival Commission The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is the largest of IUCN’s six volunteer commissions with a global membership of around 7,500 experts. SSC advises IUCN and its members on the wide range of technical and scientific aspects of species conservation, and is dedicated to securing a future for biodiversity. SSC has significant input into the international agreements dealing with biodiversity conservation. About BirdLife International BirdLife International is the world’s largest nature conservation Partnership. BirdLife is widely recognised as the world leader in bird conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Free-Living Wild Birds and Factors Influencing Their Survival in Captivity
    Integrative Journal of Veterinary Biosciences Research Open Volume 4 Issue 3 Research Article Free-Living Wild Birds and Factors Influencing Their Survival in Captivity: A Synopsis Ochuko Orakpoghenor1*, Sunday Blessing Oladele1, Paul Ayuba Abdu2 and Collins Chimezie Udechukwu2 1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 2Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria *Corresponding author: Ochuko Orakpoghenor, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Tel: +2347067522037; E-mail: [email protected] Received: December 22, 2020; Accepted: December 28, 2020; Published: December 30, 2020 Abstract Free-living wild birds are adapted to the natural unrestricted existence but their roles in the epidemiology of avian diseases and zoonosis have necessitated using them in experimental studies. Some of these free-living wild birds include Laughing doves, Speckled pigeons, Cattle egrets, Village weavers and African silver bills. The use of these birds in experimental studies therefore requires capture and transportation of the birds followed by creation of an artificial environment to mimic their natural habitat. This new created habitat no matter how conducive it seems to be would have impact on the survival of these birds ranging from psychological to physical. The outcome of these impacts on the other hand could be falsely interpreted to result from the experimental study and this could be misleading. Survival of several wild birds in captivity ranged from 4% for captive-bred birds to 41% for captured wild birds over a 2-month period with annual post-release survival of 89%. Also, due to the survival mechanisms developed by wild birds in terms of feeding diversity, reproduction and disease tolerance in the wild, captivity would have effects on these instincts leading to lethal consequences.
    [Show full text]
  • Breeding Status of Wild Doves in Bangladesh
    International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology Volume 6, Issue 1, 2020, PP 1-4 ISSN No. 2454-941X DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-941X.0601001 www.arcjournals.org Breeding Status of Wild Doves in Bangladesh Ashraful Kabir* Department of Biology, Saidpur Cantonment Public College, Nilphamari, Bangladesh *Corresponding Author: Ashraful Kabir, Department of Biology, Saidpur Cantonment Public College, Nilphamari, Bangladesh Out of 17 species of wild doves in Bangladesh their incubation period ranges from 12-20 and fledging 12-27 days. Within these 14 species were in Least Concern (LC), 2 Data Deficit (DD), and 1 Critically Endangered (CR). Among these maximum numbers were found in the genus Treron (6) then Streptopelia (4), Columba and Ducula each 2, and Spilopelia and Macropygia 1. Observed doves were bred mostly all the year round. For hunting or pet purpose people sometime catch them and rear in cage and ultimately birds’die. For strong ‘Wildlife Act’ now doves of Bangladesh are living well and are increasing everywhere in nature as well. On the basis of evolutionary sequences pigeons/doves have great significance. It has lots of connecting links which are very important for the study of evolution. In fancy pigeons, their tumbling behaviour is an exceptional and peculiar characteristic which came through mutation then modified by millions of thousands selective breeding. From the history, we have found that pigeon/dove keeping was an ancient hobby of people. Large-sized birds are called pigeon and small are dove; but this is not true always. For message sending, pigeons had great commitment in the world.
    [Show full text]