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Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics
Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics The eighth-century revolution Version 1.0 December 2005 Ian Morris Stanford University Abstract: Through most of the 20th century classicists saw the 8th century BC as a period of major changes, which they characterized as “revolutionary,” but in the 1990s critics proposed more gradualist interpretations. In this paper I argue that while 30 years of fieldwork and new analyses inevitably require us to modify the framework established by Snodgrass in the 1970s (a profound social and economic depression in the Aegean c. 1100-800 BC; major population growth in the 8th century; social and cultural transformations that established the parameters of classical society), it nevertheless remains the most convincing interpretation of the evidence, and that the idea of an 8th-century revolution remains useful © Ian Morris. [email protected] 1 THE EIGHTH-CENTURY REVOLUTION Ian Morris Introduction In the eighth century BC the communities of central Aegean Greece (see figure 1) and their colonies overseas laid the foundations of the economic, social, and cultural framework that constrained and enabled Greek achievements for the next five hundred years. Rapid population growth promoted warfare, trade, and political centralization all around the Mediterranean. In most regions, the outcome was a concentration of power in the hands of kings, but Aegean Greeks created a new form of identity, the equal male citizen, living freely within a small polis. This vision of the good society was intensely contested throughout the late eighth century, but by the end of the archaic period it had defeated all rival models in the central Aegean, and was spreading through other Greek communities. -
Front Matter
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00281-4 - The Making of the Monastic Community of Fulda, C.744–C.900 Janneke Raaijmakers Frontmatter More information Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought THE MAKING OF THE MONASTIC COMMUNITY OF FULDA, C .744– C .900 The monastic community of Fulda was one of the most powerful institutions in early medieval Europe. This book traces the development of the community from its foundation in the 740s over one and a half centuries, a period richly documented by a variety of texts and archaeological remains. These sources reveal how Fulda’s success forced the monks to rethink their goals and the ways in which they sought to achieve them. Its close connection to the Carolingian royal court also makes Fulda a fascinating case study of how local events infl u- enced life in the palace, and vice versa. The importance of Fulda and the rich array of sources associated with it have long been recognised, but this is the fi rst full study, bringing together history, religion, architectural history and archae- ology. The result is a vivid picture of life in this monastery and also in early medieval religious communities in general. janneke raaijmakers is a lecturer in Medieval History at the Universiteit Utrecht. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00281-4 - The Making of the Monastic Community of Fulda, C.744–C.900 Janneke Raaijmakers Frontmatter More information Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought Fourth Series General Editor: rosamond mckitterick Professor of Medieval History, University of Cambridge, and Fellow of Sidney Sussex College Advisory Editors: christine carpenter Professor of Medieval English History, University of Cambridge jonathan shepard The series Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought was inaugurated by G. -
Tenth-Century Painting Before Song Taizong's Reign
Tenth-Century Painting before Song Taizong’s Reign: A Macrohistorical View Jonathan Hay 1 285 TENT H CENT URY CHINA AND BEYOND 2 longue durée artistic 3 Formats 286 TENT H-CENT URY PAINT ING BEFORE SONG TAIZONG’S R EIGN Tangchao minghua lu 4 5 It 6 287 TENT H CENT URY CHINA AND BEYOND 7 The Handscroll Lady Guoguo on a Spring Outing Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk Pasturing Horses Palace Ban- quet Lofty Scholars Female Transcendents in the Lang Gar- 288 TENT H-CENT URY PAINT ING BEFORE SONG TAIZONG’S R EIGN den Nymph of the Luo River8 9 10 Oxen 11 Examining Books 12 13 Along the River at First Snow 14 15 Waiting for the Ferry 16 The Hanging Scroll 17 18 19 289 TENT H CENT URY CHINA AND BEYOND Sparrows and Flowers of the Four Seasons Spring MountainsAutumn Mountains 20 The Feng and Shan 21 tuzhou 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 290 TENT H-CENT URY PAINT ING BEFORE SONG TAIZONG’S R EIGN 29 30 31 32 Blue Magpie and Thorny Shrubs Xiaoyi Stealing the Lanting Scroll 33 291 TENT H CENT URY CHINA AND BEYOND 34 35 36 Screens 37 38 The Lofty Scholar Liang Boluan 39 Autumn Mountains at Dusk 292 TENT H-CENT URY PAINT ING BEFORE SONG TAIZONG’S R EIGN 40Layered Mountains and Dense Forests41 Reading the Stele by Pitted Rocks 42 It has Court Ladies Pinning Flowers in Their Hair 43 44 The Emperor Minghuang’s Journey to Shu River Boats and a Riverside Mansion 45 46 47tuzhang 48 Villagers Celebrating the Dragonboat Festival 49 Travelers in Snow-Covered Mountains and 50 . -
CONTINUITY and CHANGE in the EIGHTH CENTURY Conciliar
CHAPTER 6 CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY Conciliar Continuity: Alaric to Clovis In September 506, thirty-four Gallo-Roman clerics met in the city of Agde “with the permission of our most glorious, magnifi cent, and pious lord king.”1 Th e honored rex was Alaric II, an Arian Christian, who hoped that by authorizing a council of Catholic prelates, he would be able to rely on their loyalty in the ongoing fi ght for political domina- tion in Gaul.2 Alaric’s dream of a Visigothic-dominated Gaul would be crushed only a year later, when he was defeated and killed by Clovis at the Battle of Vouillé.3 But in 506, the king was still vigorously attempt- ing to hold together a unifi ed Visigothic realm. Th e same year that he convoked the Council of Agde, he also issued the Lex Romana Visig- othorum (or Breviarium), a compilation of Roman law whose infl uence would far outlive Alaric himself.4 Following Clovis’ victory, and the establishment of Merovingian dominance in Gaul, the Lex Romana Visigothorum continued to be copied and consulted frequently, even though manuscripts of the Codex Th eodosianus were still in circula- tion.5 For Alaric, however, the codifi cation project had a more imme- diate aim: uniting the Roman subjects of his kingdom under a single code of laws issued in his own name. Alaric’s unifi cation eff orts were 1 Agde (506), Preface. 2 Mathisen, “Th e Second Council of Arles,” 543, has suggested that Arles II (442/506) was convoked for the same reasons already postulated for the Council of Agde (506). -
Transformation of Capital City in Tang and Song China, Ca. 700-1100
From Closed Capital to Open Metropolis: Transformation of Capital City in Tang and Song China, ca. 700-1100 Hang Lin [email protected] Abstract. Chang’an of the Tang dynasty (630-907) and Kaifeng of the Song dynasty (960- 1127) represents two major stages in the development of the capital city in premodern China. In contrast to Chang’an, a semi-autonomous walled “urban village” separated by wide expanse of transitory space, Kaifeng was a dense city criss-crossed by ad hoc commercial streets filled with a variety of urban activities during days and nights. Indeed, during this period, a number of significant changes took place, which helped to erode the Tang urban structure and to give birth to a new, one in which the closed walled city transformed into an open market city. Based primarily on textual and material evidence, this paper outlines the characteristics of the layout and structure of the two cities and examines various aspects of the daily life in both cities. This comparative analysis sheds light on the unique pattern of transformation of cities in medieval China. Keywords: Chinese capital city, city transformation, Chang’an, Kaifeng, Tang dynasty, Song dynasty. Introduction Historians of premodern Chinese urbanism have long assumed that the origins of the Chinese imperial city plan stem from a passage in the Kaogong ji (Record of Artificers) section of the classical text Zhouli (Rituals of Zhou), which describes the city of the King of Zhou (Fig. 1): ‘When the artificer build the capital, [the city should be] a square of nine li on each side, with three gates on each side. -
New Early Eighth-Century B.C. Earthquake Evidence at Tel Gezer: Archaeological, Geological, and Literary Indications and Correlations
Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Master's Theses Graduate Research 1992 New Early Eighth-century B.C. Earthquake Evidence at Tel Gezer: Archaeological, Geological, and Literary Indications and Correlations Michael Gerald Hasel Andrews University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/theses Recommended Citation Hasel, Michael Gerald, "New Early Eighth-century B.C. Earthquake Evidence at Tel Gezer: Archaeological, Geological, and Literary Indications and Correlations" (1992). Master's Theses. 41. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/theses/41 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. -
Non-Muslim Integration Into the Early Islamic Caliphate Through the Use of Surrender Agreements
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK History Undergraduate Honors Theses History 5-2020 Non-Muslim Integration Into the Early Islamic Caliphate Through the Use of Surrender Agreements Rachel Hutchings Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/histuht Part of the History of Religion Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, and the Medieval History Commons Citation Hutchings, R. (2020). Non-Muslim Integration Into the Early Islamic Caliphate Through the Use of Surrender Agreements. History Undergraduate Honors Theses Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/histuht/6 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the History at ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Non-Muslim Integration Into the Early Islamic Caliphate Through the Use of Surrender Agreements An Honors Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Honors Studies in History By Rachel Hutchings Spring 2020 History J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences The University of Arkansas 1 Acknowledgments: For my family and the University of Arkansas Honors College 2 Table of Content Introduction…………………………………….………………………………...3 Historiography……………………………………….…………………………...6 Surrender Agreements…………………………………….…………….………10 The Evolution of Surrender Agreements………………………………….…….29 Conclusion……………………………………………………….….….…...…..35 Bibliography…………………………………………………………...………..40 3 Introduction Beginning with Muhammad’s forceful consolidation of Arabia in 631 CE, the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates completed a series of conquests that would later become a hallmark of the early Islamic empire. Following the Prophet’s death, the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661) engulfed the Levant in the north, North Africa from Egypt to Tunisia in the west, and the Iranian plateau in the east. -
Jet Press 750S
Jet Press 750S PRODUCT BROCHURE Powerful third generation B2 sheet-fed digital inkjet press JET PRESS 750S B2 SHEET-FED INKJET PRESS The market is changing The world of commercial print is changing fast. Long run jobs are becoming more and more unprofitable as overcapacity in the market drives down prices and run lengths continue to Past Volume Future reduce. Print buyers, on the other hand, need shorter and shorter print runs and ultra-fast turnarounds, but with no Long run compromise in quality. It is medium run jobs that are feeling the squeeze. Long run We are going through a transition to a situation where high quality, value- B1 and B2 driven Value driven, short run jobs will be the norm, medium run where turnaround times will be hours not days, and where long run jobs will be the exception not the rule. Volume driven Volume Your business needs to adapt to this B1 and B2 change through the adoption of new medium run Short-run, technologies tailored to this new world on-demand, of print. This is where forward-thinking variable, personalised printers can prepare for the future and Short-run, on-demand, position their businesses at the forefront variable, personalised of these developments. B2 inkjet is the perfect technology to address these The nature of print is changing, with the classic long run changing market conditions, and the vs short run print model set to be turned on its head. Jet Press 750S is without doubt the front runner. We’re very conscious that the market is changing and that shorter and shorter runs are becoming the norm.” ROY KILLEN Managing partner, Push Print Concept Dimatix Technology Jet Press 720 created acquired launch (Mk I) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 JET PRESS 750S B2 SHEET-FED INKJET PRESS Jet Press 750S: Transforming short-run print Digital printing has come a long way in the last twenty years, with toner-based technologies having had the most success in delivering on demand print. -
Missing Final Grade Sheets: 1750
MISSING FINAL GRADES 05/03/2021 09:00 PM Total Sheets Incomplete: 1251 Total Blank: 13,586 Total N: 0 Grand Total 1750 Total ALHG 15 15 15 DIV 90 90 90 EGRP 53 53 53 FUQ 4,075 4,075 4,075 GRAD 1,882 1,882 1,882 INTR 30 30 30 INTU 9 9 9 KDDU 59 59 59 KEGR 2 2 2 KPRO 9 9 9 LAW 2 2 2 MED 3 3 3 NBSN 2 2 2 NSOE 368 368 368 NURS 73 73 73 PPS 180 180 180 UGRD 6,348 6,348 6,348 UPBC 10 10 10 WUGD 376 376 376 Total 13,586 13,586 13,586 MISSING FINAL GRADE SHEETS: 1750 AAAS No. of classes: 17 Total Blank/N Grades: 104 Total Blank Grades N Grades Difference/Grades In Comb Sect ID AAAS 190S 01 3127 3 3 0 0 Cochran,Marie Toni 0129 ONLINE AAAS 190S.01 DOCST 190S.01 VMS 190S.02 . AAAS 228S 01 5519 4 4 0 0 Lubiano,Wahneema 0003 ONLINE AAAS 228S.01 ENGLISH 379S.01 LIT 382S.01 . AAAS 264 01 7109 1 1 0 0 French,John D 0234 DURHAM AAAS 264.01 HISTORY 264.01 ICS 232.01 POLSCI 257.01 . AAAS 306 01 6651 2 1 0 1 Lo,Mbaye B 0021 DURHAM AAAS 306.01 AMES 304.01 ICS 306.01 PUBPOL 305.01 . AAAS 306 02 6653 2 2 0 0 Lo,Mbaye B 0022 ONLINE AAAS 306.02 AMES 304.02 ICS 306.02 PUBPOL 305.02 . -
197 9Apj. . .232. .7403 the Astrophysical Journal, 232:740-746
.7403 .232. The Astrophysical Journal, 232:740-746, 1979 September 15 . © 1979. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. 9ApJ. 197 AN ION-MOLECULE SCHEME FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF HYDROCARBON-CHAIN AND ORGANONITROGEN MOLECULES IN DENSE INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS H. I. Schiff and D. K. Bohme Department of Chemistry, York University, Downsview, Ontario, Canada Received 1978 October 9; accepted 1979 March 28 ABSTRACT A general scheme is proposed for the synthesis of large molecules in dense interstellar clouds based on rates of ion-molecule reactions measured in our laboratory and elsewhere. C-C bond + + + formation is dominated by reactions involving the must abundant ions C , CH3 , C2H2 , and + C2H3 and the most abundant neutrals C2H2 and CH*, where 1 < x < 4. As a particular example, we show that the scheme can account for the observation of methylacetylene, methyl cyanide, and the cyanoacetylenes HC3N, HC5N, HC7N, and HC9N and is consistent with their observed relative abundance. However, the scheme does require high concentrations of C2H2 and + C2H2 ions to account for the absolute abundances observed. Subject headings: interstellar: molecules — molecular processes I. INTRODUCTION in the ion followed by eventual neutralization. A given The recent detection of large, complex molecules in ion may undergo a number of different reactions, the dense interstellar clouds has led to various suggestions relative probabilities of which are governed by the rate for their genesis. Breakdown of even larger molecules constants and the concentrations of the neutral reac- formed in stellar atmospheres (Hoyle and Wickrama- tants. For dense clouds, H2 is a major neutral molecule singhe 1977), recombination on interstellar grains and hydrogenation reactions of the type + + (Watson and Salpeter 1972a, 6; Allen and Robinson CnH^ + H2-^CnH* + 1 + H (1) 1977), and homogeneous ion-molecule reactions (Herbst and Klemperer 1976; Dalgarno and Black will dominate up to particular values of x beyond 1976; Dalgarno 1976) have been proposed. -
Buddhist Adoption in Asia, Mahayana Buddhism First Entered China
Buddhist adoption in Asia, Mahayana Buddhism first entered China through Silk Road. Blue-eyed Central Asian monk teaching East-Asian monk. A fresco from the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves, dated to the 9th century; although Albert von Le Coq (1913) assumed the blue-eyed, red-haired monk was a Tocharian,[1] modern scholarship has identified similar Caucasian figures of the same cave temple (No. 9) as ethnic Sogdians,[2] an Eastern Iranian people who inhabited Turfan as an ethnic minority community during the phases of Tang Chinese (7th- 8th century) and Uyghur rule (9th-13th century).[3] Buddhism entered Han China via the Silk Road, beginning in the 1st or 2nd century CE.[4][5] The first documented translation efforts by Buddhist monks in China (all foreigners) were in the 2nd century CE under the influence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin under Kanishka.[6][7] These contacts brought Gandharan Buddhist culture into territories adjacent to China proper. Direct contact between Central Asian and Chinese Buddhism continued throughout the 3rd to 7th century, well into the Tang period. From the 4th century onward, with Faxian's pilgrimage to India (395–414), and later Xuanzang (629–644), Chinese pilgrims started to travel by themselves to northern India, their source of Buddhism, in order to get improved access to original scriptures. Much of the land route connecting northern India (mainly Gandhara) with China at that time was ruled by the Kushan Empire, and later the Hephthalite Empire. The Indian form of Buddhist tantra (Vajrayana) reached China in the 7th century. -
Sept09frontiers.Pdf
Frontierswww.boeing.com/frontiers SEPTEMBERAUGUSTJUNE 2009 20092009 / / / Volume VolumeVolume VIII, VIII,VIII, Issue IssueIssue IV VII Space for growth The arrival of Boeing’s newest satellite is opening doors to opportunities in the commercial market SEPTEMBER 2009 / BOEING FRONTIERS BOEING FRONTIERS / SEPTEMBER 2009 / VOLUME VIII, ISSUE V On the Cover 14 New bird Nearly one-third of the approximately 300 commercial satellites in orbit today were built by Boeing at its million- square-foot satellite factory in El Segundo, Calif. The latest model, known as the Boeing 702B, opens the door to many opportunities in the commercial market, where customers are looking for adaptable, medium- power satellites. Four years in development, the 702B from Boeing Space and Intelligence Systems made its debut in July. COVer IMAge: MiKE ConneLLY, Boeing InteLSAT PROGRAM DIRECTOR OF DIVISION OPERATIONS (LEFT), AND MIKE NEUMAN, 702B PROGRAM DIRECTOR, LEAD SPACE AND INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS’ 702B SATELLITE PROGRAM. DANA REIMER/BOEING AND BOB FERGUSON/BOEING PHOTO: SPACECRAFT TECHNICIAN PAUL IM OF BOEING’S EL SEGUNDO, CALIF., SATELLITE FACTORY, ASSEMBLES A BATTERY PANEL USED ON THE 702B. BOB FERGUSON/BOEING BOEING FRONTIERS / SEPTEMBER 2009 / VOLUME VIII, ISSUE V 3 Frontiers Publisher: Tom Downey Table of contents Editorial director: Anne Toulouse EDITORIAL TEAM Executive editor: Paul Proctor: 312-544-2938 Editor: James Wallace: 312-544-2161 Managing editor: Vineta Plume: 312-544-2954 Art director: Brandon Luong: 312-544-2118 24 Commercial Airplanes editor: Julie O’Donnell: 206-766-1329 Super trip in 82 days Engineering, Operations & Technology Earlier this year, a Boeing-led team that included two Super Hornets circled the globe, editor: stopping in a number of countries to perform at air shows and display the jet fighters.