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A 3D REGIONAL MODEL of the INDONESIAN SEAS CIRCULATION Kieran Thomas Anthony O'driscoll University of Southern Mississippi

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A 3D REGIONAL MODEL of the INDONESIAN SEAS CIRCULATION Kieran Thomas Anthony O'driscoll University of Southern Mississippi The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Summer 8-2007 A 3D REGIONAL MODEL OF THE INDONESIAN SEAS CIRCULATION Kieran Thomas Anthony O'Driscoll University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation O'Driscoll, Kieran Thomas Anthony, "A 3D REGIONAL MODEL OF THE INDONESIAN SEAS CIRCULATION" (2007). Dissertations. 1284. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1284 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi A 3D REGIONAL MODEL OF THE INDONESIAN SEAS CIRCULATION by Kieran Thomas Anthony O’Driscoll Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Studies Office of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment o f the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. COPYRIGHT BY KIERAN THOMAS ANTHONY O’DRISCOLL 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT A 3D REGIONAL MODEL OF THE INDONESIAN SEAS CIRCULATION by Kieran Thomas Anthony O’Driscoll August 2007 This study describes the ocean circulation of the Indonesian Seas based on results using a 3D regional model. The study is divided into 3 parts. In the first part, Chapter 2, the basic properties o f a developed regional model o f the circulation o f the Indonesian Seas are outlined. It is well known that the complex topography of the region strongly influences temperature, salinity and current distributions there. One o f the significant properties of this model is that all basic topographic features are resolved. The model has four open ports to simulate inflow o f North Pacific Water from the Mindanao Current, inflow o f South Pacific Water from the New Guinea Coastal Current, outflow to the Pacific Ocean due to the North Equatorial Counter Current, and outflow to the Indian Ocean due to the Indonesian Throughflow. Total transports through the open ports and port normal velocities are specified from observations. Orlanski's conditions are employed at the open ports with port normal velocity nudged to observed values and temperature and salinity to climatology. Port channels are introduced so the effects of open boundary conditions do not impact the dynamics of the main region. An additional friction was included in the vicinity of some narrow passages and sills as a proxy for specific processes such as tides and internal waves that occur within these topographic features. Four experiments are discussed: seasonally varying and annual mean transports and port normal velocities ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. both with and without local winds. All experiments are totally spun up after 10 years. This analysis uses data from the post spin up period only. The basic properties of simulated total transports through the main passages in the region, surface circulation and sea surface heights are discussed. The portion of North Pacific Water entering the Indonesian Seas relative to that leaving through the North Equatorial Counter Current port is fairly constant throughout the year. Most o f this water takes the western route through the Makassar Strait. The portion o f South Pacific Water entering the Halmahera Sea compared to that exiting in the North Equatorial Counter Current varies considerably with the seasons. Turning off the local winds does not substantially influence the transport through main passages in the model domain. Surface circulation patterns change substantially with the seasons. The role of different terms in the heat and salt equations was investigated by dividing the region into a number of boxes. For any given box, the sum of the horizontal advective fluxes o f temperature (salinity) through all sides of the box is on the same order as the vertical heat (salt) flux at the surface, interior nudging term, and the rate o f time variation of the box integrated temperature (salinity). The comparison o f the basic structure o f the model surface circulation, sea-surface heights and total transport values through the main passages with observations appears satisfactory. The main objective of the second part, Chapter 3, is to analyze the basic features of potential temperature and salinity distributions in the Indonesian Seas simulated by the model. The influence o f bottom topography on the formation o f temperature and salinity distributions is considered by following the three major routes o f flow of North Pacific and South Pacific Water through the Indonesian Seas. Major elevations iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. of bottom relief, such as the Sangihe Ridge; the topographic rise between the Sulawesi Sea and Makassar Strait; the Dewakang Sill; the ridge between the Flores and Banda Seas; the topographic rise between the Pacific Ocean and Morotai Basin; the Lifamatola Sill; and the northern and southern Flalmahera Sills; break the region down to separate basins having different temperature and salinity stratifications. The differences in stratification are caused by these topographic features that act to impede the advection of cold and salty water from a basin (located upstream) to the neighboring basin (located downstream). Arguments are included to support this conclusion. In the upper ocean (500m), the Indonesian Throughflow is primarily shaped by North Pacific Water taking the route through the Makassar Strait. Deep Banda Sea water is formed by the overflow of North Pacific Water across the Lifamatola Passage into the Banda Sea. Below 500m South Pacific Water is blocked by the Halmahera Sills and does not enter the Indonesian Seas. But in the upper ocean (0-500m) SPW can probably penetrate into the Seram and Maluku Seas to mix with NPW there. There are no substantial structural changes o f potential temperature and salinity distributions between seasons, though values o f some parameters o f temperature and salinity distributions (e.g., magnitudes o f maxima and minima) can change. It is shown that the main structure o f the observed distributions o f temperature and salinity is satisfactorily displayed throughout the entire model domain. The calculated transports of internal energy (heat) and salt mass through the Lombok and Ombai Straits, and Timor Passage in August and February are in reasonable agreement with published observed and simulated data. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. In the last part, Chapter 4, aspects o f turbulence and mixing in the Indonesian Seas are presented and discussed. The results are based on the Mellor-Yamada 2.5 turbulence parameterization model. Though the importance of mixing in the Indonesian Seas has been widely acknowledged, very few observations are available and there have been no model studies of mixing or turbulent diffusion in the region. The study is focused on turbulent diffusion and turbulent kinetic energy in the upper mixed layer, the thermocline and in deep water near topographic features. Very large turbulent kinetic energies and vertical turbulent diffusivities are seen around topography and are important for the deep overflows found in the region. Large turbulent energies and diffusivities found in the thermocline are important for the diffusion o f temperature and salinity signatures found in the Indonesian Seas. Monsoon winds and local currents lead to large diffusivities in the upper mixed layer. v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. to my mam and late dad vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my PhD advisor Professor Vladimir Kamenkovich. Vladimir has made a huge investment o f his time in me over the last 5 years for which I am very grateful. I have certainly learned a lot about oceanography, and about life, from Vladimir during this time and I hope our collaboration and friendship will continue for many years to come. Thanks also to my committee members: to Professor Ralph Goodman for his encouragement, enthusiasm for life and his friendship; to Professor Dmitri Nechaev for his help with the model, the coding and many questions about oceanography; to Drs. John Kindle and Pat Hogan from the Naval Research Laboratory for their help and input into the process. I wish to thank the Naval Oceanographic Office. NAVO have financed my PhD education while giving me some time to do this work. Thanks also for making resources such as supercomputers available to make the model runs. I also thank my colleagues at NAVO for their continued encouragement and friendship. I thank everybody at USM/DMS for all their help. Finally, thanks to my friends and family for all their love, friendship and encouragement. I appreciate it. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.................................. ii DEDICATION....................................................................
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