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Case Report Rumen Paramphistomosis in Bos MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH pages 154-159 • VOLUME 9 NO. 2 JULY 2018 CASE REPORT RUMEN PARAMPHISTOMOSIS IN BOS INDICUS FROM A SAMPLE RECEIVED BY VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF IPOH, PERAK DEBBRA M., PREMALATHA B., NURULAINI R., AZIMA L. ERWANAS A. AND SOHAYATI A.R. Parasitology and Haematology Section, Veterinary Research Institute, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT. This case report describes al., 2002). Generally, paramphistomosis paramphistomosis from the rumen of is an economically important disease to an infected 3-year-old Bos indicus or also ruminant livestock such as cattle, sheep, known as Zebu cattle that was sent to the goats and deer (Morley, 2017; Huson et al., Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Ipoh, 2017). Paramphistomosis is associated with Perak for post-mortem examination with a significant morbidity, mainly caused by the history of a sudden death. On post-mortem, activity of juvenile flukes in the intestine it was found that the rumen contents had of the ruminant final host (Zintl et al., a large number of pink, pear shaped flukes, 2014). According to the data compiled in which measured about 1 cm in length the Annual Reports of the VRI (Veterinary attached to the rumen wall. On performing Research Institute, n.d., a; b; c), a case of the sedimentation technique on the rumen paramphistomosis was reported in the year contents, operculated eggs with germ 1994, 2008, 2012 and 2013, respectively. In cells were observed microscopically under 2013 was a case of high mortality of 40 compound microscope with a magnification buffaloes in Johore where one of the the of 100×. Regular screening of cattle for dead animals showed the presence of severe flukes is an important part of parasite control paramphistomosis (Jamnah et al., 2013). programmes especially in endemic areas as it Prevalence of paramphistomosis is can cause anaemia and deterioration in body highest throughout the tropical and sub- condition. tropical regions (Elsheikha and Khan, 2011). Keywords: paramphistomosis, rumen However, the increase in the incidence of fluke, cattle, operculated eggs rumen fluke and its geographical range in Europe have also been reported recently INTRODUCTION (Zintl et al., 2014). In the Philippines, Paramphistomum spp. (besides Fasciola Paramphistomosis (or paramphistomiasis) gigantica) mainly reported in ruminant is an endoparasitic infection caused by livestock (Molina et al., 2005; Gordon digenetic trematodes which belong to et al., 2015). In Thailand, the cases of the family of Paramphistomidae (Mage et paramphistome infection from 1991 to 1995 154 VOLUME 9 NO. 2 JULY 2018 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH were mainly due to Paramphistomum sp. measured. Meanwhile, the rumen contents with the prevalence of 46%, 41%, 39%, 30% were examined for the presence of helminth and 50%, in these five years, respectively eggs by using simple floatation and (Prasitirat et al., 1997). Meanwhile, sedimentation techniques (Christopher et al., Beriajaya et al. (1981) reported situations 1992; MAFF, 1986). of paramphistomosis in several places of The rumen flukes were identified Indonesia, recording the highest infestation based on the helminthological key by Taylor in cattle compared to other ruminant et al., 2007. Morphological observation livestock such as in Aceh (94.80%), Lampung showed both the trematode parasites and (69.84%), Java (41.60%), Sulawesi (53.23%) the eggs were identified as Paramphistomum and Bali (100%). In 2015, a prevalent study of sp. (Chaoudhary et al., 2015; Taylor et al., paramphistomosis in Bali cattle conducted 2007). Grossly, heavy burdens of pink pear- in city abattoirs of Denpasar (Bali, Indonesia) shaped trematodes were attached to the reported 15% positive from all the samples ruminal palillae (Figures 1 and 2). Based collected with female cattle 1.97 times more on morphological observation, these likely to be infected compared to male cattle amphistomes were identified as adult (Lestari et al., 2017). fluke of Paramphistomum sp. due to their Ironically, even though stomach conical shape with posterior broad end fluke infection commonly occurs in rumen, (acetabulum), the position of their anterior Paramphistomum cervi (stomach fluke) is sucker and larger sized ventral sucker at the also found attached to the liver of buffaloes posterior end (Figures 3 to 6). Its average and caused severe damage to the liver size measured (1.13-1.59 cm in length and (Khatoon et al., 2003). A recent field study 0.53-0.68 cm in width) from a total of 20 by Khadijah et al. (2017) showed that out flukes that were measured. Histological of 60 faecal samples of cattle, 10% was examination of this parasite is needed so that positive for co-infection of both Fasciola and the morphology can be well appreciated and Paramphistomum eggs while 5% was positive to further confirm the species (Chaoudhary with only Paramphistomum eggs. The 3- et al., 2015). month abbatoir study also revelaed that Using a sedimentation technique, Fasciola (73%) and Paramphistomum (18%) several pale white coloured eggs were were the main causes of liver condemnation observed under a stereo microscope (10× in cattle and buffaloes (Khadijah et al., 2017). objective magnification) from the sediment of the rumen washings. These eggs were CASE HISTORY further observed and measurements taken with a compound microscope. The eggs of In this study, an investigation was carried Paramphistomum sp. found in the ruminal out to find the cause of death of the contents showed numerous clear coloured animal. On post-mortem, the rumen and and operculated eggs about 130 µm to its contents were grossly examined. The 180 µm in length were observed (Figure fresh flukes were collected, observed and 7). Meanwhile, no other helminth eggs 155 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH VOLUME 9 NO. 2 JULY 2018 Figure 1: Numerous pink pear-shaped Figure 2: Rumen flukes attached firmly on parasites attached to the ruminal palillae. the rumen wall (close-up). were observed from the rumen contents is brought to the pens for feeding could from both floatation and sedimentation also be contaminated with these larvae thus techniques. causing the infection (Huson et al., 2017; Diagnosis on the rumen sample Morley, 2017). Therefore, regular screening showed this animal had suffered from severe and treatment is necessary to prevent this paramphistomosis as numerous flukes infection. According to Zintl et al. (2014), the were attached firmly on the rumen wall, longevity of the parasite may also cause the which may have resulted in loss of blood intensively reared cattle continue to harbour and anemia (Morley, 2017). Large burdens rumen flukes acquired prior to housing. of paramphistomosis may contribute to In some cases, the adult flukes in the the mortality of the animal due to damage stomach could be quite harmless and usually of host intestinal tissue and haemorrhagic do not cause complications, despite the high enteritis, which include hypoproteinaemia numbers that can congregate there as they and anaemia (Millar et al., 2012). could merely be preparing for reproduction Even though this animal was kept in an (Brown, 2005). However, the masses of young intensive system (zero grazing, cut and carry rumen flukes attaching to the gut wall grass/food pellets in its diet), the previous and feeding on it are very harmful. This is history of management of the animal because young flukes may destroy the tissue was unclear. Generally, an animal can get of the gut, thus disturbing the digestion and infected by grazing pastures contaminated the immune system. The more susceptible with larval stages of the parasite such as near animals including young animals and the the water bodies, drains and rivers where immune-suppressed animals such as sick the intermediate host such as snails can be or otherwise weakened are prone to be found. However, in the intensive systems harmed by the rumen flukes. If the animal where grazing is not allowed, the grass that has low immunity, any opportunist microbes 156 VOLUME 9 NO. 2 JULY 2018 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH as vs Figure 3: The average length of the flukes is Figure 4: The position of anterior sucker about 1.0 cm (adult stage, >0.5 cm). (as) and the ventral sucker (vs) of this amphistome vs as m Figure 5: The anterior sucker (as) near to its Figure 6: The larger sized acetabulum/ funnel-shaped mouth (m). ventral sucker (vs) located at the posterior end. germ cells Figure 7: Note the presence of clear-colored operculum and operculated eggs sized about 130-180µm in length. 157 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH VOLUME 9 NO. 2 JULY 2018 may cause severe case (Hooper et al., 2012). 4. Chaoudhary V., Hasnani J.J., Khyalia M.K., Pandey S., Chauhan V.D., Pandya S.S. and Patel P.V. (2015). Therefore, fatalities might occur. Morphological and histological identification of Paramphistomum cervi (Trematoda: Paramiphistoma) DISCUSSION in rumen of infected sheep, Veterinary World, 8(1): 125- 129. 5. Christopher R. et al. (1992). Man. on Parasit. Lohanathan The investigation of this case concludes P. (ed.). Dept. of Vet. Svc., M’sia. pp. 12-14. 6. Elsheikha H.M. and Khan N.A. (2011). Ess. of Vet. Parasit. that the cattle was susceptible to Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. paramphistomum infection. This case also 7. Gordon C.A., Acosta L.P., Gobert G.N., Jiz M., Olveda shows that intensively managed animals that R.M., Ross A.G., Gray D.J., Williams G.M., Harn D., Li Y. and McManus D.P. (2015). High prevalence of are not grazed may also harbor the infection Schistosoma japonicum and Fasciola gigantica in and care must be taken to obtain clean, bovines from northern Samar, the Philippines. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(2): e0003108. https://doi. uncontaminated grass for the animals. Apart org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003108 from this, regular treatment and monitoring 8.
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